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1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH (UP AIT , 2002) MABC500: RESEARCH METHODS (3.0 units) 6 August 2022 0915378971o/ [email protected]

2. A systematic process by which we attempt to solve problems in a given setting or to accumulate knowledge. WHAT IS RESEARCH?

3. Something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge WHAT IS RESEARCH?

4. METHOD TIME OBJECTIVE GENERAL PURPOSE What kinds of research can we do?

5. 1. By General Purpose 1.1 Applied: when the results of basic research are used and or utilized to address situations and or solve problems. This happens when theories and principles obtained from pure research are put to a test. 1.2 Pure or Basic: when research is conducted to develop theories and principles, for intellectual pursuit of knowledge and acquire learning. The inquiry is done for knowledge’s sake. What kinds of research can we do?

6. 2. By Research Objective 2.1 Exploratory 2.2 Descriptive 2.3 Explanatory/Predictive 2.4 Causal What kinds of research can we do?

7. 3. By Methodology 3.1 Qualitative 3.2 Quantitative What kinds of research can we do?

8. 4. By Time Frame 4.1 Cross-sectional: collection of data at one point in time from a sample selected to describe a population at that time 4.2 Longitudinal: collection of data over time (time-series study ) What kinds of research can we do?

9. APPLIED BASIC or PURE RESEARCH by General Purpose

10. -To solve an existing problem being experienced by an industry - Solutions have immediate application to the industry APPLIED RESEARCH

11. -Undertake to gain greater understanding or to advance knowledge in a specific area of interest -Outcomes may or may not be applicable to the industry BASIC or PURE RESEARCH

12. 1.EXPLORATORY To gain new insights, to become familiar with a relatively under researched phenomenon or issue, to strengthen the theoretical and factual foundation or more specific research problems Classifying Research by Objective

13. 2. Descriptive To accurately and precisely describe the incidence, distribution and characteristics of a group or phenomenon. Classifying Research by Objective

14. 3. Explanatory/Predictive To explain why things are the way they are; predictive research shows how two characteristics of some phenomenon are related to each other, and how well one characteristic can be predicted using knowledge about the other. Classifying Research by Objective

15. 4. Causal To probe cause-and-effect; to establish causality -Phenomena can be shown to be associated(correlated) -Logical, chronological sequence; one comes before the other -Can exclude all other explanations * Studies CAN have multiple research objectives Classifying Research by Objective

16. Cross-Sectional Studies-carried out once and represent a snapshot of one point in time Longitudinal Studies-repeated over an extended period (Panel studies, researcher studies the same individual over time) (Cohort studies, researcher studies the same sample over time, but not necessarily the same people) The TIME DIMENSION

17. Quantitative-observations are recorded numerically Qualitative- observations are recorded in other ways (words, images, etc.) Recording of data, whether quantitative or qualitative, is always done systematically. Classifying Research by Methodology

18. Deductive Approach-involves derivation of expectations or hypothesis from theories; used to test theories 1.derivation of hypothesis 2. operationalization of concepts 3. collection of empirical data 4.empirical testing Quantitative Research using Deductive

19. Inductive Approach-involves the development of generalizations from a specific observations; used to develop theories 1. observations in natural settings 2. theory construction 3. grounded theory 4. roots in anthropology Qualitative Research using Inductive Theory Construction

20. The Sequential Steps of Systematic Inquiry The Scientific Process

21. 1st TOPIC: What is it you wish to know? Why? The Sequential Steps of Systematic Inquiry

22. 2nd LITERATURE REVIEW: What have others said about what you want to know? The Sequential Steps of Systematic Inquiry

23. 3 rd PROBLEM: Refining the topic for inquiry The Sequential Steps of Systematic Inquiry

24. 4 th PROCEDURES: Selecting the research methods The Sequential Steps of Systematic Inquiry

25. 5 th DATA COLLECTION The Sequential Steps of Systematic Inquiry

26. 6 th ANALYSIS OF DATA The Sequential Steps of Systematic Inquiry

27. 7 th INTERPRETATION: Summary and Conclusions The Sequential Steps of Systematic Inquiry

28. 8 th PRESENTATION: Communicating your findings The Sequential Steps of Systematic Inquiry

29. Steps 1 and 3 CHAPTER 1: The Problem and It’s Background Sequential Steps & Parallel of Chapters

30. Step 2 CHAPTER 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies Sequential Steps & Parallel of Chapters

31. Steps 4 and 5 CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology Sequential Steps & Parallel of Chapters

32. Step 6 CHAPTER 4:Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Sequential Steps & Parallel of Chapters

33. Step 7 CHAPTER 5: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations Sequential Steps & Parallel of Chapters

34. Step 8 Submission of Report/ Public Presentation Sequential Steps & Parallel of Chapters

35. THE RESEARCH PROCESS From: Babbie, E. (1995). The Practice of social research. 7 th ed (p.101). Wadsworth Publishing Belmont, CA.

36. INTEREST IDEA THEORY The Research Process

37. CONCEPTUALIZATION Specify the meaning of the concepts and variables to be studied. The Research Process

38. OPERATIONALIZATION: How will we actually measure the variables under study The Research Process

39. CHOICE OF RESEARCH METHOD: Experiments; Survey research, Field research, Content analysis, Existing data research, Comparative research, Evaluation research The Research Process

40. POPULATION AND SAMPLING: Whom do we want to be able to draw conclusions about? Who will be observed for that purpose? The Research Process

41. OBSERVATIONS: Collecting data for analysis and interpretation The Research Process

42. DATA PROCESSING: Transforming the data collected into a form appropriate to manipulation and analysis The Research Process

43. ANALYSIS: Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions The Research Process

44. APPLICATION: Reporting results and assessing their implications The Research Process

45. 1. Generally written as the second chapter of a thesis or research article 2. In practice, this should be the first step in the research process THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

46. 3. Educates researcher on the current state of research in the chosen topic (What is known and not known about the topic?) THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

47. 4. Identify gaps and controversies in the literature that may represent opportunities to contribute new knowledge to the field. THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

48. 1. Keep records of what you have searched 2. Noted down all the citation information Some other tips for conducting the review of literature and studies

49. 3. Sort citation in order of relevance to your topic 4. Do not be too narrow in defining what “related studies are” Some other tips for conducting the review of literature and studies

50. 5.Whenever possible, try to get the original study or article 6. Direct quotes should have quotation marks around them and the page number(s) indicated Some other tips for conducting the review of literature and studies

51. ” A literature review is a piece of discursive prose, not a list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another. It’s usually a bad sign to see every paragraph beginning with the name of a researcher…You are not trying to list all the material published, but to synthesized and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of your thesis or research question.” Source: Taylor, D. & Procter, M. (2004). Literature Review: A Few Tips On Conducting It. University of Toronto (http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.html)

52. 1. What theoretical framework is used in the article? 2. What are the purpose and objectives of the study? Reading Critically

53. 3. What were the procedures used for the study? -validity and reliability measures -appropriate and accurate analysis used Reading Critically

54. 4. From what population was the sample drawn? 5. What are the key findings and conclusions? -Findings are different from conclusions -Do the conclusions logically flow from the findings Reading Critically

55. 6. How is the article related to other research writings on the topic. Reading Critically

56. -Search for flaws in Published Paper -Note conflicting data or interpretations -Pay attention to results that do not make sense Reading CREATIVELY

57. -Discussion sections of research articles often suggest still unanswered questions and possible follow-up studies -Consider testing the generalizations of the study Reading CREATIVELY

58. CULINARY, HOSPITALITY & TOURISM SUBJECTS OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION, CONCEPTUALIZATION, & MEASUREMENT

59. Tourism’s research roots can be traced to other disciplines like geography, psychology, anthropology, economics, history, marketing, and ecology IS TOURISM A DISCIPLINE?

60. From multidisciplinary to cross-disciplinary to inter-disciplinary IS TOURISM A DISCIPLINE?

61. Tourism research has generally followed the two educational traditions of the field: recreation and leisure, and business management (as a Social phenomena & as Service Industry) The Scope of Tourism Research

62. -Tourism involves the travel of people to certain places for certain purposes under certain conditions -This activity (travel) has effects on the person, the persons he/she meets and on the places that he/she visits (usual environment to traveler to visited environment) TOURISM AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENA

63. Tourism is seen as a collection of organizations that provide products, services and experiences to travelers (Governments, Markets, Activities, Accommodations, Transportations, Attractions) TOURISM AS AN INDUSTRY

64. -Managers (Marketing, Finance, Operations, HR, Engineering etc.) a. Customer b. Employee Culinary, Hospitality and Tourism as Organizational Concerns (Management Research)

65. 1. Interest 2. Relevance 3. Feasibility Deciding on a research topic

66. 1. TOPIC: What is it you wish to know? Why? Identifying the Research Problem

67. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW: What have others said about what you want to know? Identifying the Research Problem

68. 3. PROBLEM: Refining the topic for inquiry Identifying the Research Problem

69. 4. CONCEPTUALIZATION: Breaking down the Problem into logical chunks; theories, concepts and variables Identifying the Research Problem

70. 1. Formulate a single sentence research purpose or problem statement Defining the Research Problem

71. 2. Develop a series of specific research questions, objectives, or hypotheses that must be answered by the study in order t o achieve the research purpose. Defining the Research Problem

72. -Purpose or problem statement: a clear, precise, succinct statement of the issue or question that is to be investigated with the goal of finding an answer or solution Defining the Research Problem

73. -Research questions/objectives/ hypothesis: a set of questions that must be answered by the research study (key concepts to be studied) Defining the Research Problem

74. PURPOSE STATEMENT: To assess the single parent segment as a market for domestic tourism RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is the size and profile of the single parent market in Metro Manila? 2. What are their preferences in terms of destination activity and travel arrangements? EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

75. PURPOSE STATEMENT: To assess the single parent segment as a market for domestic tourism RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the basic demographic characteristics of single parents in Metro Manila 2. To identify the travel motivations and constraints of single parents in Metro Manila. EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

76. PURPOSE STATEMENT: To assess the single parent segment as a market for domestic tourism RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: H 1 The no. of children will determine the type of vacation that the parent chooses H 2 The average age of the children will affect the type of tourist activities that the parent will consider EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

77. 1. When the goal of research is to describe a phenomenon without describing the relationships among variables—it leads to research purpose or question Take note

78. 2. When there is insufficient evidence to permit formulation of a hypothesis regarding a relationship between variables– it leads to research purpose or question Take note

79. 3. Causal or predictive study– has a hypothesis Take note

80. 4. Research purposes or questions should be as specific as possible yet stated concisely. 5. When a number of related purposes or questions are to be stated, present them in a numbered list Take note

81. -The process of specifying what we mean by the use of particular terms or concepts in our purpose statement -Concepts are measured indirectly through indicators Conceptualization

82. -Presented diagrammatically -Identifies and labels the variables in the framework -Clearly states how variables are related to each other -Illustrate the nature and directions of the relationship Theoretical Framework

83. 1. Independent -moderating -intervening/mediating 2. Dependent TYPES OF VARIABLES BY THEIR USE IN THE STUDY

84. -Plan for selecting sources and types of information used to answer the research question -Framework for specifying the relationships among the study’s variables -Outlines each procedure from the hypothesis to the analysis of data WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN

85. -Provides answers for the following questions: (What technique will be used to gather data; Who or what is the subject of the study; Who or what is the unit of observation; How will time and cost constraints be dealt with?) -Represents the plan for conducting the research project. WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN

86. (source: UP AIT , 2002)