Malaria, plasmodium vivax and life cycle.pptx

plasmodium vivax hosts, life cycle and a brief on the different symptoms, pathology and microbiology

1. Malarial parasite

2. Causative agents for Malaria: Plasmodium spp 1.Pl.vivax 2. Pl. falciparum 3. Pl ovalae 4. Pl. malarae

3. Habitat – The malarial parasites infecting after passing through developmental phase in the parenchyma cell’s of the liver. Life cycle – 1] In man – residing inside the liver cell & RBC’s . – intermediate host. 2] In female Anopheles mosquito - sexual form gametocytes -human developed. – transfer into sporozoites . – infected to man.

4. Stages of parasite in human 1.Pre-erythrocytic 2. Erythrocytic 3. Gamatogonae 4. Exo - Erythrocytic Stages of parasite in Mosquito 1.Macrogametocyte +microgametocyte 2. Ookinets 3. Oocyst . 4.Sporozoites

5. Human cycle – 1] Pre- erythrocytic schizogony – Occurs inside the parenchyma cell’s of liver. Sprozoites undergo developmental phase in the liver cell Multiple nuclear divisions develop to Schozonts . A Schizont contains 20,000 – 50,000 merozoites . 1 P.vivax 8 days 2 P.falciparum – 6 days 3 P.malariae - 13 – 16 days, 4 P.ovale 9 days

6. 2] Erythrocytic – During this phage parasite resides inside the RBC   Liberated Merozoites penetrate RBC Three stages occur 1 Trophozoites 2 Schizont 3 Merozoite P.vivax infects young erythrocytes. P.malariae Infects old erythrocytes P.falciparum infects RBC of all ages. The receptors for Merozoites are on red cells in the glycoprotein

7. 3] Gametogony - After parasites have undergone erythrocytic schizogony for certain period, some of merozoites instead of developing into trophozoite & schizont’s give rise to from which are capable to sexual function after leaving the human host. These are called gametocyte & develop in the red blood cell’s of the capillaries.

8. 4] Exo – erythrocytic schizogony – After establishment of blood infection the initial tissue phase disappears completely in p. falciparum. Where as p. vivax , p. ovale & p. malaria it persist in the form of local liver cycle. The exo-erythrocytic form’s never arise from asexual parasite of erythrocytic schizogony & are held to be responsible for relapses of vivax , ovale & quaternary malaria.

9. The Malaria Parasite Life Cycle

10. The Malaria Parasite Life Cycle 1. Transmission Female anopheles mosquito bites and releases sporozoites into the blood stream. These circulate for about 30 mins and then invade the liver.

11. The Malaria Parasite Life Cycle 2. Pre-erythrocytic phase Also called the “tissue” or “hepatic” phase Takes place in hepatocytes. The sporozoites mature into schizonts which rupture to release merozoites. Duration of this phase depends on the species. In P. vivax and P. ovale , the schizont may also differentiate into hypnozoites. These are dormant forms of the parasite which may remain in the liver for several months or years and cause relapse in the human host.

12. Pl. vivax – Pre – erythrocytic cycle – last’s 8 day’s. 42 um merozoites 12000 Erythrocytic schizogony – Invade young blood cell’s. lasts 48 hrs. Trophozoite -

13. Gametogony – Exoerythrocytic cycle – Through out course of infection. Last’s for a 3 year’s.

14. Pl. falciparum – Preerythrocytic – Last’s 6 days. Schizont 60 um. Merozoites – 40,000. Erythrocytic – No schizont in PBS. Only ring form. Trophozoites – Gamatocytes

15. Life cycle in Mosquito

16. Malaria 9-14 day incubation period The common first symptoms – fever, headache, chills and vomiting – usually appear 10 to 15 days after a person is infected. If not treated promptly with effective medicines, malaria can cause severe illness and is often fatal. How Malaria present Clinically Stage 1 (cold stage) Chills for 15 mt to 1 hour Caused due to rupture from the host red cells escape into Blood Preset with nausea, vomitting,headache Stage 2 (hotstage) Fever may reach upto 400c may last for several hours starts invading newer red cells.

17. Investigations Blood Film Examination Thick blood film - Used for detecting malaria: a larger volume of blood is examined allowing detection of even low levels of parasitaemia. Also used for determining parasite density and monitoring the response to treatment. Thin blood film – Specification

18. A drop of blood is spread over a small area. When dry, the slide is stained with Field’s or Giemsa stains. The red cells lyse leaving behind the parasites. Used to detect parasites, even if parasitaemia is low Less useful for speciation Thick blood film Back

19. A small drop of blood is spread across a microscope slide, fixed in methanol and stained with Giemsa stain. The microscopist finds the area of the film where red cells are lying next to each other. The fine details of the parasites can be examined to determine the species. Used for speciation Does not detect low parasitaemia Thin blood film Back

20. Ring forms or trophozoites; many red cells infected – some with more than one parasite Gametocytes (sexual stages); After a blood meal, these forms will develop in the mosquito gut Appearance of P. falciparum in thin blood films

21. Lab of malaria – Microscope examination of blood film one of the most important diagnostic procedure. Serological test’s. Henry’s test. CFT. PHT. Immunofluorescence test. Gel ppt.

22. Toxoplasma gondil –Cause toxoplasmosis. Life cycle In pet animals & In man Oocyst 2 Sporocyst 4 Sporozoits Lymphatic system Liver, heart, lung, brain etc

23. Toxoplasma gondil – Cause toxoplasmosis . Life cycle

24. Lab diagnosis of toxoplasmosis By serological diagnosis Direct identification of parasite by peripheral smear of blood, amniotic fluid, in tissue section.