Maize and Millets

Production of maize and different types of millets.

1. MAIZE Zea mays SHUHAIBA.K MFT Shuhaiba Backer

2. ABOUT Maize is the third largest planted crop after wheat and rice. Maize was domesticated from its wild grass ancestor more than 8,700 years ago in Central America. The wild grass called teosinte. Teosinte had bigger kernels and more rows of kernels , Over the time they select other useful traits and lastly a new type was form known as maize Shuhaiba Backer

3. The colors can also vary between varieties. : purple,dark brown, blue, yellow, and white maize varieties are available. Maize contains the pigment cryptoxanthin, which is the precursor of vit.A. Shuhaiba Backer

4. Types 1. Flour corn 2. Popcorn 3. Dent corn 4. Flint corn 5. Sweet corn 6. Waxy corn 7. Amylomaize 8. Pod corn 9. Striped maize Shuhaiba Backer

5. CHEMISTRY OF MAIZE STARCH Starch consists of amylopectin (72-77%) and amylose (21-28%). Distribution of starch in grain components reveals that 98% is deposited in the endosperm, embryo 1.3% and 0.7% in pericarp. Shuhaiba Backer

6. PROTEIN Proteins, in proportion of 15 to 18%, contain 45% prolamins (predominant is zeina) 35% glutenin and 20% globulin. 73.1% accumulates in the endosperm of total protein, 23.0% in embryo and 2.2% in pericarp. Shuhaiba Backer

7. Iodine index of maize oil is 111-130. The oil composition enters: 46% oleic acid, 41.5% linoleic acid, 7.8% palmitic acid, 3.5% stearic acid and others. Grains contain vitamins B1, B2, and E in greater proportion, provitamin A (yellow grain varieties), vitamin C is missing. Shuhaiba Backer

8. PRODUCTION OF MAIZE Shuhaiba Backer

9. GROWTH FACTOR AND LAND PREPARATION OUTLINE Climate requirements Soil requirements Planting depth and plant technique Weeds removing Soil tillage Fertilisation of land Land Preparation Shuhaiba Backer

10. GROWTH FACTORS Water / Moisture Temperature Maize crops is strongly affected by climate :, Frost free period is require to prevent damage between 120-140 days. Low temperature will cause frost at all stages of maize. The critical temperature affecting yield is approximately 32˚C. Maize is a warm weather crops of 19˚C to 23˚C Shuhaiba Backer

11. The yield loss due to water stress will depend on the growth stage of corn during the drought stress as well as the length and severity of the drought. At maturity, each plant will used 250l of water in absence of moisture stress. Approximately 10-16kg of grain are produce per millimetre of water use. Shuhaiba Backer

12. Moisture stress during pollination is the most critical for reducing yield potential of corn. Water stress during vegetative growth stages results in reduced plant height and leaf area, and lower yield potential. Corn is most sensitive to water stress during pollination, followed by grain-filling, and vegetative growth stages. Shuhaiba Backer

13. SOIL REQUIREMENT Maize production take place on soils with a clay content of less than 10% sandy soils or in excess 30% clay and clay-loam, texture classes between 10 and 30% have air and moisture regimes Land preparation. Deep ploughing up to 45 cm is favourable for maize that have deep growth. Ridges can be made at 60cm apart for maize planting Shuhaiba Backer

14. LAND PREPARATION Soil pH 6.5—7.5 Well drain heavy soils with high organic matter content and good water holding capacity. Maize is adapted to wild variety of soil and climate SOIL TILLAGE Aims of soil tillage are weed control, incorporation of residue, reducing wind and water erosion, improving soil structure and prepare seedbed Shuhaiba Backer

15. Some weeds are parasitic and poisonous to maize. Some weeds become alternative hosts of pests and diseases. Weeds compete with the maize plant for water, nutrients, space and light. The most critical period of weed competition is during the first four to six weeks after emergence of the crop Shuhaiba Backer

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17. HARVESTING Harvesting &Combined Harvester is used when moisture levels drop below 18% to 24% and then dried to below 14% Traditionally, when red maize cobs have dried down and it is time for harvest, the cobs are handpicked, hand shelled and dried in the sun. This is very labor intensive, which has a significant impact on the gross margin for maize. Shuhaiba Backer

18. Maize is mostly harvested when it is fully mature., but there are some exceptions. Feed maize can be as the whole maize plant before it is completely ripe, and it can be stored green. Sweetcorn is harvested when the kernals are not fully mature,but are still rich in sweet milky liquid. Mature maize is normally harvested when its moisture content is between 10% and 25%. Shuhaiba Backer

19. MILLING All traces of cob, dust,chaff, and foreign materials are removed from the grain before maize is milled. Maize can be processed by either wet or dry milling. Shuhaiba Backer

20. Wet milling Shuhaiba Backer

21. Dry milling The early Indians used the metate method in which the grain was grounded in a shallow dip of a large flat stone by the action of a smaller flat stone moved by hand . This method is slightly superior to using grinding stones. Pestle is used for milling ,later maize was ground using a piece of apparatus . Grain was poured in to a central hole an offset handle was turned to rotate the capstone on the stationary netherstone. These are replaced by modern roller mills. Shuhaiba Backer

22. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MILLETS Shuhaiba Backer

23. 1. Sorghum (Jowar) Sorghum or jowar is one of the most popular millets for weight loss The calcium content in jowar is closely similar to the content in wheat and rice. It also packs in a neat iron, protein, and fiber punch.  Researches have found that a typical sorghum wax is rich in policosanols which helps in reducing the levels of cholesterol Shuhaiba Backer

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25. foxtail millet for weight loss Foxtail millets are available in the form of rice, semolina (like rava) or as fine textured flour. Like other millets, foxtail millet is rich in smart carbohydrates, the kind which doesn’t increase the blood sugar levels immediately but releases slowly release glucose into the bloodstream. 2. Foxtail millet Shuhaiba Backer

26. It is rich in dietary fiber, and minerals like iron and copper. Due to this, it helps to reduce the levels of bad cholesterol and keeps the immune system strong as well. Shuhaiba Backer

27. 3. Finger millet (ragi) finger millet for weight loss One of the most popular and commonly consumed millet there could be. Due to ragi’s nutrition, it can be considered a good replacement for rice and wheat.   The most notable nutritional feature is that it is a rich source of calcium and other minerals. Shuhaiba Backer

28. It is a storehouse of protein and amino acids that make it a good inclusion in porridges and even wheat flour. Studies have suggested a beneficial role of finger millet on blood glucose level and hence, its positive effect on diabetics patients Shuhaiba Backer

29. 4. Pearl millet (Bajra) pearl millet flour for weight loss The study has shown that Pearl millet or bajra is said to be a miracle millet with iron content which 8 times higher than that present in rice. Other facts about pearl millet nutrition are that it is also rich in protein, fibre, and minerals such as calcium and magnesium. Shuhaiba Backer

30. Consumption of pearl millet will help ease constipation issues and any problems with the digestion as well. Because of the nutritional line-up, it can also make for a good lactagogue. Therefore, induces lactation and help in efficient milk secretion Shuhaiba Backer

31. 5.Little Millet little millet for weight loss The little millet may be called little but in no means its nutritional content is little. It is a rich source of B-vitamins, minerals like calcium, iron, zinc, potassium among others. Little millet contains around 5.2 grams of fat with a good content of unsaturated fats that ensures healthy metabolism and subsequently, a healthy weight loss.  Shuhaiba Backer

32. Its high fibre content is yet another positive making it an ideal part of pongal or even kheer instead of rice. Shuhaiba Backer

33. 6.Proso Millet Proso millet for weight loss Like it’s millet cousins, proso millet is rich in protein and low glycemic index carbs The developed world cultivates this millet to use it as bird feed. It is yet to be consumed as a mainstream millet. Also, because of the high content of antioxidants and minerals like magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus, it helps in preventing conditions like osteoporosis Shuhaiba Backer

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35. If you are looking for a millet that closely resembles rice, then it is the Kodo millet. It is easy to digest and is rich in phytochemicals and antioxidants, all of which helps prevent the occurrence of major lifestyle diseases. For weight loss enthusiasts, this is the millet that will assist in healthy weight loss. Cook it like rice once in a while and relish without any guilt. 7. Kodo millet Shuhaiba Backer

36. Kodo millet has shown to reduce knee and joint pain, helps regularize menstruation in women among others. This is attributed to high mineral content like calcium, magnesium and iron. Shuhaiba Backer

37. 8. Barnyard millet Barnyard millet, with its nutritional profile, should belong to our tables already. It has a considerable amount of fiber that helps maintain satiety. Apart from this, millet is rich sources of bone-building minerals calcium and phosphorus. Its good antioxidant profile helps in improving the complications of non-communicable diseases and degenerative disorders like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc.  Shuhaiba Backer

38. Therefore, it can be considered as an ideal replacement for rice in dosa/idli/dhokla batters. Shuhaiba Backer

39. Thank you Shuhaiba Backer