Malaria -causes| types| management -medical information

this is a brief study on disease malaria, mentioning all aspects in detail which can provide you a good idea about the management of the disease and clinical watching
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1. PREPARED BY MARTIN SHAJI PHARM D MALARIA ( def /causes/types/ mang /prevention)

2. SUMMARY Introduction |Definition Epidemiology Signs And Symptoms Classical Symptoms Life Cycle Of Malaria Pathogenesis Microscopic Views Of Cells Erythrocytic Stage Exo – Erythrocytic Stage Diagnosis Ocular consequences Treatment Drugs Complications Prevention Images Reference

3. Malaria is a mosquito born infectious disease of human and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus plasmodium. The disease results from the multiplication of plasmodium parasites within RBC • Main species plasmodium falciparum (severe disease), plasmodium v ivax , plasmodium ovale . DEFINITION | INTRODUCTION

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY Malaria is endemic throughout most of the tropics. Ninety-five countries and territories have ongoing transmission In 2018, nearly half of the world's population was at risk of malaria. Most malaria cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa According to WHO, 228 million cases of malaria were reported worldwide in 2018, including 405000 deaths.

5. • Fever • Muscular fatigue and pain • Headache- central • Back pain • Skin- chills and shivering • In severe cases progressing to coma or death • Arthralgia (joint pain) SYMPTOMS

6. • Vomiting • Anemia • Jaundice • Hemoglobinuria • Renal damage • Spleen enlargement • Dry mouth SYMPTOMS ( Cont …)

7. • Cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever and sweating lasting 4 — 6 hrs • Occurring every 2 days in plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale infections • And every 3 days for plasmodium falciparum infection. CLASSICAL SYMPTOMS:

8. • Abnormal posturing • Severe back pain • Neurological damage in cerebral malaria • Retinal whitening SIGNS

9. Transmission Of Malaria 🔶 The transmission of the parasite is by biting a mosquito, the female anopheles. Exceptionally, it can be done through blood transfusion. Inter human contamination is possible, from a woman infected to her child by placental means. 🔶 The different species of parasite involved 🔷 Plasmodium falciparum: is the most frequent and especially the most dangerous species. 🔷 Oval Plasmodium 🔷Plasmodium vivax 🔷 Plasmodium malariae 🔷 Plasmodium knowlesi

10. • Severe malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum usually arises 6 — 14 days after infection • Consequences: coma, death if un-treated • Young children and pregnant woman are especially vulnerable. • Splenomegaly, headache, cerebral ischemia, hepatomegaly, renal failure

11. LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIA

12. Female mosquito of the Anopheles genus are the primary or definitive host and act as transmission vectors. • Young mosquitoes first ingest the malaria parasite feeding on an infected human carrier and the infected Anopheles mosquito carry plasmodium parasite in their salivary gland.

13. • A mosquito becomes infected when it takes a blood meal from an infected human. • This produces an ookinete that penetrate the gut lining and produces an oocyte in the gut wall. • When the oocyte rapture it release sporozoites • That migrates the mosquitoes body to the salivary gland.

14. • Mosquito infect a person by taking a blood meal • First sporozoites enter the blood steam and migrate to the liver. • The infect liver cells (hepatocytes) where they multiply into merozoites , rupture the liver cells and escape back into the blood stream • Then the merozoites infect the RBC

15. • Malaria develops via 2 phases: an exo-erythrocytic phase and erythrocyte phase. • The exo - erythrocytic phase involves infection of the hepatic system. • The erythrocytic phase involves the infection of the erythrocytes or RBC.

16. • Conjunctiva: sub conjunctival hemorrhage • Nerve: paralysis of III, 1V, VI cranial nerves • Iris: anisocoria • Lens: cataract • Vitreous: hemorrhage, opacity • Retina: proliferative retinitis • Optic nerve: optic atrophy, Papilledema, papillitis , optic neuritis • Field: scotoma Ocular consequences

17. • Acute Cerebral malaria Dic Atn Ards Severe hemolysis • Chronic Spontaneous splenic rupture Nephrotic syndrome Complications

18. • Peripheral smear • Serology • Investigation of saliva or urine • Antigen test or PCR Diagnosis

19. • Treatment of the malaria depends on the severity of the disease • Anti malarial drugs like: Malarone , Tafenoquine • Quinine for severe cases • Un-complicated malaria can be treated with oral drugs TREATMENT | DRUGS

20. Malaria treatment chloroquine ; mefloquine ; * Artemisinin : The latter is a substance extracted from the Chinese Sagebrush plant, WHO considered to be very effective used in combination with another antimalarial.

21. • Mosquito eradication • Prevention of mosquito bites • Use mosquito nets and spraying insecticides CONTOL | PREVENTION