M1 Volcano: Lesson for Quarter 1 W1.pptx

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1. Quarter 1: Volcano and It’s Relation to Plate Tectonics SCIENCE 10 CLODOMIRO O. MABINI Master Teacher 1

2. Lesson 1: Plate Tectonic Theory SCIENCE 10

3. In this lesson, you will learn about the Plate Tectonic Theory. Specifically, you will : Identify the tectonic plates of the world; and, Describe how these tectonic plates behave. Objectives

4. Matching Type Matching Type: Relate each statement in column A to the options in column B. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

5. COLUMN A COLUMN B _____ 1. The formation of new crust on the ocean floor Pangaea _____ 2. A long narrow chain of underwater hills or mountains b. Gondwanaland _____ 3. Boundary formed where two plates bump into each other c. Convection currents _____ 4. Boundary found where plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges d. Plate tectonic theory _____ 5. Wegner’s large continent e. Laurasia _____ 6. A theory stating that the Earth’s surface is composed of broken pieces f. Colliding boundary _____ 7. Melted material that rises from the mantle g. Magma _____ 8. The single continent million years ago made up of the southern continents h. Ridge _____ 9. Forces responsible for the movement of plates i. spreading boundary _____ 10. The northern continental group formed million years ago j. rift _____ 11. The first layer of the lithosphere k. seafloor spreading _____ 12. The Earth layer where magma come from l. convection cell _____ 13. The cyclic movement of molten rock in the mantle m. core _____ 14. Currently the biggest continent n. crust _____ 15. The innermost layer of the lithosphere o. Asia   p. mantle

6. Figure 1.1. The Convection Cell

7. It was Alfred Wegener , an Austrian climatologist, who first noted the theory on the movement of the Earth’s land masses and is known today as the modern Plate Tectonic Theory ( Oskin , 2017). This theory states that the Earth’s crust is composed of several broken plates that continuously move either away, past, or towards each other. In the early 1900s , Alfred Wegener observed that the coastal areas of the continents today seemed to look like jigsaw puzzle pieces that fit to each other. With this observation, he inferred that the Earth could have once been composed of only one continent and was split into several smaller continents due to lithospheric processes through time.

8. Theories on the movement of the lithosphere : 1. Continental Drift theory (Alfred Wegener) ( Oskin , 2017) This theory states that the Earth was once composed of only one supercontinent called Pangaea . Through time, this supercontinent split into two sub-continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland . Million years further, Laurasia split into a few smaller continents forming the continents in the northern hemisphere of the Earth. This includes Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Africa. On the other hand, the continents of the southern hemisphere, Australia and Antarctica, are the two continents divided from Gondwanaland. 2. Seafloor Spreading Theory ( www.divediscover.whoi.edu ) Proposed by Harry Hess of Princeton University States that the seafloor is continuously spreading and the extra crust gets recycled into the mantle.

9. Theories on the movement of the lithosphere : 3. Plate Tectonics Theory ( www.ck12.org ; Oskin , 2017) States that the crust is composed of different plates which move either towards, away or past each other. The modern version of the Continental Drift Theory of Alfred Wegener

10. We already learned that the mantle is composed of semifluid molten rock that moves constantly in a cyclic pattern forming convection cells. As the molten rock moves in the mantle, with the extreme pressure, some of the molten rock escapes through the cracks in the crust and along the boundaries of the tectonic plates resulting in earthquakes and volcanic activities (National Geographic, 2014). Perhaps , the most known tectonic boundaries that consist of many active volcanoes and where frequent earthquakes occur is the Pacific Ring of Fire. The “ring” is composed of the boundaries of the Pacific Plate, Philippine Plate, Eurasian Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate.

11. Figure 1.2. The Tectonic Plate of the World (Source: http:// pubs.usgs.gov )

12. Source: https:// www.ck12.org /earth-science/earths-tectonic-plates/lesson/Earths-Tectonic-Plates-HS- ES /

13. Activity Putting Back Together Instructions: Print a world map. Cut out the continents. Like the jigsaw puzzle pieces, fit the cut-out land masses to form the Pangaea. Show it to your teacher.

14. Assessment

15. ANSWER KEY C 15. J E A D B P M K N F I L G H

16. Lesson 2: Kinds of Volcanoes SCIENCE 10

17. In this lesson, you will learn about volcanoes and their major types . Specifically, you will : 1. Identify the different major types of volcanoes in terms of morphology and volcanic activity. Objective

18. Multiple Choice Select the correct from the given choices. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper . 1. What is a volcano? A. A large storm with very high-speed winds. B. A large cloud that generates rain, hail, and lighting. C. An opening in the Earth’s crust where magma erupts to the surface. D. A violent shaking of the Earth that occurs when two tectonic plates bump into each other . 2 . How many major types of volcanoes are there? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 3 . Which volcano is the least explosive? A. Composite B . Cinder cone C. Lava D. Shield

19. 4. What type of volcano has a very broad shape with gentle slopes? A. Composite B . Cinder cone C. Lava D. Shield 5. Which type of volcano is the most explosive? Composite B . Cinder cone C. Lava D. Shield 6 . What type of volcanoes form from wide thin layers of lava? Composite B . Cinder cone C. Lava D. Shield 7 . What type of volcanoes are formed over many years and can grow to mountains of over 8,000 feet tall? A. Composite B . Cinder cone C. Lava D. Shield

20. 10. What is a volcanic lava? A. Gas clouds created by volcanoes. B. Molten rock deep in the Earth’s crust. C. Ash that is spewed out onto Earth’s surface. D. Magma bursts through into Earth’s surface as a bright angle liquid. 11 . Which of the following is the most active in the Philippines? A . Arayat B . Hibok-Hibok C. Kanlaon D. Mayon 12 . What do we call molten hot liquid rock once it erupts to the Earth’s surface? A . Cinder B . Igneous C . Lava D. Magma

21. 13. What do we call molten hot liquid while it is still below the Earth’s surface? A . Cinder B. Igneous C. Lava D. Magma 14 . Which type of volcano is characterized by tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash. Cinder-cone volcano Composite volcano Shield volcano Stratovolcano 1 5 . Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the group? A . Apo B . Kilauea C. Mayon D. Pinatubo

22. Volcanoes are generally described as mountains that emit volcanic products like lava, rocks, ashes, and gases from the interior of the Earth through its vents. It is also described as mountains that are formed through the deposit of these volcanic products (Bagley, 2018). Volcanoes have different characteristics. They are categorized based on their shape and structure and their volcanic activity.

23. Volcanic Structures Characterization

24. CHARACTERISTICS: Steep slope Emits ash during eruption CINDER CONE VOLCANO

25. CHARACTERISTICS: Wide base Emits lava Looks like a shield hence the name SHIELD VOLCANO

26. COMPOSITE VOLCANO OR STRATOVOLCANO CHARACTERISTICS: Half way of having steep slope and wide base Emits both ash and lava

27. VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES

28. Assessment Select the correct from the given choices. 1. Which of the following is the most active in the Philippines? A . Arayat B . Hibok-Hibok C. Kanlaon D. Mayon 2 . What do we call molten hot liquid rock once it erupts to the Earth’s surface? Cinder B . Igneous C. Lava D. Magma 3. What do we call molten hot liquid while it is still below the Earth’s surface? A . Cinder B . Igneous C. Lava D. Magma 4 . Which of the following is a composite type of volcano? A . Hibok-Hibok B. Kanlaon C. Mayon D. Taal

29. Assessment Select the correct from the given choices. 5. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the group? A . Apo B . Kilauea C. Mayon D. Pinatubo 6. What is a volcano? A. A large storm with very high-speed winds. B. A large cloud that generates rain, hail, and lighting. C. An opening in the Earth’s crust where magma erupts to the surface. D. A violent shaking of the Earth that occurs when two tectonic plates bump into each other. 7. How many major types of volcanoes are there? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

30. Assessment Select the correct from the given choices. 8. Which volcano is the least explosive? A. Composite B . Cinder cone C. Shield D. Stratovolcano 9 . What type of volcano has a very broad shape with gentle slopes? A. Composite B . Cinder cone C. Lava D. Shield 10 . Which type of volcano is the most explosive? A. Composite B. Cinder cone C. Lava D. Shield 11 . What type of volcanoes form from wide thin layers of lava? A. Composite B. Cinder cone C. Lava D. Shield

31. Assessment Select the correct from the given choices. 12. What type of volcanoes are formed over many years and can grow to mountains of over 8,000 feet tall? Composite B. Cinder cone C. Lava D. Shield 13. Which type of volcano is characterized by tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash. Cinder-cone volcano Composite volcano Shield volcano Stratovolcano

32. Assessment Select the correct from the given choices. 14. Which of the following best describes a volcano? A. It is a mountain. B. It is conical in shape. C. It causes earthquakes. D. It causes earthquakes and produces lava during volcanic eruptions. 15 . What is volcanic lava? A. Ash that is spewed out onto Earth’s surface. B. Gas clouds created by volcanoes. C. Molten rock deep in the Earth’s crust. D. Magma bursts through into Earth’s surface as a bright angle liquid

33. ANSWER KEY D 15. D C D C B C B C D A D B A D

34. Lesson 3: Distribution of Volcanoes SCIENCE 10

35. In this lesson, you will Identify the distribution of volcanoes in the Philippines and around the world. R elate its distribution to Plate Tectonic Theory. Objective

36. Multiple Choice Select the correct from the given choices. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper . 1. Which of the following theories states that the Earth’s outer layer is broken into large slowly moving pieces? Big Bang Theory Gravitational Theory Plate Tectonics Theory Theory of Relativity 2. Which two continents can fit like a puzzle? Africa and South America Asia and North America Asia and South America Australia and South Africa

37. Multiple Choice 3. The theory of plate tectonics combines which two other theories? Continental Drift and Big Bang Theory Continental Drift and Fossil Theory Seafloor Spreading and Continental Drift Seafloor Spreading and Tidal Theory 4. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain which of the following? extinction of dinosaurs layers of the atmosphere symbiotic relationship of plants and animals movement of continents and occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes

38. Multiple Choice 5. How are plate tectonics and volcanoes related? They have nothing to do with one another. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and in the ocean. Volcanoes are not formed where plates collide, but do form in the oceans. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and are not formed anywhere else.

39. True or False Mt. Apo is considered an active volcano. Mt. Pulag is the highest peak in the Philippines. Mt. Mayon is considered one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines Mt. Pinatubo eruption is the most destructive volcanic eruption recorded in the Philippines. Among the major islands in the Philippines, Luzon has the greatest number of volcanoes. Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

40. True or False Volcanoes can be formed anywhere. Volcanoes can be formed in tectonic plate boundaries. Volcanoes are evenly distributed across the globe. Volcanoes are formed only in the continental crust. More than a quarter of the total active volcanoes on Earth are found along the Pacific Ring of Fire . Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

41. We learned that the crust is composed of tectonic plates that move either away, past, or towards each other. Since most volcanoes are formed along the plate boundaries, it is expected that many active volcanoes are formed along with them (National Geographic, 2014). We are very familiar with the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Pacific Ring of Fire where the Philippines is situated along with, comprises the tectonic boundaries of Pacific Plate, Philippine Plate, Eurasian Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate

42. When the tectonic plates move apart (diverge), magma will ooze out from the cracks and fissures of the crust that are moving apart forming vents. These will then lead to formation of new land masses, volcanoes and volcanic activities. On the other hand, when the plates move towards each other (converge), upon collision, the plate that sinks ( subduct ) will melt in the mantle. And where there is melting of the plates, formation of volcanoes occurs. In the Philippines, volcanoes and volcanic activities are classified and monitored by the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ). PHIVOLCS classified the volcanoes in the Philippines according to its eruptive history. There are three classifications of volcanoes in the Philippines according to PHIVOLCS .

43. Active Volcanoes – Erupted within historic times (within the last 600 years). Accounts of these eruptions were documented by man. Erupted within the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of materials from young volcanic deposits. Potentially Active Volcanoes – Morphologically young-looking but with no historical or analytical records of eruption. Inactive Volcanoes – No recorded eruptions. Physical form has been intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies.   Delos Reyes et. al. (2018) listed twenty-four active volcanoes in the Philippines. The rest are considered potentially active and/or inactive.

44. Figure 3.1 Formation of Volcanoes Along the Converging Plates

45. Figure 3.2. Diverging Plates

46. Source: www.researchgate.com

47. Identify the top 10 most active volcanoes in the Philippines. Cite where each of these volcanoes are located. Identify at least 10 active volcanoes across the globe (exclude Philippine volcanoes). Identify the specific tectonic plate or boundary it is located.

48. Identify the active volcanoes across the Philippine archipelago. Which among the three major island groups in the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas , Mindanao) has the greatest number of active volcanoes? Potentially active volcanoes? In the global scale, is there a relationship between the formation of volcanoes and the tectonic plates? Briefly describe their relationship.

49. Assessment Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer among the given options on each item. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following theories states that the Earth’s outer layer is broken into large slowly moving pieces? Big Bang Theory Gravitational Theory Plate Tectonics Theory Theory of Relativity 2. Which two continents can fit like a puzzle? Africa and South America Asia and North America Asia and South America Australia and South Africa

50. Assessment 3. The theory of plate tectonics combines which two other theories? Continental Drift and Big Bang Theory Continental Drift and Fossil Theory Seafloor Spreading and Continental Drift Seafloor Spreading and Tidal Theory 4. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain which of the following? extinction of dinosaurs layers of the atmosphere symbiotic relationship of plants and animals movement of continents and occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes

51. Assessment 5. How are plate tectonics and volcanoes related? They have nothing to do with one another. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and in the ocean. Volcanoes are not formed where plates collide, but do form in the oceans. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and are not formed anywhere else.

52. Assessment True or False: Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Mt. Apo is considered an active volcano. Mt. Pulag is the highest peak in the Philippines. Mt. Mayon is considered one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines Mt. Pinatubo eruption is the one of the most destructive volcanic eruptions recorded in the Philippines. Among the major islands in the Philippines , Luzon has the greatest number of volcanoes. Volcanoes can be formed anywhere. Volcanoes can be formed in tectonic plate boundaries. Volcanoes are evenly distributed across the globe. Volcanoes are formed only in the continental crust. More than a quarter of the total active volcanoes on Earth are found along the Pacific Ring of Fire .

53. ANSWER KEY MULTIPLE CHOICE C A C D B True or False T 8. F F 9. F T 10 T T T F T

54. UNIT TEST SCIENCE 10

55. UNIT ASSESSMENT 1. Which of the following is expected to form parallel to a trench? a. hot spot b . ocean ridge c . rift valley d. volcanic arc 2. Which type of volcano is characterized by tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash. Cinder-cone volcano Composite volcano Shield volcano Stratovolcano

56. UNIT ASSESSMENT 3. Which of the following theories states that the Earth’s outer layer is broken into small slowly moving pieces? Big Bang Theory Gravitational Theory Plate Tectonics Theory Theory of Relativity 4. What is the name of the Mesozoic supercontinent that consisted of all the present continents? Eurasia Gondwanaland Laurasia Pangaea

57. UNIT ASSESSMENT 5. Which two continents can fit like a puzzle? Africa and South America Asia and North America Asia and South America Australia and South Africa 6. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most likely found in which location? In the oceans At plate boundaries In the middle of plates In the middle of the continents

58. UNIT ASSESSMENT 7. What evidence did Alfred Wegener have for his theory of Continental Drift? He had no evidence. Through observations. He explained how continents moved apart. He knew that plant and animal fossils, as well as rock layers, matched on the two continents of Africa and South America . 8. The theory of plate tectonics combines which two other theories? Continental Drift and Big Bang Theory Continental Drift and Fossil Theory Seafloor Spreading and Continental Drift Seafloor Spreading and Tidal Theory

59. UNIT ASSESSMENT 9. Which of the following describes the Pacific Ring of Fire? Mr. Wegener’s favorite Song Any area on a plate boundary with a volcano The cause of most of the Earthquakes on the world An area with lots of seismic and volcanic activities around the Pacific Plate 10. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain which of the following? extinction of dinosaurs layers of the atmosphere symbiotic relationship of plants and animals movement of continents and occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes

60. UNIT ASSESSMENT 11. What is Pangaea? A deep-ocean trench The name a dinosaur fossil A microorganism that grows at hydrothermal vents A single continent that existed 250 million years ago 12. What are tectonic plates composed of? Oceanic crust and mountains The outer core and the mantle Continental crust and the upper mantle Continental and/oceanic crust plus a small part of the upper mantle

61. UNIT ASSESSMENT 13. Which of the following describes the convection current? Hot magma rises and is cooled and sinks again to be heated. Cold magma rises and is heated and sinks again to be cooled. Volcanoes pull the magma out of the Earth and it becomes lava. The Earth spins and not all of the magma spins at the same rate . 14. What is volcanic lava? Ash that is spewed out onto Earth’s surface. Gas clouds created by volcanoes. Molten rock deep in the Earth’s crust. Magma bursts through into Earth’s surface as a bright angle liquid.

62. UNIT ASSESSMENT 15. How are plate tectonics and volcanoes related? They have nothing to do with one another. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and in the ocean. Volcanoes are not formed where plates collide, but do form in the oceans. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and are not formed anywhere else.

63. ANSWER KEY D 11. D A 12. D C 13. A D 14. D A 15. B B D C D D