Lymphatic system and swelling of Lymph nodes

This slide tells us about the lymphatic system of the body .

1. GROUP ASSIGNMENT 1 :
submitted by :
Name Roll no.
Alina Shabbir FA23-BHN-001
Aliza Shoukat FA23-BHN-002
Amina Azam FA23-BHN-003
Amna Waheed FA23-BHN-004
Ansa Munawar FA23-BHN-006
Submitted to:
.
MA’AM MUNEEBA
Date of submission:
06 may ,2024

2. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
( Body’s detoxification system )

3. THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM :
•Lymphatic system is a closed
system of lymph vessels,
through which lymph flows. It is a
one-way system and allows the
lymph flow from tissue spaces
toward the blood.

4. ORGANIZATION OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
▪Tissue spaces have large blind-
ended terminals called capillary
bulbs. (They have a valve which
prevents back flow of the lymph ).
▪.These capillary bulbs give origin
to lymph capillaries
▪ Then these capillaries unite to
form large lymphatic vessels .
▪ These vessels drain the lymph into
lymphatic duct.

5. DRAINAGE OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
•Larger lymph vessels ultimately form
the right lymphatic duct and thoracic
duct.
•Right lymphatic duct opens into right
subclavian vein and the thoracic duct
opens into left subclavian vein.
•Thoracic duct drains the lymph from
more than two third of the tissue spaces
in the body

6. SITUATION OF LYMPH VESSELS :
Regions having lymph vessels:
▪1. Deeper layers of skin
▪2. Subcutaneous tissues
▪3. Diaphragm
▪4. Wall of abdominal cavity
▪5. Heart & liver
▪6. Linings of respiratory
tract except alveoli
▪7. Linings of digestive tract
▪8. Linings of urinary tract
Regions not having lymph vessels :
▪1. Superficial layers of skin
▪2. Central nervous system
▪3. Cornea
▪4. Bones
▪5. Alveoli of lungs.

7. FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM :
▪. Immune System Function: It helps to defend the body against
infection and disease.
▪Waste Removal: It helps remove waste products, such as proteins, toxins,
and excess cellular material, from the body..
▪ Inflammation Reduction: It helps reduce inflammation by removing
excess fluid and proteins from affected areas.
▪ Blood Pressure Regulation: It helps regulate blood pressure by
controlling fluid balance.
▪Detoxification: It helps remove toxins and waste products from the body.
▪Cellular Maintenance: It helps maintain cellular health by removing
excess cellular material and waste products.

8. LYMPH NODES :
▪Lymph nodes are small glandular
structures located in the course of
lymph vessels. The lymph nodes
are also called lymph glands or
lymphatic nodes.
STRUCTUTRE OF LYMPH NODES :
The structures are arranged in
three layers namely cortex,
paracortex and medulla.

9. Cortex:
•Cortex of lymph node consists of
primary and secondary lymphoid
follicles.
•Cortex also contains some
B lymphocytes.
•Macrophages are also found in the
cortex.
Paracortex :
Paracortex is in between the cortex and
medulla.
Paracortex contains T lymphocytes.
Medulla:
Medulla contains B and T lymphocytes
and macrophages.
Blood vessels of lymph node pass through
medulla.
Distribution of Lymph Nodes :
Lymph nodes are present along the course of lymphatic
vessels in elbow, axilla, knee and groin.Lymph nodes
are also present in certain points in abdomen, thorax
and neck, where many lymph vessels join.

10. LYMPHATIC VESSELS TO LYMPH NODE :
Lymph node receives lymph by one or two lymphatic
vessels called afferent vessels. Afferent vessels divide
into small channels. Lymph passes through afferent
vessels and small channels and reaches the cortex. It
circulates through cortex, paracortex and medulla of the
lymph node. From medulla, the lymph leaves the node
via one or two efferent vessels.

11. FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH NODES:
Functions of the lymph nodes are:
▪1. When lymph passes through the lymph nodes, it is
filtered, i.e. the water and electrolytes are removed.
But, the proteins and lipids are retained in the
lymph.
▪2. Bacteria and other toxic substances are destroyed
by macrophages of lymph nodes. Because of this,
lymph nodes are called defense barriers.

12. SWELLING OF LYMPH NODES:
During infection or
any other processes
in a particular region
of the body, activities
of the lymph nodes
in that region
increase. This causes
swelling of the lymph
nodes. Sometimes, the
swollen lymph nodes
cause pain.
Causes for Lymph Node Swelling:
1.Skin infection (swelling in armpit)
2.Tonsillitis (in neck)
3.glandular fever (Various parts)
4.Cancer in a particular region. (Nearby
lymph nodes)

13. LYMPH :
RATE OF LYMPH
FLOW :
▪About 120 mL of lymph
flows into blood per
hour.
Lymph is formed from interstitial
fluid, As soon as the interstitial fluid
enters the lymph capillaries, it is
called lymph.
Composition of lymph :
lymph is a clear and colorless
fluid. It is formed by 96% water
and 4% solids.
FUNCTIONS OF
LYMPH :
1.It return the proteins
from tissue spaces into blood.
2. It is responsible for
redistribution of fluid in the
body.
3. Bacteria, toxins and other
foreign bodies are remov-
ed from tissues via lymph.
4. It plays an important role in
immunity by transport of
lymphocytes