Major events in the history of surgery.pptx

History of surgery. Major events in the history of surgery is included

1. History of Surgery

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3. Ancient surgery Earliest known – Trepanation (trephining) Kiev – Ukraine – 7300 – 6220 B.C Ancient Egyptian pyramids – discovery of brain surgery Edwin Smith Papyrus – 1600 B.C Susrutha – 400 B.C – Father of surgery Susrutha samhitha Ancient Greek – Hippocrates & Galen 3

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7. Medieval surgery Decline of surgery in the west by 13th century Physicians higher status Barbers & monks – self qualified surgeons Rogerius Salernitanus -1180 A.D – Chirurgiae Surgical therapy – amputations , drainage of abscess,scarification , leeching etc 7

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11. Basic principles 1. Knowledge of human anatomy 2. Method of controlling hemorrhage and maintaining intraoperative hemostasis 3. Anesthesia to permit the performance of pain-free procedures 4. Explanation of the nature of infection along with the elaboration of methods necessary to achieve an antiseptic and aseptic operating room environment 11

12. Understanding human anatomy Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564). 12

13. Controlling haemorrhage Ambroise Paré (1510-1590). 13

14. PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF SURGICAL DISEASES John Hunter (1728-1793). 14

15. anaesthesia William T. G. Morton (1819-1868) 15

16. ANTISEPSIS, ASEPSIS, AND UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF INFECTION Joseph Lister (1827-1912) 16

17. radiology Especially prominent among other late 19th century discoveries that had an enormous impact on the evolution of surgery was research conducted by Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923), which led to his 1895 elucidation of x-rays 17

18. TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY Theodor Billroth (1829-1894) Theodor Kocher (1841-1917) 18

19. ASCENT OF SCIENTIFIC SURGERY William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922) 19

20. INTERNATIONALIZATION, SURGICAL SOCIETIES, AND JOURNALS As the sophistication of surgery grew, internationalization became one of its underlying themes, with surgeons crossing the great oceans to visit and learn from one another. Halsted and Hermann Küttner (1870-1932), director of the surgical clinic in Breslau, Germany (now known as Wroclaw and located in southwestern Poland), instituted the first known official exchange of surgical residents in 1914. This experiment in surgical education was meant to underscore the true international spirit that had engulfed surgery. Halsted firmly believed that young surgeons achieved greater clinical maturity by observing the practice of surgery in other countries, as well as in their own. 20

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23. Modern era Despite the global economic depression in the aftermath of World War I, the 1920s and 1930s signaled the ascent of American surgery to its current position of international leadership. Highlighted by educational reforms in its medical schools, Halsted's redefinition of surgical residency programs, and the growth of surgical specialties, the stage was set for the blossoming of scientific surgery. Alfred Blalock (1899-1964) 23

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25. Surgeons who won the nobel price 25

26. Timeline

27. 6,500 B.C.E. - Skulls found in France show signs of a rudimentary surgery called trepanation, which involves drilling a hole in the skull. 1540 C.E. - English barbers and surgeons unite to form The United Barber-Surgeons Company. These barber-surgeons performed tooth extractions and blood letting. Physicians were considered an entirely different profession, treating illness with medications. 1818 - First transfusion of human blood. 1843 - First hysterectomy performed, in England. 27

28. 1843 - First use of ether. 1846 - First public use of anesthesia during surgery. Ether was used. The patient was conscious but felt no pain during the procedure to remove a tumor in his neck. 1867 - British surgeon Joseph Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery, extolling the virtues of cleanliness in surgery. The mortality rate for surgical patients immediately falls. 1885 - First successful appendectomy performed, in Iowa. 1890s - Widespread use of chemical agents to minimize germs. Carbolic acid was put on incisions to minimize germs and decrease infection rates. 28

29. 1893 - First successful heart surgery performed, Provident Hospital, Chicago. The surgery repaired the pericardium, the sac around the heart. Many do not consider this to be the first successful "heart surgery" because the heart itself was not operated on. 1895 - First X-ray performed, in Germany. 1896 - First successful heart surgery performed, in Germany. Surgeons repaired a stab wound in the muscle of the right ventricle. 1905 - First successful cornea transplant. 1917 - First documented plastic surgery performed, on a burned English sailor. 29

30. 1922 - Insulin first used for treatment of diabetes, allowing diabetics to survive after diagnosis. 1928 - Antibiotics discovered. 1930 - German man has the first sex change operation (to a female). 1937 - First blood bank opens, helping make more surgery possible by treating bleeding during the procedure. 1940 - First metal hip replacement surgery performed. 30

31. 1950s - First LASIK eye procedures performed, in Columbia. 1950 - First successful organ transplant. The kidney recipient rejected the organ after eight months. 1952 - First successful heart surgery where the heart was stopped and restarted. 1953 - First successful surgery using a heart-lung bypass machine. 1954 - First successful living donor kidney transplant, the kidney was donated by the recipient's twin brother. The recipient lived eight years after the procedure. 31

32. 1966 - First successful pancreas transplant. 1967 - First successful liver transplant. 1967 - First heart transplant surgery performed, by South African Christian Barnard. The heart recipient survived 18 days until succumbing to pneumonia. 1975 - First organ surgery performed using laparoscopic, or minimally invasive, technique. 1978 - First "test tube" baby born. 32

33. 1982 - Jarvik-7 artificial heart used. 1984 - Baby Fae survives 21 days after being transplanted with the heart of a baboon. 1985 - First documented robotic surgery. 1999 - First successful hand transplant (previous patients had rejected their grafts). 33

34. 2000 - da Vinci robotic surgical system wins U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval. The system is now used in a wide variety of procedures, including prostate surgeries and coronary artery bypass. 2007 - First natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery performed. This technique uses a natural body opening, such as the mouth, to insert instruments and minimize recovery times. 2010 - World's first full-face transplant performed, in Spain. 34

35. Surgeonisms 1.all bleeding eventually stops. 2.a very bold surgeon is one who realises that his patient takes all the risks. 3. it takes 5 years to know when to operate, and 20 years to learn when not to 4.there are only 3 rules to a surgeon's life : eat when u can, sleep when u can and don't screw with the pancreas 5.don't look for things you don't want to find 6.when in doubt,blame the anesthetist . 7.the lesser the indication, the greater will be the complication 8. it is better to be lucky than good... 9. Pyar aur Surgeon kabhi zukta nahi .... 10. Never rely on investigations ... its always better to' OPEN & SEE '. 35

36. THANK YOU 36