Macromolecules PPT for high school students

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1. MACROMOLECULES THE STUFF OF LIFE

2. I will be able to : D escribe the structure and function of carbohydrates. D escribe the structure and function of proteins. D escribe the structure and function of nucleic acid. D escribe the structure and function of lipids. Compare the structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. L.S. Bio 1.1 Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life. Learning targets

3. LATIN 101- Prefix review Poly – Many Mono-One Hydro-Water (actually Greek) Lipos - fat Synthesis- to make or form Lysis -loosen; break apart

4. Key Vocabulary monomer polymer carbohydrate monosaccharide polysaccharide protein amino acid polypeptide lipid nucleic acid metabolism Acid Base pH homeostasis elements glucose cellulose phospholipid RNA DNA

5. Carbon compounds and cells Life as we know it is carbon based. A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings.

6. Carbon compounds and cells Carbon compounds in living things include: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

7. ORGANIC -COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN THE ELEMENT CARBON 95% of all compounds are organic Example: Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6

8. BUILDING BLOCKS ANALOGY

9. Polymers – large organic molecules made of smaller parts known as monomers (Building blocks of polymers)

10. Dehydration synthesis The chemical process of joining monomers to form polymers. At the end of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom and a (-OH) group. Every time a monomer is added a molecule of water is given off.

11. HYDROLYSIS The chemical breakdown of polymers into monomers through the addition of water; essentially the opposite of dehydration synthesis

12. FOUR MACROMoleculeS of LIFE POLYMER MONOMER Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Lipids (e.g. fats) Glycerol and Fatty Acids Protein Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

13. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon (H), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) . Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy. Carbohydrates are also called sugars or starches.

14. What are Carbohydrates? Most common organic molecule. Functions : Primary energy source of energy for the body. Short-term energy storage. Structural component of cell membrane. Elements present : C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) Monomer (building block): Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common) Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) IMPORTANT!

15. CLASSIFICATION of carbohydrates Monosaccharides : Simple sugar. E.g. glucose, fructose Disaccharides : 2 monosaccharide units. E.g. maltose, sucrose Polysaccharides : more than 10 sugar units. E.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin

16. Carbohydrates Plant cells store energy as starch. Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches.

17. Summary-CARBOHYDATES FUNCTION Quick and short term energy FOUND IN Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn STUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Unique because they always have two hydrogen for every one oxygen (hydrate-like water H 2 0) MONO SACCHARIDE EXAMPLES Glucose ( C 6 H 12 O 6 ) DI SACCHARIDE EXAMPLES Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar-in grain), Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose combined-in sugar cane) ( C 12 H 22 O 11 ) POLY SACCHARIDE EXAMPLES 100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined Starch -how carbohydrates are stored in plants Glycogen -how carbohydrates are stored in animals Cellulose -found in plant cell walls; animals cannot digest (Fiber)

18. Lipids Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes. Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals?

19. LIPIDS “ Lipos -FAT” FUNCTION Long term energy storage Insulate against heat loss Protective cushion around organs FOUND IN Fatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking oils STUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on occasion other elements) Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with -OH groups) and fatty acid tail/s Don’t dissolve in water FATS and OILS (Triglycerides) One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail PHOSPHOLIPIDS Make up cell membranes contain C,H, O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails) WAXES Only 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol attached; protective coating on fruits etc. STEROIDS Includes cholesterol, female and male sex hormone

20. LIPIDS-1 Glycerol and fatty acid tails 3 FATTY ACID TAILS GLYCEROL BACKBONE

21. LIPID Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

22. Proteins Proteins are very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Protein molecules are made of smaller molecules called amino acids .

23. FUNCTION Building block s of living materials; compose structural parts such as keratin in hair and nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions) FOUND IN Meat, Eggs and Cheese STUCTURE Much larger, more complex than carbohydrates and lipids . Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen . BUILDING BLOCKS Amino Acids (There are 20 different amino acids) PEPTIDE BONDS Hold amino acids together ( dipeptides , tripeptides , polypeptides) DENATURATION When proteins are exposed to extreme changes in pH, temperature etc. they lose their shape and can no longer function. PROTEINS

24. PROTEINS Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

25. R-Group (Makes each Amino Acid Different ; 20 different amino ACIDS) - Contain Nitrogen

26. Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides. DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins.

27. FUNCTION Important for growth & reproduction of cells, contains the genetic code (what genes are made from) FOUND IN Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA STUCTURE Sugar ( deoxyribos e or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases BUILDING BLOCKS Nucleotides ATP A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria. Glucose is converted into ATP. SHAPE DNA is known for its twisted ladder shape Nucleic acids

28. Nucleotide – monomer of nucleic acids

29. DNA Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprints” for life. What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”?

30. QUIZ TIME WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

31. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: C,H,O and the 2:1 ratio of H to O

32. carbohydrate Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

33. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: the twisted shape of DNA

34. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails

35. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: The amino acid monomers

36. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?

37. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?

38. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? CHROMOSOME

39. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?

40. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base

41. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: The nitrogen and R-group

42. FolDABLE TIME FRONT SIDE OF TABS: Tab A Label the tab PROTEIN in RED Write the name of its monomer and draw and color one. TAB B Label the tab CARBOHYDRATE in BLUE Write the name of its monomer and draw and color one TAB C Label the tab LIPID in GREEN Write the name of its monomer and draw and color one TAB D Label the tab NUCLEIC ACID – a color not already used Write the name of its monomer and draw and color one BACK SIDE OF TABS: TAB A Give 4 FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS List 2 EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS TAB B Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES List 4 EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES TAB C Give 3 FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS List 4 EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS TAB D Give 2 FUNCTIONS FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS List 2 EXAMPLES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS ON THE INSIDE CENTER SECTION, center and write the word MACROMOLECULE   ON THE BACK OF THE FOLDABLE, write your NAME and PERIOD. Make a pocket for this to slide into in your notebook using paper. MACROMOLECULE FOLDABLE Fold and cut a piece of paper as shown below to make 4 tabs.