Major-1a-Lesson-8-1.pptxjsjjdjshshshshjs

Presentation

1. Introduction to Linguistics Good Morning class… Do today what others won’t so tomorrow you can do what others can’t. – Jerry Rice Learning Package 8 by: Karen N. Gaspar – College Teacher

2. General Overview In this package class we will be studying about: Morphology: Word Formation Processes As we know on the previous learning package that this is the second type of generalization covered in this topic that concerns the patterns and rules which underlie the formation of complex lexemes, i.e.(that is) words that are made up of more than two lexical morphemes. This is the realm of word-formation. And now I will introduced to you the word-formation patterns class. All language has this word-formation patterns or processes, even our own language or dialect class, but since we are English major we will focusing more on our language of study but the discussion or the information can be use generally in all languages class.

3. Introduction Obviously words don’t make words, people make words! But study of historical change in languages shows that people do so in ways that are systematic. Since children often make words too, the study of historical language change has potential relevance to study of child language. In this package class we will study of how new words are being formed in the language. Word formation is of great interest for linguists as it sheds light on other aspects of language.

4. Introduction People in general have no difficulty coping the new words. We can very quickly understand a new word in our language (a neologism) and accept the use of different forms of that new word. This ability must derive in part from the fact that there is a lot of regularity in the word-formation process in our language. In some aspects the study of the processes whereby new words come into being language like English seems relatively straightforward. This apparent simplicity however masks a number of controversial issues. Despite the disagreement of scholars in the area, there don´t seem to be a regular process involved.

5. Why are new words needed? We need new words because of: New inventions and changes. And, vast amount of new inventions made in the 20th and 21 st century. Language is dynamic. One of the distinctive properties of human language is creativity. (we are highly creative class) And we already knew that some words exist through creation of certain group or community or because language is arbitrary. So come on class let’s learn about it… But as the previous slide say we change or create words systemically.

6. Entry of a Word in a Language Etymology - studies of the history of words, their origin, and how their form and meaning changed over time. For instance the English word “Alleviate”- It is a combination of Latin “levis” means light and the prefix ad- means ‘to’ ( ad- changes to al-before a root starting from l-). Other words derived from “levis” are: Relieve – re(again) + levis, Elevate (to raise up) – e(out) + levis Levitation – process of object apparently rise in the air as if floating Levity – lightness in sense of frivolity means lack of seriousness. If you have Merriam Webster app on your phone you could see the etymology of the words you search at the bottom part of it.

7. Word Formation Processes These processes have been at work in the language for some time and many words in daily use today were, at one time, considered barbaric misuses of the language. 1. Coinage 7. Backformation 2. Borrowing 8. Conversion 3. Calque 9. Acronym 4. Compounding 10. Initialism 5. Derivation 11. Onomatopoeia 6. Blending 12. Clipping Let’s try to know this class individually… keep reading ;).

8. Word Formation Processes: Coinage Coinage the word formation process of inventing entirely new words. The most typical sources are invented trade names for one company´s product which become general terms for any version of that product. For example: robotics (1941), genocide (1943), black hole (1968),blog, internet, google, Aspirine aspirin, nylon, zipper and the more recent examples kleenex , teflon . Some more Examples on the next slide class.

9. Word Formation Processes: Coinage Some more Example: e- cruitment - online recruitment of employees; online submission of resumes and cover letters Netbook – small laptop computer which weighs less than 3 pounds and has a 7 to 10 inch screen Notspot - an area where there is slow internet access or no connection at all. Slumdog - very poor, underprivileged person who lives in an overcrowded a slum.

10. Word Formation Processes: Coinage Eponym (subtype of coinage) --new words based on names of persons/place. For example: volt [ Alessandro Volta, Italian] watt [James Watt, Scot scientist] boycott [Charles Boycott, Irish] fahrenheit [Gabriel Farenheit , German scientist] Our own language class also undergo with this processes class if you would just research and look closely on our language.

11. Word Formation Processes: Borrowing Borrowing is the process of actually borrowing words from foreign languages. Throughout history the English language has adopted a vast number of loan words from other languages. The other way round, many countries also have taken many English words into their dictionaries, such as the well-known “ OK or internet” most of the loan words are nouns, only some of them are verbs or adjectives. For example : Alcohol (Arabic), Boss (Dutch), Croissant (French), Piano (Italian), Pretzel (German), Robot (Czech), Zebra (Bantu)

12. Word Formation Processes: Borrowing Some more example: Latin: interim, memorandum, agenda, p.m. and a.m., sponsor. Greek : pneumonia, panorama, psychoanalysis, psychology, python French: bureau, café, chauffeur, abattoir, attaché, á la carte Sanskrit: chakra, mahatma, nirvana, musk Hindi - avatar, bungalow, jungle, pajamas, verandah, shampoo, yoga, pundit, cheetah We have a lot of borrowed words on our own class mostly from the country that colonized us for very long years the Spain.

13. Word Formation Processes: Calque A special type of borrowing is the  loan translation  or  calque . Calque - word-for-word translation of a phrase borrowed from another language. In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. For example: Superman, Loan Translation of Übermensch , German. Ex: Spanish from English perros calientes –dog hot = hot dog

14. Word Formation Processes: Compounding Compounding is the process of putting words together to build a new one that ''does not denote two things, but one'‘ and that is ''pronounced as one unit'‘. In other terms, Compounding forms a word out of two or more root morphemes. The words are called compounds or compound words. In Linguistics, compounds can be either native or borrowed. Native English roots are typically free morphemes, so that means native compounds are made out of independent words that can occur by themselves.  For example: mailman  (composed of free root  mail  and free root  man ), Bookcase, Fingerprint, Sunburn, Wallpaper, Textbook Wastebasket, Waterbed.

15. Word Formation Processes: Compounding Note that compounds are written in various ways in English: with a space between the elements; with a hyphen between the elements; or simply with the two roots run together with no separation. The way the word is written does not affect its status as a compound. Over time, the convention for writing compounds can change, usually in the direction from separate words (e.g. email used to be written with a hyphen.

16. Word Formation Processes: Compounding In the 19th century, today and tomorrow, a compound words, were sometimes still written  to-day  and  to-morrow . The  to  originally was the preposition  to  with an older meaning 'at [a particular period of time]'.  Clock work  changed to  clock-work  and finally to one word with no break ( clockwork ). If you read older literature you might see some compound words that are now written as one word appearing with unfamiliar spaces or hyphens between the components.

17. Word Formation Processes: Compounding Another thing to note about compounds is that they can combine words of different parts of speech. The list above shows mostly noun-noun compounds, which is probably the most common part of speech combination, but there are others, such as adjective-noun ( dry run ,  blackbird ,  hard drive ), verb-noun ( pick-pocket ,  cut-purse ,  lick-spittle ) and even verb-particle (where 'particle' means a word basically designating spatial expression that functions to complete a literal or metaphorical path), as in  run-through ,  hold-over . Sometimes these compounds are different in the part of speech of the whole compound vs. the part of speech of its components. Note that the last two are actually nouns, despite their components.

18. Word Formation Processes: Compounding Some compounds have more than two component words. These are formed by successively combining words into compounds, e.g.  pick-up truck , formed from  pick-up  and  truck  , where the first component,  pick-up  is itself a compound formed from  pick  and  up.  Other examples are  ice-cream cone ,  no-fault insurance  and even more complex compounds like  top-rack dishwasher safe . There are a number of subtypes of compounds that do not have to do with part of speech, but rather the sound characteristics of the words. These subtypes are not mutually exclusive. Rhyming Compounds.

19. Word Formation Processes: Compounding Rhyming compounds   (subtype of compounds) These words are compounded from two rhyming words. Examples: lovey-dovey, chiller-killer There are words that are formally very similar to rhyming compounds, but are not quite compounds in English because the second element is not really a word--it is just a nonsense item added to a root word to form a rhyme. Examples: higgledy-piggledy tootsie- wootsie

20. Word Formation Processes: Compounding This formation process is associated in English with child talk (and talk addressed to children), technically called hypocoristic language. Examples: bunnie-wunnie , Henny Penny, snuggly- wuggly Georgie Porgie , Piggie-Wiggie Another word type that looks a bit like rhyming compounds comprises words that are formed of two elements that almost match, but differ in their vowels. Again, the second element is typically a nonsense form: Examples: pitter-patter, zigzag, tick-tock riffraff, flip flop

21. Word Formation Processes: Derivation That was it for the compound class. Stretch out a bit class for we still have ample of topics to deal with. Derivation is the creation of words by modification of a root without the addition of other roots. Often the effect is a change in part of speech. Derivation is the most common word formation process and it accomplished by means of a large number of small bits of the English language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. These small bits are called affixes. 

22. Word Formation Processes: Derivation An affix is a set of letters generally added to the beginning or end of a root word to modify its meaning. The root is the portion of the word that remains when all prefixes and suffixes have been removed. Typically, they can stand alone. In the word  untouchable , “touch” is the root. The two main types of affixes are prefixes and suffixes . I know you already learn most of this during your basic education class this has been on your elementary and high school so you already have the most background of it we just have to run through on it a bit.

23. Word Formation Processes: Derivation The most common type of derivation is the addition of one or more affixes to a root, as in the word derivation itself. This process is called affixation (Subtype of Derivation , a term which covers both prefixation and suffixation . Let’s have some example: By prefixes: un usual , mis pronounce, mis lead, dis respect By suffixes: care less , child ish , faith ful By prefix and suffix sometimes referred to us infixation : dis loyal ty , un erring ly That was it for the derivation class let us move to blending.

24. Word Formation Processes: Blending A blending is a combination of two or more words to create a new one, usually by taking the beginning of the other word and the end of the other one. Examples: brunch  (breakfast and lunch),  motel  (motor hotel),  electrocute  (electric and execute),  smog  (smoke and fog) and cheeseburger (cheese and hamburger) , transistor (transfer and resistor), emoticon (emotion and icon), webinar (web and seminar) and here are some more recent blends I have run across: mocktail  (mock and cocktail) 'cocktail with no alcohol‘, splog  (spam and blog) 'fake blog designed to attract hits and raise Google-ranking ‘

25. Word Formation Processes: Back-formation --nouns > verbs: reduction of nouns to form verbs. Backformation is a very specialized type of reduction process. Typically a word of one type, usually noun, is reduced to form another word of a different type, usually verb. A good example of backformation is the process whereby the noun television first came into use and then the term televise is created form it. More example: Donation – Donate, Option – Opt, Emotion – Emote, Enthusiasm – Enthuse, Babysit – Babysitter

26. Word Formation Processes: Back-formation Hypocorism – is a special type of back formation. Happens when a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then (-y) or (- ie ) is added to the end. Hypocorisms examples: Television = telly Biscuit = bickie Bookmarker = bookie Breakfast = brekky Handkerchief = hankie Oh daghan rabay mag ing.ani sa atua kay cute kuno paminawn hahaha . In linguistics we call that process as Hypocorism. Be mindful to the terms presented class it will surely help you on your major subjects.

27. Word Formation Processes: Conversion Conversion -changing the category of words. Zero derivation –no affixes are added. Conversion is a change in the function of a word, as for example, when a noun comes to be used as a verb without any reduction. Other labels of this very common process are “category change” and “functional shift”. A number of nouns such as paper, butter, bottle, vacation and so on, can via the process of conversion come to be used as verbs as in the following examples: My brother is papering my bedroom. Did you buttered this toast? We bottled the home brew last night.

28. Word Formation Processes: Acronym & Initialism The term  acronym  only dates from the 1940s and is derived from the Greek  akros , meaning point, and  onuma , meaning name. In precise usage, the word  acronym  refers only to terms based on the initial letters of their various elements and read as single words.   Initialism   refers to terms read as a series of letters. The umbrella term  abbreviation   is used for acronyms and initialisms. Acronym- word from initials of a set of words Initialism - are pronounced ''as a sequence of letters”

29. Word Formation Processes: Acronym & Initialism Thus NATO , pronounced NAY-tow, is an acronym for North Atlantic Treaty Organization , and LASER , pronounced LAY- zer , is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation . FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) is an initialism . AIDS is an acronym, while HIV is an initialism. URL, when pronounced as three separate letters, "U-R-L," is an initialism for Uniform Resource Locator, but many people pronounce it as "earl" or even " yurl ," making it an acronym. Some more example of acronym: SCUBA - S elf- C ontained U nderwater B reathing A pparatus, RADAR - Ra dio D etection A nd R anging Some more example of initialism: DNA - D eoxy R iboneuclic A cid USA - U nited S tates of A merica

30. Word Formation Processes: Onomatopeia This special type of word that depicts ''the sound associated with what is named'‘. Ex: buzz, hiss, sizzle, crash, bang, hush, ticktack, etc. Onomatopoeia is the formation of a word, as  cuckoo, meow, honk,  or  boom,   by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent. A word so formed. For example the “buzz” means a low, continuous humming or murmuring sound, made by or similar to that made by an insect(specifically bees). The use of imitative and naturally suggestive words for rhetorical, dramatic, or poetic effect.

31. Word Formation Processes: Clipping Clipping is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is 'clipped' off the rest, and the remaining word now means essentially the same thing as what the whole word means or meant. For example , the word  rifle  is a fairly modern clipping of an earlier compound  rifle gun , meaning a gun with a rifled barrel. ( Rifled  means having a spiral groove causing the bullet to spin, and thus making it more accurate.) Another clipping is  burger , formed by clipping off the beginning of the word  hamburger . Some more example: facsimile = fax, fanatic = fan, telephone= phone, cable tele gram = cablegram, gym, lab, exam, math, prof.

32. Word Formation Processes: Clipping Types of clipping: Back clipping is taking away the end of a word as in gas from gasoline . Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator. Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from influenza . Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy.

33. Conclusion As we have seen on the study, there are many ways to create new words. Even you can create one just be creative and make it socially and culturally accepted. So finally, if we take a look around, we will see a mass of new words surrounding us, brought to us both consciously by language trends and unconsciously through language change over time. Language changes constantly. As the quote says “There is nothing permanent in this world except change”. And who knows if the people will understand the language we are using now in a few decades?

34. Next lesson we will study about “ Semantics ”. If you have any question just feel free to ask me. You can ask me through email ([email protected] ) or through messenge r . Thank you for reading up to the end class  For Educational Purposes Only