Malaria

Here i have disscussed about the prevention and cure of malariya

1. MALARIA Sriloy Mohanty 2 nd sem,BNYS S-VYASA

2. Contents… Introduction Problem statement Epidemiological determinants Life cycle Host factor Environmental factor Vector of malaria Mode of transmission Incubation period Clinical features Diagnosis Control Global policy for diagnosis and treatment of malaria Malaria vaccine

3. Introduction It is a protozoal disease Infected with parasite of the genus Plasmodium Transmits to man mainly by female A nopheline mosquito Attack occurs in three stages

4. Problem statement (world) 109 countries are endemic for malaria 3.3 billion people were at risk of malaria in 2006 1.2 billion at higher risk(WHO African and SE Asia) 247 episodes of malaria in 2006 8,81,000 deaths in 2006,of this 91% in Africa, among them 85% were children under 5yrs Childhood death occurs mainly due to cerebral malaria and anemia

5. Cont.… (India) It is a major problem in India Mainly falciparum is prone About 27% people lives in high transmission area 53% people live in low transmission area Most affected states are- Chhatisgrah,Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh, Andra Pradesh, Odissa , Maharasta Karnataka, Gujurat And West Bengal

6. Epidemiological types of malaria Tribal malaria About 44 million population of tribal area contrbute about 50% of cases Infants,pregnant women, and young children are at high risk Rural malaria It includes irrigated areas arid and semi- aridplains of hariyana panjab and plain desert areas and subcostal areas Urban malaria Major 15 cities including 4 metropolitan cities covers about 80% of malaria cases covered in rural malaria

7. Malaria in project area Means construction and developmental activites are taken up It provides vector breeding place, increased man-mosquito contact Border line malaria High transmission malaria belt along with international and state borders B’coz of mixing of population Poor administrative control

8. Epidemiological determinant Agent Caused by 4 species P.vivax (widest geographic distribution,in india 70% infection) P.falcifarum (25-30% infections) P.malariae (less then 1% infection,karnataka ) P.ovale (very rare )

9. Lifecycle…

10. Reservoir of infection Infection Chimpanzees in tropical Africa No other animals are reservoirs Human is a reservoir Children are more likely to be gametocyte carriers

11. Period of communicability Malaria is communicable as long as mature, viable gametocytes in the circulating blood in sufficient density to infect vector mosquitoes In vivax infection-gametocytes appears in blood in 4-5 days In falcifarum infections gametocytes appear after 10-12 days The gametocytes always appear after the asexual lifecycle of the parasites Gametocytes mainly found in the peripheral blood

12. Relapse Usual for vivax and ovale malariato relapse more then 3 years after the first attack(due to original, sporozoit induced, liver schizonts ) Recurrence of falciparum malaria usually disappear after 1-2 years P.malaria has a tendency to caused prolonged low-level asymptomatic parasitaemia (persist for 40yrs) In p.falciparum and p.malaria is due to chronic blood infection

13. Host factor Age Affects all age Infants have resistant to infection with p.palcifarum due to high concentration of hemoglobin during first few months Sex Males are more exposed to the risk of acquiring malaria then female Race indivisu als with sickle-cell trait have milder illness to falciparum then those do normal heamoglobin

14. Pregnancy Increased risk May cause intrauterine death,abortion Primigravid women are at higher risk

15. ` Socio-Economic Devlopment Malaria has disappeared from socio-economic development Because of the improved sanitation Housing If the house have ill-ventilated and ill-lighted provide ideal indoor resting place for mosquito Population mobility Migration from one place to another Labors connected with engineering, irrigation, agricultural and other projects and periodic migration of wondering tribes

16. Occupation It is predominantly a rural disease Closely related to agriculture practice Human habitat Sleeping outdoors, not using bed nets, refusal to accept spraying in house, plastering the walls after spraying Immunity Immunity in human is Acquired after repeated exposure over several years Infants born from immune mothers are protected by the maternal IgG antibody during 3-5 months

17. Environmental factors Season Maximum in between july-november Temperature Affects the life cycle of the malaria parasite Optimum temp. is 20-30*C in the insect vector If the temp.is bellow 16* C then parasite development ceases and above 30* is lethal to the parasite Humidity Direct effect o n life span of the mosquito, but not in the mosquito Relative humidity of 60%is considered necessary for the mosquito

18. Altitude In high altitudes above 2000-2500m due to unfavorable conditions anophelines mosquitos are not found Rainfall Provides opportunities for the breeding of the mosquitoes and may give rise to endemic of malaria However heavy rain may have adverse effect Man made malaria Burrow pits, garden pools, irrigation channels, engineering projects have led to the breeding of mosquito

19. Vector of malaria 45 species of Anopheline mosquitos in India Few are r egarded as vector of primary importance Those are An.culicifaciaes (vector of rural area) An.fluviatilts An.stephensi (vectors of urban areas) An.minimus An.phillipinensis An.sundicus An.maculatus

20. Main factors which determines the vectorial importance of mosquitoes are Density Life span Choice of host( An.culicifaciaes in india,2-80%) Resting habitat Breeding habitats Time of biting Resistance to insecticides

21. Mode of transmission Vector transmission By mosquito bite Direct transmission Blood transfusion, they can live for 14 days in blood bottles under -4*C Congenital transmission Mother to newborn

22. Incubation period 12 (9-14)days for farucifarum malaria 14 (8-17)days for vivax malaria 28 (18-40)days for quartan malaria 17 (16-18)days for ovale malaria

23. Clinical features The peaks of fever coincide with the release into blood stream Typical attack comprises in three stages Cold stage Lasts for 1hr Onset with headache, nausea and chilly sansation Temp. rises upto 39-41*C

24. Hot stage Lasts for 2-6hrs Feels burning hot and casts off his cloths Skin becomes hot and dry Respiration is high Sweating stage Lasts for 3-4hrs Fever comes down with profuse sweating Skin becomes normal and cool

25. P.vivax infection symptoms are same but more regularly divide into hot and cold stage P.malariae attack resembles to P.vivax but the cycle is of 72hrs instead of 48hrs P.ovale infection is same as P.vivax infection but can cease after a few paroxysms even if no treatment is given

26. Diagnosis Demonstration of the parasite in the blood Two types of blood films are needed Thick for searching the parasite Thin is for identifying the species Malaria fluorscent antibody test Usually becomes positive after primary infection is cured It is not for a current case It helps in epidemic studies

27. Control National Drug Policy on Malaria,2007 Emphasis on complete treatment in diagnosed cases of malaria rather then one single dose presumptive treatment to suspect the case of malaria to avoid choloroquine resistance in p.palcifarum The first line of treatment is choloroquine

28. Sever and complicated malaria Choice of antimalarial is quinine injection 10mg/kg body wt. I.V drip in 5% dextrose saline to be runover 4hrs Total duration of treatment is of 7 days Injectable form of artemisinine derivatives may be used for the management of the sever complicated malaria in adult and non-pregnant women only The recommended injectable dosages are…

29. Artesunate 2.4mg/kg bw IM or IV followed by 1.2mg/kg bw once daily for 4 days Total duration is 5 days Artemether 1.6mg/kg bw IM followed by 1.6mg/kg bw daily for total 6 injection or twice for 3 days

30. Artether 150mg daily IM for 3 days Only for adult Artemisinine 10mg/kg bw at 0 and 4 hours followed by 7mg/kg bw at 24,36,48 and 60 hours

31. Toxic hazards of drugs Choloroquine has few side effects like nausea vomiting blurrading of vision headach Cases of retinal damage has been reported but only in a person exposed to large comulative dose over many years Choloqeiune should not give to empty stomach

32. Symptoms may be of three types Plasmosid types Rare toxic manifestation involving the CNS Gastrointestinal Cramps,nausea and vomiting Cardiovascular Most serious toxic menifestation

33. Mass drug administration It is recommended for highly infected endemic areas It is not recommended to children under 5 b’coz Impossible to achieve continuous suppression in a significant proportion of the population Interfere in the development of promotive immunity May accelerate devlopment of drugs resistance May increase the risk of retinopathy

34. Chemoprophylaxis It is recommended for the travellers from non endemic areas and as a short term measure for soldiers, police and labour forces serving in highly endemic area The risk of serious side effects associated with long term prophylactic use of chloroquine and proguanil is low Anyone who has taken 300mg chloroquine weekly for over 5 yrs and require further prophylaxis should be screened twice yearly for early retinal changes

35. If daily dose of 100mg chloroquine have been taken screening should start after 3 yrs Pregnant women living in areas where transmission is very intens may lead to parasitaemia, causing low birth weight, anemia

36. Active intervention measures Stratification of problem Vector control strategy Anti-adult measures Residual spray Spraying indoor surface of house DDT is discovered in 1940 Most effective measure to kill the mosqueto Space application Major anti-epidemic measure Involves application of pestisidesin the form of fug or mist using special equipments

37. Individual protection Man-vector contact can be reduce by Using nets, protecting cloth, coils, repellents Anti-larval measure Larvicides Using the anti larval measures such as oiling the collection of standing water or dusting them with paris green effectively controlled malaria Some moderm larvicides such as temephos which confer long effect with low toxicity are more widely used

38. Source reduction Techniques to reduce mosquito breeding sites which includes drainage or filling, deepening or flushing, management of water level, changing the salt content of water and intermittent irrigation are the classical methods of malaria control

39. Integrated control In order to reduce too much dependence residual insecticides, increasing emphasis is being put on integrated vector control methodology which includes bio-environmental and personal protection measure

40. Global policy for diagnosis and treatment of malaria The Govt of every country affected by malaria has a National control policy covering prevention and case management Objectives are Ensure rapid cure of infection Reduce morbidity and mortality, including malarial related anemia Prevent the progression of uncomplicated malaria into severe disease Reduce the impact of malarial infection on the fetus during pregnancy

41. Reduce the reservoir infection Prevent the emergence and spreading of drug resistance and prevent malaria in travellers

42. There are many organization which have worked to established the goals of WHO are Roll Back Back malaria (1998) United nations millenium declaration (2000) Abuja declaration of african heads of state(2000) World Health Assembly (2005) RBM global statergy plan 2005-2015

43. Malaria vaccine Vaccination against malaria is a burning issue today Several vaccine candidates are now being tested in africa , asia and US A vaccine developed in columbia (SPF 66) advanced to phase 3 trials in africa but failed to show efficacy in chiildren under 1 Another vaccine (RTS, S/AS02) with the potential to prevent infection and ameliorate disease is being tested by GlaxoSmithKline and the MVI at PATH in Phase I trial in Gambia

44. In phase II in 2002 trials of the vaccine are being conducted among the children in Mozambique, which suffers from year-round malaria transmission offering a better opportunity to evaluate vaccine performance This vaccine has been safely tested in adult v olunteeers in Belgium, Gambia, kenya and US only potential malarial vaccine

45. Thank you…