Major-Environmental-Problems and Proven Solutions.pdf
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May 26, 2024
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About This Presentation
UNEP's presentation is utilized to address the problems facing our planet and augment them with practical and effective solutions.
A new era is emerging where human-centric solutions matter more than ever before
Size: 12.1 MB
Language: en
Added: May 26, 2024
Slides: 126 pages
Slide Content
APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW BY NATIONAL
COURTS AND TRIBUNALS
PRESENTATION2
MAJORENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
UNEP GLOBAL JUDGES PROGRAMME
UNEP = UN
Environmental
Program1
Presented by Steven Moore
Prof. Phillip Andrews
May 21, 2024
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
A)Major environmental issues
B)Responses at the national level
C)Responses at the international level
2
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Pollution of Air, Water and Land
Hazardous Chemicals and
Wastes
Land Degradation
Loss of Biodiversity
Ozone Depletion
Climate Change
Loss of natural and cultural
resources
3
POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MEDIA
POLLUTION
OF
MEDIA
4
AIR POLLUTION
Definition:
the emission of any
impurity into the air,
such as smoke
(including tobacco
smoke), dust, cinders,
solid particles, gases,
mists, fumes, odours
and radioactive
substances.
Air pollution and smoke in
Inner Mongolia
5
Smoke from incineration of domestic
waste on banks of river
6
WATER POLLUTION
Water
Pollution
Ground
water
Surface
water
Marine
7
8
9
Surface Water Pollution
10
Ground Water Pollution
11
Marine Water Pollution
12
Few quality fish can survive
in polluted rivers
13
14
s
Land Pollution: Plastic bags and general
waste dump beside communal toilets on
riverbank
15
MAJOR CONCERNS
PEACE AND SECURITY
CAUSE ILLNESS
AND DEATH
DAMAGE TO
HABITAT AND
ECOSYSTEMS
LOSS OF PLANT
AND ANIMAL LIFE
LOSS OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
ECONOMIC
CONSEQUENCES
TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACTS
-Acid rain
-Haze pollution
-Water pollution
-Nuclear fallout
16
NON-
IMPLEMENTATION
OF AMBIENT
QUALITY
STANDARDS
EMISSIONS /
DISCHARGES FROM
INDUSTRY,
TRANSPORT AND
ENERGY PRODUCTION
AGRICULTURAL
RUN OFFS
UNCLEAN
TECHNOLOGY
INADEQUATE
POLICIES AND
LEGAL REGIMES
MAJOR CAUSES OF POLLUTION
17
REMEDIAL MEASURES
AMBIENT
STANDARDS
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
DISCHARGE
STANDARDS
CLEANER
PRODUCTION
18
HAZARDOUS WASTES AND
CHEMICALS
HAZARDOUS
WASTES
PERSISTENT
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
CHEMICALS
IN
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
HAZARDOUS
WASTES
AND
CHEMICALS
19
MAJOR CONCERNS
CAUSE OF
SERIOUS DAMAGE
TO WATER
SOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENT
ILLEGAL DUMPING
TRANSPORT
AND DISPOSAL
OF HAZARDOUS
WASTES
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE IN
HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS
PERSISTENCE AND
BIO-
ACCUMULATION
OF CERTAIN
ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS
CAUSE OF
SERIOUS HEALTH
PROBLEMS AND
DEATH
20
MAJOR CAUSES
PRODUCTION, USE AND DISPOSAL
OF CHEMICALS INCLUDING
PESTICIDES
GENERATION AND DISPOSAL OF
HAZARDOUS WASTES
IRRESPONSIBLE INTERNATIONAL
TRADE IN HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS AND WASTES
PRODUCTION AND USE OF
PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS
21
NATIONAL MEASURES
Effective implementation of national Policies
and legislation
Effective management of production,
transport, storage and use of chemicals
Effective disposal of hazardous wastes
Phasing out production and use of persistent
organic pollutants (pops)
Development of alternative feedstocks
and disposal options
22
INTERNATIONAL ACTION
CHEMICALS PROGRAMMES OF UNEP
AND FAO
BASEL CONVENTION ON THE
CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS OF HAZARDOUS
WASTES AND THEIR DISPOSAL
ROTTERDAM CONVENTION ON THE
PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT
PROCEDURE FOR CERTAIN
HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES IN
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
23
LAND DEGRADATION
24
MAJOR CONCERNS
LOWER SOIL
PRODUCTIVITY
DISRUPTION OF
WATER CYCLE
FORCED
MIGRATION
POOR WATER
RETENTION
LACK OF FOOD
SECURITY
DROUGHT
POVERTY
25
MAJOR CAUSES
OVER-CROPPING
OVER-GRAZING
LAND CONVERSION ,
LAND DECERTIFICATION
DEFORESTATION
SOIL POLLUTION THROUGH INDUSTRY
AND AGRICULTURE
EROSION
26
INTERNATIONAL ACTION
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCING- GEF
LAND USE
PLANNING
UN
DESERTIFICATION
CONVENTION AND
ITS PROTOCOLS
DEBT
RELIEF
LINKS TO
CBD,
CLIMATE
CHANGE AND
OZONE
REGIMES
27
REGIONAL
COOPERATION
LAND USE
PLANNING
LEGAL MEASURES
AND CONTROLS
LOCAL LEVEL
PARTICIPATION
REHABILITATION, CONSERVATION
AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES
MORE EQUITABLE
PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS
IMPLEMENTATION
OF RELEVANT
LEGISLATION
NATIONAL
IMPLEMENTATION
NATIONAL MEASURES
28
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
Major concerns
Biodiversity
loss
Major causes
Remedial
measures
National measures
for Remediation
29
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
VARIABILITY AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS
WITHIN
SPECIES
OF
ECOSYSTEMS
30
MAJOR CONCERNS
Loss of species
Loss of genetic resources
Agricultural vulnerability
Habitat destruction
Loss of ecosystems
Introduction of disease and invasive species
via smuggling
31
MAJOR CAUSES
CLIMATE CHANGE
OVER HARVESTING
LAND
CONVERSION
DEFORESTATION
CHEMICALS
AND
PESTICIDES
ILLEGAL TRADE
32
INTERNATIONAL ACTION
ACCEPTANCE OF IDEA THAT
BIODIVERSITY AND HUMAN
WELL BEING ARE
INTEXTRICABLY LINKED
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
REGIONAL AGREEMENTS
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
FACILITY
33
NATIONAL MEASURES
NATIONAL PLANNING
PROTECTED AREAS AND SPECIES
SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES
NATIONAL OWNERSHIP OF GENETIC RESOURCES
ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING
IMPLEMENTING LAWS AND REGULATIONS
34
MAJOR BIRD MIGRATION FLYWAYS
Birds species that migrate to the Arctic coasts and
wetlands arrive from nearly every corner of the planet
35
EXAMPLE OF ENDANGERED SPECIES –
MARINE TURTLE
36
EXAMPLE OF ENDANGERED SPECIES -
GIANT PANDA
37
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change as a natural phenomenon
Human contributions
38
[ image 1 ]
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
39
MAJOR SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE
GASES
GREENHOUSE
GAS
EMISSIONS
NATURAL
CAUSES
ENERGY
PRODUCTI ON
INDUSTRY
TRANSPORT
LAND USE
AND
ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY
DOMESTIC
SOURCES
40
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
41
1992 Framework
Convention on
Climate Change
1997 Kyoto Protocol
to Climate Change
Convention
INTERNATIONAL ACTION RELATING
TO CLIMATE CHANGE
42
REMEDIAL MEASURES GENERALLY
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
REDUCTION OF
EMISSION OF
GHGs
UNFCCC AND
ITS KYOTO
PROTOCOL
OTHER
MEASURES
(USA/
AUSTRALIA)
INCREASE IN
SINKS
ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY AND
ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
GEF
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
AND
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
43
AIR POLLUTION – CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPACTS
Climate Changes
Sea Level
Rise
Temperature
Precipitation
Health Impacts
Weather-related Mortality
Infectious Diseases
Air Quality-Respiratory Illnesses
Agriculture Impacts
Crop yields
Irrigation demands
Forest Impacts
Change in forest composition
Shift geographic range of forests
Forest Health and Productivity
Water Resource Impacts
Changes in water supply
Water quality
Increased competition for water
Impacts on Coastal Areas
Erosion of beaches
Inundate coastal lands
Costs to defend coastal communities
Species and Natural Areas
Shift in ecological zones
Loss of habitat and species
41
44
NATIONAL MEASURES
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM
CLEANER
TECHNOLOGY
MITIGATION
POLICIES AND
MEASURES
ENHANCE SINKS
AND REDUCTION
OF SOURCES
INVENTORY
OF SOURCES AND
SINKS
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
RELEVANT LEGISLATION
EMISSIONS TRADING
ADAPTATION
MEASURES
CARBON TRADING
EMISSION CAPS
45
OZONE DEPLETION
OZONE
DEPLETION
46
•EXPOSURE TO SOLAR UV RAYS
•EFFECTS ON:
-HUMAN HEALTH
~CANCER
~CATARACTS
~IMPAIRED IMMUNE SYSTEMS
-CROPS
-ECOSYSTEMS
-BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
-AIR QUALITY
-PLASTICS, WOOD, COTTON
MAJOR CONCERNS
47
VOLCANOES
MAJOR CAUSES
REFRIGERATORS
FOAM BLOWING/
RIGID INSULATION
FOAMS
FIRE
EXTINCTION
PEST
CONTROL/SOIL
FUMIGATION
SOLVENTS
(USED FOR
CLEANING
PRECISION
PARTS)
CLIMATE
CHANGE
48
INTERNATIONAL ACTION
PHASING OUT
ODSs AND ALTERNATIVES
TO ODSs
GEF
VIENNA
CONVENTION
MONTREAL
PROTOCOL
MULTILATERAL
FUND
49
NATIONAL MEASURES
(1)
Phasing out the production
and use of ODS
(2)
Rights of developing countries
for continued production
and use and importation
(3)
Increased use of
alternate technology
(4)
Implement production
and trade control legislation
50
ACID RAIN
Acid rain results
primarily from
emission of sulphur
dioxide (SO2 and
nitrogen oxides
(NOx) into the air
Main sources: coal
burning, and other
fossil fuel use
51
LOSS OF NATURAL RESOURCES
52
50
ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF
NATURAL RESOURCES USE
53
LOSS OF CULTURAL AND NATURAL
HERITAGE
54
CONCLUSIONS
KEY ROLE OF
JUDICIARY
CAUSED BY
NATIONAL
ACTIVITIES
IMPACTS AT
NATIONAL,
REGIONAL AND
GLOBAL LEVELS
REMEDIATION AT
NATIONAL LEVEL
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL AND
TECHNICAL
SUPPORT
LINKAGES TO
POVERTY
MAJOR CAUSE
IS LARGE SCALE
LAND CONVERSION
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
ON PEOPLE AND
ENVIRONMENT
DEVELOPMENT AND
EFFECTIVE
IMPLMENTATION
OF LEGISLATION
55
58
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Example of Environmental Solution
HERE ARE SOME BABY STEPS
OF INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS
•Implement the 8Rs and 2Ps
•ImplementSmart Waste Management
•Implement centralizedcontrol of Sprinkler Systems
•Switch to LED Lighting; adjust thermostats
•InstallSmart Bus Kiosks, smart street signs & lights
•Use less hot water; change the source of energy
•Leveragesmart homes and smart meters
•Drive less; expand mass transit systems
59
Prof. Phillip Andrews
60
The 8Rs and 2Ps form the right mentality and
culturefor the new generations
Prof. Phillip Andrews
61
Creativity
A statue totally made
of old beverage cans.
The Towner
Eastbourne, UK
Prof. Phillip Andrews
62
Creativity
&
Ingenuity
Prof. Phillip Andrews
63
… and let’s
not forget the
mental and
spiritualgains
obtained from
Mother
Nature.
Prof. Phillip Andrews
67
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Smart
toilet
seat
Smart bed
68
https://imagine5.com/sustainability-hacks-surprisingly-
simple-eco -
hacks/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwmMayBhDuARI
sAM9HM8fvdhiO0DdkPd9z5IJ3nUGeWH76UHyz5WH
UqLHlwfotXfZlZqFl4aYaAhkAEALw_wcB
Home Robotic Assistant
•Cleaning, organizing
•Informing, alerting
•Cooking, serving
•Advising, guiding, etc.
Smart bricks that power home electronics
Smart Bus Kiosks
69
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Greensboro, NC
70
Smart Poles also help
with traffic control,
such as decongesting
streets, blocking
streets, rerouting
traffic, and opening
lanes for emergency
vehicles, etc.
HERE ARE SOME MORE BABY
STEPS
•Unplug electric devices that are not in use
•Eat more vegetables; eat less red meat
•Throw away less food
•Discourage or prohibit Overseeding (let lawns go
dormant during Fall and Winter months)
•Declutter streets by restricting traffic or closing certain
streets
•Implement more green spaces; plant more trees
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Transform Car-Centric Planning
into Pedestrian Streets
72
It’s time we figure out new
ways of moving people from
Point A to Point B. It’s time to
rejoin nature and avoid
concrete jungle!
73
Prof. Phillip Andrews
74
The Netherlands’ rural
cycling network could be
the eighth wonder of the
world: thousands of miles
of smooth, signed, scenic,
separated paths
connecting every remote
corner of the country.
The result? A cycle
tourism industry worth
€2.4 billion annually to
the national economy.
Prof. Phillip Andrews
75
Time for transformation!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
76
In order to achieve this,
one must see the world
with fresh eyes and
understand the value of
Nature.
Nature should not be
treated like one’s living
room, where everything
is clean and organized
to please the owners’
eyes.
Actually, Nature is
prettier than most living
rooms.
Prof. Phillip Andrews
77
Glynde, UK
78
Glynde, UK
It’s time to rethink old
norms and customs.
This may require revising
and rewriting old
ordinances and laws.
What was ordinary and
acceptable yesterday is
archaic thinking today.
https://uk.yahoo.com/finance/news/houses
-with-great-gardens-050013116.html
Prof. Phillip Andrews
79
80
The mental health
needs of New
Yorkers have greatly
increased,
with21.1%of adults
struggling with
mental illness and
5.1%with severe
mental illness in
2021-2022,
according to federal
data.
81
Great Idea!
Bravo!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
82
Biking Lanes and
Waterways
Utrecht, Netherlands
Manchester, UK
83
SOME ADVANCED STEPS
•ImplementSmart Mobility
•Utilizing EVs, vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells or
solar panels, flying taxis, drone delivery systems,
intelligent traffic signals, smart parking, automated toll
collection, integrated ticketing systems, smart
surveillance and road safety, real-time information
systems and alerts, predictive maintenance on all
vehicles, riding bikes and scooters to work, “smart
walking”, etc.
84
Prof. Phillip Andrews
85
These Are Also Part Of Smart
Mobility
Roundaboutseliminate
the costs of purchasing
and installing traffic
lights, operating the
lights (electric bills),
and maintenance costs.
Smart walking canes/sticks for
the blind. Avoiding accidents
and injuries.
Their costs should be covered by
Medicare/Medicaid.
Smart Phone
Connection
Prof. Phillip Andrews
86
Another
smart
idea!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
87
A highway in India is built several feet above the
jungle floor to allow wild animals to cross sides w/o
problems.A biophilic garage roof enhances nature's influence by reducing CO2, cooling the temperature around the garage, and offering a pleasant view of the parking lot.
MORE ADVANCED STEPS
•Avoidcorporationsand their products and/or services
that oppose Climate Change actions, regulations, and
guidelines. Greenwashingis prevalent, especially
among oil and coal companies.
•Apply LEED Certification Standards to buildings
•Adopt and Encourage Biophilic Designs
•Implement Smart Communities/Cities
(see special presentation)
88
Prof. Phillip Andrews
89
Self-Centered Enterprises
Prof. Phillip Andrews
90
91
Prof. Phillip Andrews
See special
presentation
Toyota HQ in Plano, Texas
5 Office Buildings – all roofs covered with grass to collect rainwater to be used for
watering the lawns ( not shown in this picture).
2 Garage Buildings – their roofs are covered with solar panels, a practical solution that
electrifies other buildings, showcasing their commitment to sustainability.
Special roofs and windows to prevent the sun’s rays from overheating buildings.
Platinum Level
LEED Certified
93
94
95
Prof. Phillip Andrews
96
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Vincent Callebaut’s vision of what PARIS should look like by the end of this century!
97
Prof. Phillip Andrews
98
Changi International
Airport, Singapore
Great architecture
combined with
biophilic designs is
the new “magnet”
for Smart Cities
Prof. Phillip Andrews
99
Prof. Phillip Andrews
We are headed for
Autonomous Cities
Moreover, our team of
partners is working on:
…•Concrete that absorbs CO2
•Asphalt that utilizes plastic from crushed plastic
bottles
•Hydrogen Fuel Cells
•Future w/o Poverty
•Hydroponics and Aquaponics Farms
•Vertical Farms and Gardens
•Restorative Farms
•Human- Centric/Social-Centric Solutions
(see special presentation)
100
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Artificial Intelligence Will Play A
Major Role In Shaping The Future
101
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Reminder: Start with Baby Steps.
They send subliminal messages
to citizens that “caring matters”!
There are better ways to
treat others and ourselves!
TO APPLY
102
Fast food is a
major
contributor to
people gaining
weight and
becoming sick.
Local markets
offer healthy
food and avoid
long
transportation (=
pollution) and
higher costs.
103
Prof. Phillip Andrews
104
All it takes is
the right
mindset and
the will to
pursue good
health for
both
ourselves and
the planet!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Finally, 4 Pieces Of Advice
105
#1
Start
Spreading
the wisdom
of what is at
stake and
what needs
to be done
(at
galleries, shows,
conferences,
museums …
schools)
.
Prof. Phillip Andrews
106
107
#2Educate the young. They are more open-minded
and receptive than older folks.
Prof. Phillip Andrews
My grandson Logan, age 9, in the UK, is already talking
about becoming an Environmentalist Lawyer to help society
migrate faster to a better environment!
108
#3
Education
does not mean
offering one
lecture.
It means
transforming
and enhancing
our Education
System!!!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
109
See the special presentation and the conclusions reached by the special
project team funded by NSF regarding what courses are needed for the
next generation. Over 400 Community Colleges in 36 States
participated. Time to change the outdated Education System.
Prof. Phillip Andrews
110
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
111
#4
People need constant reminders that the world is changing
because there are new ways of living and experiencing life,
new ways of dealing with Mother Nature, and new benefits
from biodiversity and environmentalism. We need to apply all
the techniques of Transformation Management to have a
successful and orderly transition from the old to the new
world. We must educate and transform our culture in order
to have a successful and orderly transition from the old to the
new world. We must educate, transform our culture (incl.
values and beliefs), and reward progress and positive actions.
And remember that all social change begins with a
conversation.
So, let’s start conversing!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
112
Maybe it’s time to re-
introduce Smokey The
Bearand flood the
media with messages of
Sustainability, Smart
Living … and Smart
Health!
Public Service
Announcements work.
Prof. Phillip Andrews
113
Resistance to change
has killed many other
good ideas and
initiatives in the past.
We cannot allow that
to happen again.
Governments need the willpower and guts to insist on transformation.
Otherwise, we will end up with the messes we have witnessed in the
past, including the failure to migrate to the Metric System, the War on
Drugs, and the UK’s rejectionof driving on the right side of the road,
accepting the Euro and staying in the European Union (Brexit).
“Never underestimate the power of stupid people in large groups.”George Carlin
Also, look at how many years it took to convince the public to wear
safety belts. It actually took the threat of penalties to help society
transform.
Penalties and rewards work.
Prof. Phillip Andrews
114
A sorry bunch of 12 people in Essex
protesting against environmental actions!
115
Denials, rejections, refutations,
conspiracy theories, propaganda,
misinformation, spins, half-truths,
deceptions, and all the like are in high gear today.
116
See special
presentation
re:
Social/Societal
Transformation
Prof. Phillip Andrews
117
Prof. Phillip Andrews
118
We are
getting close
to the fork in
the road.
We will either
prevail and
change the
world or
witness the
unraveling of
our
civilization!
Start
We are here
today, 2024
EXIT
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Educate
Educate
Educate
It’s a given that the new era will have to suffer
some mistakes and setbacks. That’s normal
with every major societal transformation.
But all the setbacks should not stop progress.
119
The choice is ours!
So, what will it be?
It’s time to wake up
from our lethargy,
apathy, and
inertness!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
120
121
Some people prefer
to call it as The Fifth
Industrial Revolution,
a.k.a. Industry 5.0
However, the
emphasis is no longer
on industrialization.
The main
emphasis is finally
on Humanity and
its survival!
5
th
Industrial Revolution (5IR)
•Human-Centric and Social- Centric
Solutions
•Compassionate/Conscious Capitalism
•Advocacy Democracy
•Sustainable Development and Solutions
•Innovation Culture; Innovation With A
Purpose
•Artificial Intelligence and The Trillion
Sensor Economy
•Extensive Digitalization and The Digital
Economy. Ubiquitous Computing
•Biophilic Designs and Biodiversity
•Internet of Everything
•Autonomous Operations
•Synergy Between Humans and Machines
•Immersive Virtual Worlds
Prof. Phillip Andrews
When one adds all the changes up, it
points to one thing: A New Renaissance
is upon us!
122
•Smart cities
•Smart environment
•Smart infrastructure
•Smart living
•Smart public safety
•Smart mobility
•Smart education
•Smart health care
•Smart government
•Smart industries
•Smart ag/farming
•Smart retailing
•Smart buildings
•Smart appliances
•Smart beds and furniture
•Smart clothes
•Smart everything
Prof. Phillip Andrews
123
We are entering a New Renaissance period:
Bridging Technologies to the max with Science,
Architecture, Art … and Spirituality!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
124
These
should be
our
collective
goals.
And yes,
we can add
to them!
Prof. Phillip Andrews
Resilience
Lean