Capítulo 20 Los sistemas de tipo de cambio 431
Partamos de la condición de equilibrio del mercado de bienes que
obtuvimos en la ecuación (19.1) del Capítulo 19:
Y = C(Y − T) + I(Y, r) + G − NX(Y, Y*, e)
Esta condición establece que, para que el mercado de bienes
esté en equilibrio, la producción debe ser igual a la demanda de
bienes interiores, es decir, a la suma del consumo, la inversión, el
gasto público y las exportaciones netas. Recordemos, a continua-
ción, las siguientes relaciones:
■
El tipo de interés real, r, es igual al tipo de interés nominal, i, menos la inflación esperada, p
e
(véase el Capítulo 14):
r ≡ i − p
e
■
El tipo de cambio real, P, se define como (véase el Capítulo 17):
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
■ Con tipos de cambio fijos, el tipo de cambio nominal, E, es, por
definición, fijo. Sea E el valor al que el tipo de cambio nominal
es fijo, de modo que:
E = E
−
−
En la Sección 20.3 derivamos una relación entre el tipo de cambio nominal actual, los tipos de cambio nominales nacionales y ex- tranjeros actuales y futuros esperados y el tipo de cambio nominal futuro esperado (ecuación (20.5)). En este apéndice derivamos una relación similar, pero con tipos de interés reales y el tipo de cambio real. Seguidamente, analizamos cómo puede utilizarse esta otra relación para examinar las variaciones del tipo de cambio real.
Derivación de la condición de la paridad de los tipos de in-
terés reales
Partamos de la condición de la paridad de los tipos de interés nomi-
nales, ecuación (19.2):
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
Recordemos la definición del tipo de interés real según la
ecuación (6.3) del Capítulo 6:
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
donde p
e
t+1
≡ (P
e
t+1
– P
t
)/P
t
es la tasa esperada de inflación.
Del mismo modo, el tipo de interés real extranjero viene dado por:
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
donde p*
e
t+1
≡ (P*
e
t+1
− P
t
*)/P
t
* es la tasa esperada de inflación
extranjera.
■
Con tipos de cambio fijos y movilidad perfecta del capital, el tipo de interés nacional, i, debe ser igual al tipo de interés extran-
jero, i* (véase el Capítulo 17):
i = i*
Utilizando estas cuatro relaciones, formulamos la ecuación (20.1) de la forma siguiente:
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
Esto puede expresarse, con una notación más compacta, como:
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
que es la ecuación (20.1) del texto.
Utilicemos estas dos relaciones para eliminar los tipos de
interés nominales en la condición de la paridad de los tipos de interés:
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
Obsérvese que, de la definición de la inflación, (1 + p
e
t+1
) =
= P
e
t+1
/P
t
y, de igual modo, (1 + p*
e
t+1
) = P*
e
t+1
/P
t
*.
Utilizando estas dos relaciones en el término entre corchetes,
tenemos:
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
Reordenando los términos:
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
Utilizando la definición de tipo de cambio real:
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
Sustituyendo en la ecuación (20.A1), obtenemos:
Chapter 20 Exchange Rate Regimes 431
APPEnDIx 1: Deriving the IS Relation under Fixed Exchange Rates
Start from the condition for goods-market equilibrium we de- rived in Chapter 19, equation (19.1):
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, r2+G-NX1Y, Y*, e2
This condition states that, for the goods market to be in
equilibrium, output must be equal to the demand for domestic goods—that is, the sum of consumption, investment, govern- ment spending, and net exports. Next, recall the following relations:
■■The real interest rate, r, is equal to the nominal interest rate, i, minus expected inflation, p
e
(see Chapter 14):
rKi-p
e
■■The real exchange rate, P is defined as (see Chapter 17):
e=
EP
P*
■■Under fixed exchange rates, the nominal exchange rate, E, is, by definition, fixed. Denote by
EQ the value at which the
nominal exchange rate is fixed, so:
E=EQ
■■Under fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate, i, must be equal to the foreign interest
rate,
i* (see Chapter 17):
i=i*
Using these four relations, rewrite equation (20.1) as:
Y=C1Y-T2+I1Y, i*-p
e
2+G+NXaY, Y*,
EQP
P*
b
This can be rewritten, using a more compact notation, as:
Y=Ya
EQP
P*
, G, T, i*-p
e
,Y*b
1-, +, -, -, +2
which is equation (20.1) in the text.
APPEnDIx 2: The Real Exchange Rate and Domestic and Foreign Real
Interest Rates
We derived in Section 20-3 a relation among the current
nominal exchange rate, current and expected future domestic
and foreign nominal interest rates, and the expected future
nominal exchange rate (equation (20.5)). This appendix derives
a similar relation, but in terms of real interest rates and the
real exchange rate. It then briefly discusses how this alterna-
tive relation can be used to think about movements in the real
exchange rate.
Deriving the Real Interest Parity Condition
Start from the nominal interest parity condition, equation (19.2):
11+i
t2=11+i
t*2
E
t
E
e
t+1
Recall the definition of the real interest rate from Chapter 6,
equation (6.3):
11+r
t2=
11+i
t2
11+p
t+1
e
2
where p
t+1
eK1P
t+1
e-P
t2>P
t
is the expected rate of inflation.
Similarly, the foreign real interest rate is given by:
11+r
t*2=
11+i
t*2
11+p*
e
t+12
where p*
e
t+1
K1P*
e
t+1
-P
t*2>P
t*
is the expected foreign rate of
inflation.
Use these two relations to eliminate nominal interest rates
in the interest parity condition, so:
11+r
t2=11+r*
t2 c
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
d (20.A1)
Note from the definition of inflation that 11+p
t+1
e2
=
P
t+1
e>P
t
and, similarly, 11+p*
e
t+1
2
= P*
e
t+1
>P*
t.
Using these two relations in the term in brackets gives:
E
t
E
t+1
e
11+p*
e
t+12
11+p
t+1
e
2
=
E
t
E
t+1
e
P*
e
t+1 P
t
P
t*
P
t+1
e
Reorganizing terms:
E
t P*
e
t+1 P
t
E
t+1
e
P*
t P
t+1
e
=
E
t
P
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
Using the definition of the real exchange rate:
E
tP
t>P
t*
E
t+1
e
P
t+1
e
>P*
e
t+1
=
e
t
e
t+1
e
Replacing in equation (20.A1) gives:
11+r
t2=11+r
t*2
e
t
e
t+1
e
M20_BLAN0581_07_SE_C20.indd 431 13/04/16 3:50 pm
(20.A1)
APÉNDICE 1: Derivación de la relación IS con tipos de cambio fijos
APÉNDICE 2: El tipo de cambio real y los tipos de interés reales nacionales
y extranjeros
M20_BLAN5350_07_SE_C20.indd 431 17/01/17 07:49