Malarial parasite

Malarial parasite, a global issue............

1. MALARIAL PARASITE PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY Mr. MAHESH LAMSAL CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY,KIRTIPUR 31 st JULY 2015

2. History and background… The word Malaria is derived from the Italian word Mal’ aria which means Bad air . Malaria occurs commonly in Africa, Asia, South America, Central America, Southern Mexico, Caribbean and North America. The most common occurrence in - Sub-Saharan Africa . The second place is the South East Asia.

3. Prevalence and deaths…. Malarial cases and deaths are reported maximum in African countries followed by South East Asian countries.

4. Continued…. Affects >2400 million people About 1.5 million to 3 million deaths every year . Malaria kills in one year what AIDS kills in 15 years . Out of 65 districts , 13 districts have been classified as high risk. Risk districts include: Ilam , Jhapa , Morang, Dhanusha , Mahottari , Kavre and Sindhuli Nawalparashi Banke and Bardiya , Kailali , Kanchanpur and Dadeldhura

5. Risk districts from malarial parasites in Nepal . High prevalence of malaria is mainly found in the Terai Region .

6. Different Parasites:

7. Continued…. Plasmodium knowlesi The Fifth Human Malarial Parasite a   primates malarial  parasite commonly found in  Southeast Asia . Plasmodium falciparum   - most severe and life-threatening one. Plasmodium vivax - Most common parasite in Nepal

8. Malarial parasites characteristics…..

9. T ransmission of parasites: . Usually , people get malaria by being bitten by an infective female  Anopheles  mosquito . When a mosquito bites an infected person, a small amount of blood is taken in which contains microscopic malaria parasites i.e. Plasmodium . About 1 week later, when the mosquito takes its next blood meal, these parasites mix with the mosquito’s saliva and are injected into the person being bitten.

10. Continued…. Intermediate host : human Final host : mosquito Infective stage : sporozoite Infective mode : mosquito bite skin of human Parasitic position : liver and red blood cells Transmitted stage : gametocytes Schizogonic cycle in red cells : 48 hrs / P.v ； 36-48 hrs / P.f

11. Sexual and asexual life cycle of Plasmodium vivax ….

12. Continued…… Infection begins when sporozoites , the infective stages, are injected by a mosquito and are carried around the body until they invade liver hepatocytes. Where they undergo a phase of asexual multiplication ( exoerythrocytic schizogony ) resulting in the production of many uninucleate merozoites . These merozoites flood out into the blood and invade red blood cells where they initiate a second phase of asexual multiplication ( erythrocytic schizogony ) resulting in the production of about 8-16 merozoites which invade new red blood cells. This process is repeated almost indefinitely and is responsible for the disease, malaria. As the infection progresses, some young merozoites develop into male and female gametocytes that circulate in the peripheral blood until they are taken up by a female anopheles mosquito when it feeds.

13. Continued…… Within the mosquito the gametocytes mature into male and female gametes, Male gametes  microgametocyte Female gametes  macrogametocyte Fertilization occurs and a motile zygote ( ookinete ) is formed within the lumen of the mosquito gut, the beginning of a process known as sporogony . The ookinete penetrates the gut wall and becomes a conspicuous oocyst within which another phase of multiplication occurs resulting in the formation of sporozoites that migrate to the salivary glands of a mosquito and are injected when the mosquito feeds on a new host.

14. Symptoms…..

15. Parasitological diagnosis: Prompt parasitological confirmation by microscopy or alternatively by RDTs A. Clinical symptoms and history B. Microscopic examination of blood . 1. Thin film and Thick( Giemsa's stain ) To master the morphology of parasites and changes of infected red cells 2. P.f .: Only Ring forms and gametocytes can be found in blood film . C. Other methods : Immunologic/Biochemical/Molecular diagnosis.

16. Treatment 1. Three principles: Control of clinical symptoms Eradication of gametocytes Prevent relapse

17. 2. Medicines

18. Prevention Chemoprophylaxis Chloroquine / pyrimethamine used for prophylaxis of malaria Chemotherapy : 1 week before entry into the endemic area ; for 4 weeks after returning from the endemic area. Malaria vaccines

19. Prevention…. Mosquito control (1). Reconstruction of environment: eradicate the breeding places of mosquitoes . (2). Spray insecticides : DDVP and so on. (3). Use mosquito nets ( dipping in insecticide) , screen, or mosquito repellents to protect the person from mosquito bites.

20. Something more………. Why do mosquitoes bite me and not my friend? Do the male or female mosquitoes bite or is it both? H ow do mosquitoes find a person to bite or suck blood?

21. Take home message that……….. Malaria has become a today’s global issue. Half of the population of the world are at risk. Wherever malaria is present, children are in danger. A child suffering or recovering from malaria needs plenty of liquids and foods. Malaria is very dangerous for pregnant women. In 2014,  97 countries  had on-going malaria transmission and Nepal is no more far from this fact. The Ministry of health and population, through its National Malaria Control Program, has ambitious vision of a malaria-free Nepal by 2026. Be healthy and keep your environment healthy.

22. References……. http://www.malaria.com/overview/malaria-symptoms-causes http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/malaria/dx.html Malaria Overview - International Medical Corps internationalmedicalcorps.org List of Plasmodium species - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org CDC - DPDx - Malaria - Diagnostic Findings www.cdc.gov Comparison of the Plasmodium Species Which Cause Human Malaria - Google Search www.google.com.np BIOLOGY OF HUMAN MALARIA PLASMODIA INCLUDING PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI | Antinori | Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases www.mjhid.org

23. THANK YOU…… MY SPECIAL THANKS GO TO , MY RESPECTED TEACHERS AND MY FELLOW STUDENTS……