Malaysia OSHA understanding (HIRARC).pptx

Malaysia OSHA regulation history,
Introduction of hazard,
Hirarc introduction,
Occupational safety & health

1. MALAYSIA OSHA Understanding B y Mohamad Sukri Bin Moin OSH Manager

2. OBJECTIVE Of OSH 2 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///// To maintain the physical, mental and social well being of workers To prevent the unfavorable effect on the health cause by working condition To become familiar to occupational environmental of physical and mental needs of works To consider the issues relating to industrial safety, occupational medicine, industry hygiene, training & education, psychology and so on

3. HISTORY of OSH In Malaysia Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992 Bright Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh Letupan dan kebakaran kilang mercun Bright Sparklers merupakan tragedi letupan kilang mercun yang berlaku di Sungai Buloh, Selangor pada 7 Mei 1991 jam 3:45 petang . Kilang mercun berkenaan dipercayai terbakar dan menghasilkan letupan gergasi yang boleh didengari sejauh 7 km daripada tempat kejadian.Sejumlah 26 mangsa telah terkorban dan sebanyak 83 mangsa dilaporkan cedera dalam kejadian ini . Letupan ini telah meranapkan sebanyak 200 kediaman penduduk di sekitar kilang tersebut serta tingkap-tingkap rumah di sekitar kawasan Sungai Buloh sehingga bandar Seri Menjalara dan Selayang pecah .

4. HISTORY OF OSH • Boiler Safety before 1914 • Machinery Safety before 1914 – 1952 • Industrial Safety 1953 – 1967 • Industrial Safety and Health 1970 – 1994 • Occupational Safety and Health after 1994 • Act A1648-OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (AMENDMENT) ACT 2022

5. FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967 APPROACH • Control of Machine operation • Control of work environment • Control of human

6. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 1994 APPROACH • Scope of legislation: – Protect safety and health of workers in all sectors of the economy Provision on elements of Duty of Care Philosophy of legislation through self regulation

7. ENFORCEMENT Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)

8. EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILTY- Sekyen 15 Menjadi kewajipan setiap majikan dan setiap orang yang bekerja sendiri bagi memastikan , setakat yang praktik , keselamatan , kesihatan dan kebajikan semasa bekerja terhadap semua pekerjanya . Kebajikan In and Out Latihan Arahan Persekitaran

9. EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILTY- Sekyen 24 Menjadi kewajipan setiap pekerja yang sedang bekerja . Diri sendiri dan orang lain Memakai PPE sepanjang masa Latihan Mematuhi arahan keselamatan dan kesihatan Kerjasama dengan majikan dalam keselamatan dan kesihatan

10. INCIDENT • An incident is: -An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events – That occurs through a combination of causes – Which result in: • Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual, • Damage to property , • A near-miss , • Any combination of these effects.

11. Why Prevent Incidents? • Legal • Human Rights • Business .

12. Types of Incidents Types of Incidents • Cause immediate injury or damage to equipment or property : – A forklift dropping a load – Someone falling off a ladder • That occur over an extended period: – Hearing loss – Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals

13. Cause of Incidents

14. HAZARD Ialah sesuatu punca atau keadaan yang berpotensi menyebabkan kemudaratan dalam bentuk kecederaan atau kesihatan kepada manusia , kerosakan harta benda , kerosakan alam sekitar gabungan dari mana-mana mudarat tersebut

15. TYPE OF HAZARD

16. CHEMICAL HAZARD 1. General Dust, particles and smoke Liquid and mists Gas and vapor • Solvents • Metals • Acids and Bases • Pesticides

17. PHYSICAL HAZARD – Noise – Vibration – Ionizing radiation – Non-ionizing radiation – Lighting – Extreme high/low temperature – Extreme high/low air pressure

18. Biological Hazards Micro organisms -Bacteria, virus Insects Plants Fungus, yeast, mold

19. Ergonomics Hazards Ergonomic risk factors are workplace situations that cause wear and tear on the body and can cause injury. These include  repetition, awkward posture, forceful motion, stationary position, direct pressure, vibration, extreme temperature, noise, and work stress -Doing repetitive work -Use of excessive force -Awkward or static body posture -Work in long duration -Vibration due to hand tools -Contact stress on the blood veins, muscles and tendons due to contact stress due to use of hand tools/equipment's

20. PSYCHOSOCIAL Hazards A psychosocial hazard is anything that could cause psychological harm ( eg. harm someone's mental health). Common psychosocial hazards at work include job demands, low job control, poor support

21. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION What Is Hazard identification? Hazard identification is part of the process used to evaluate if any situation, item, thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm. The term often used to describe the full process is risk assessment: How Hazard been Identify? 1.Information sources -Chemical inventory, Safety Data Sheet (SDS), product specification 2.Process flow and description 3.Factory layout plan 4.Observation and Inspection 5.Related Feedback 6.Medical Records

22. HAZARDS ANALYSIS • Method use: (example) – Job Safety Analysis (JSA) – Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP) – Fault Tree Analysis

23. RISK What is Risk? A combination of the likelihood( kebarangkalian ) of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure with specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event or exposure

24. RISK ASSESSMENT What is Risk assessment? - The process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising from hazards at work

25. When to Carry Out Risk Assessment • Before Operation • During Operation • After Operation

26. When to Review Risk Assessment • Types of review: – initial review, – periodic review. • Review whenever there are changes: – internal •Before modification, changes or introduction of new – Materials, machinery or processes, working procedures, – external •Amendments of national laws and regulations •Developments in OSH knowledge and technology

27. P ROCESS OF RISK MANAGEMENT

28. SEVERITY What Is severity ? Level of harm/damage possible an accident occurs from hazard • Severity in terms of: – Harm to health – Damage to property – Damage to environment – Or the combination of the above

29. Severity Category Determine severity categories i.e.: • Fatality • Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or damage to health) • Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or damage to health requiring days off work) • Negligible injuries (first aid)

30. Likelihood Likelihood • Very likely - could happen frequently • Likely - could happen occasionally • Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely • Highly unlikely - could happen, but probably never will

31. RISK ASSESSMENT FORM

32. RISK MATRIX

33. RISK CONTROL What is Risk Control? Actions that are taken in response to a risk factor that has the potential to cause accidents or harm in the workplace

34. PHYSICAL HAZARDS

35. PHYSICAL HAZARDS What is Physical Hazard? 1. NOISE 2. RADIATION 3. VIBRATION 4. PRESSURE 5. HEAT STRESS

36. NOISE

37. NOISE Definition • Sound – changes of pressure in the air, water and specific medium that is identifiable by the human ear • Noise – any unwanted sound

38. NOISE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS Components of sound • Frequency (pitch – degree of highness or lowness) – Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second • Amplitude or loudness of sound – Decibel (dB)

39. NOISE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS Types of sound • Continuous sound • Fluctuating sound • Impulse sound • Intermittent sound

40. NOISE Regulation Occupational Safety and Health (Noise Exposure) Regulations 2019 Permissible Exposure Limits • Action level (AL) - 82dB(A) • Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) Continuous noise - for 8 hours: 85 dB (A) ceiling limit : 115 dB (A) b. Impulse noise - ceiling limit : 140 dB (A )

41. NOISE HEALTH EFFECTS • Emotional disturbances and sensitive • Communication problems • Loss of hearing and hearing related injuries • Tinnitus • Psychological disturbances • High blood pressure

42. NOISE HEALTH EFFECTS Hearing loss 1. Conduction type • Breaking of ear drum • Movement of ossicles (hammer) bones in the middle ear 2. Sensory-neural • Damage to hair follicles in the inner ear • Effects both ears • Hearing loss at high frequencies

43. NOISE CONTROL MEASURES Isolation of processes with high noise Levels • Minimize exposure - engineering controls - modification of work process use of personal protective equipment’s • Administrative measures and safe work practices

44. NOISE HEALTH MONITORING • Exposure monitoring (Noise Risk Assessment) conducted by a competent person • Health assessment - History of previous occupations, hobbies and medical history - Ear test - Audiometric test

45. RADIATION

46. RADIATION Definition • Emission and propagation and emission of energy in the form of rays or waves. • Energy radiated or transmitted as rays, waves, in the form of particles. • A stream of particles or electromagnetic waves emitted by the atoms and molecules of a radioactive substance as a result of nuclear

47. RADIATION SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS • Effects of energy transfer 1. Ionization 2. Excitation • Types of radiation: ionized and nonionized Ionizing radiation is a form of energy that acts by removing electrons from atoms and molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue

48. RADIATION SOURCES OF RADIATION Ionized radiation 1. Natural Cosmic, photon, neutron, Particles – alpha (), beta () - Gamma (from earth and stones) 2. Artificial - Medical procedures (radiology test) - Nuclear energy test - Radioactive waste

49. RADIATION Non-ionized radiation A type of low-energy radiation that does not have enough energy to remove an electron (negative particle) from an atom or molecule - Ultraviolet (example: welding works) - Visible rays - Laser - Infra-red (example: metal manufacturing workers) - Microwaves - Radio waves

50. RADIATION TYPES OF EXPOSURE • Occupation Welding activities, metal manufacturing, metal boiling/melting, diagnostic radiology test workers, printing, communication, army • Medical - Patient: purpose of investigation and disease Treatment • Community - From natural sources

51. RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS: IONISED RADIATION Dependent on: • Intensity of the absorbed dose • Types of radiation - Example: neutron and alpha cells are more dangerous than photon x-rays • Organ sensitivities Example: reproductive tissues as more sensitive than thyroids • Cancer • Mutagenesis • Central nervous system syndrome • Esophagus • Damage to eyes • Skin burns • Loss of hair • Infertility • Mental retarders and disabilities among children

52. RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS: NON-IONISED RADIATION • Damage to eyes (welding works) • Skin destruction (UV and infra-red) • Skin burns (laser) • Heat stress (microwaves)

53. CONTROL MEASURE Three basic principles • Justification • Optimum protection ALARA Concept (As Low As Reasonably Achievable), time, distance, shielding • Dosage level (and risk) - Not exceeding the permissible exposure limit

54. CONTROL MEASURE Radiation Protection Programmed 1.Risk assessment on new equipment 2.Reduction of optimum exposure: -Time, distance, shielding – isolation, guarding, engineering controls 3.Monitoring of rates of radiation dose 4.Written Standard Operating Procedures 5.Training –X-ray technician, radiation protection officer 6.Maintenance and observation 7.Radiation safety audit 8.Emergency plan 9.Risk communication

55. CONTROL MEASURE HEALTH SURVEILLANCE • Exposure Monitoring - Individual (example: film badge) - Workplace (example: ionizing chamber) • Health Monitoring 1. History (medical, occupational) 2. Clinical assessment 3. Medical transfer protection

56. VIBRATION

57. VIBRATION SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS • Vibration - refers to the movement of solid objects were amplitude and frequency produced causes harm to those exposed to it. • Human organs have their own frequencies. When the human body comes into contact with vibration, and the frequency of the vibration is similar to the frequency for an organ, the organ will also vibrate.

58. VIBRATION SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS Types of vibration Whole-body vibration (WBV) • Vibration is usually transferred to the body via the buttocks or the feet 2. Hand-arm vibration (HAV) • Vibration is transferred through the hand via the use of vibrating hand tools • Risk factors: force of grip, force of push, duration and frequency of use, posture and temperature

59. VIBRATION OCCUPATIONS AT RISK • Whole-body vibration Ship workers, drivers – lorries, buses, tractors, Forklift driver • Hand-arm vibration - Workers who use vibrating equipment's such as grinder, electric saw, drills

60. VIBRATION HEALTH EFFECTS Whole-body vibration – Eye strain – Nausea, vomiting, headache, backaches – May cause lung damage and heart failure HAND-ARM VIBRATION Damages the peripheral blood flow, periphery nerves and musculoskeletal system Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome: paleness of fingers; aches and pain in hands Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

61. VIBRATION CONTROL MEASURES • Conduct Risk Assessment before purchasing vibrating equipment's • Hazard elimination: automatic equipment's, or use of robot technology • Hazard substitution: less-vibrating or antivibration equipment's • Reduce exposure to vibration – Reduce duration of time of works involving vibration • Regular maintenance of equipment's • Training, information and working instructions

62. P RESSURE

63. PRESSURE OCCUPATIONS AT RISK • Divers - Navy - Scuba divers - recreational - Underwater loggers - Pearl divers • Mountain climbers • Pilots

64. PRESSURE HEALTH EFFECTS • Barotrauma Destruction of organ tissues that contain air as a result of pressure changes (example: middle ear, sinus, lungs) • Decompression sickness Formation of bubble in the blood and tissues while in a low-pressure environment

65. PRESSURE HEALTH EFFECTS Symptoms • Ear – pain, bleeding • Breathing difficulty • Choking sensation • Dizziness, drowsiness • Confusion and reduced brain ability • Body pains, weakness of muscles, numbness • Skin redness and irritation • Coma • Personality change

66. PRESSURE CONTROL MEASURES • Training, information and instruction – Safety training (including understanding the disease process) • Standard procedures – Safe practices – Equipment – Health assessment • Equipment – Proper method of use – Maintenance

67. PRESSURE HEALTH SURVEILLANCE • Worker selection (example: diver) – Pre-employment medical surveillance • Regular medical assessment – Annual assessment – Record keeping of injuries/disease • Clinical assessment 1. Fitness test 2. Audiometric test 3. Lung function test 4. Neurobehavioral test

68. HEAT STRESS

69. HEAT STRESS SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS • Mechanism homeostatic body temperature – Variation of body temperature : 0.5-1.0 °C – Normal human body temperature = 37.2 °C; physiological low temperature range =35-41 °C. • Heat stress: The retention of heat in the body is greater than the body’s capacity to release it • Risk determining factors: – worker characteristics – Job task – environment

70. HEAT STRESS RISK FACTOR ENVIRONMENT & JOB TASK

71. HEAT STRESS RISK FACTOR WORKER CHARACTERISTIC • Age • Gender • Obesity • Medicine consumption • Existing disease/illness • Food/diet

72. HEAT STRESS PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HEAT Central nervous system Muscle activities and work capacity Control of blood flow sweating mechanisms Changes in the balance electrolytes in the body Endocrine change

73. HEAT STRESS HEALTH EFFECTS • Skin irritation • Muscle cramps – Painful muscle cramps, especially the lower body • Excessive fatigue – fatigue, dizziness, faint, blurriness of sight, excessive sweating • Heat stroke – organ damage (brain, liver, muscle, homoeopathic system), hyperthermia (>41°C),confusion, coma, dehydration, shock and death

74. HEAT STRESS COMPLICATIONS 1. Cramps 2. Excessive fatigue 3. Heat stroke

75. HEAT STRESS CONTROL MEASURES • Policy and Safe Operating Procedures (SOP) • Engineering controls – Ventilation, guarding, isolation • Personal protective clothing and equipment • Training and education - Heat stress hazard - Signs and symptoms - First aid procedures - Effects of medication - Worker responsibility

76. HEAT STRESS Safe work practices • Reduced exposure – Limit exposure and work duration – Sufficient rest, hydration and cooling time – Scheduling of work during cooler temperatures • Reduce physical activities • Implement buddy system • Sufficient supply of cold water (10 – 15degreeC) – Drink 150 – 200 ml / 15 – 20 minutes

77. HEAT STRESS HEALTH SURVEILLANCE • Exposure monitoring – Example: Wet Ball Globe Temperature (WBGT) – Work according to the permissible exposure limits • Health monitoring – Identify risk groups – obesity – History – occupational, medical such as skin disease, medication, dehydration, heat stroke, obesity – Clinical assessment • Medical removal • Recordkeeping

78. M ACHINERY HAZARD

79. M ACHINERY HAZARD DEFINITION  Machinery “ An equipment that supplies power , has static and movable parts , each with their own respective functions

80. M ACHINERY HAZARD LEGAL INTERPRETATION Machinery “ Includes steam boilers, unfired pressure vessels, fired pressure vessels, pipelines, prime movers, gas cylinders, gas holders, hoisting machines and tackle, transmission machinery, driven machinery, materials handling equipment, amusement device or any other similar machinery and any equipment for the casting, cutting, welding or electrodeposition of materials and for the spraying by means of compressed gas or air of materials or other materials.. ” FMA 1967

81. M ACHINERY HAZARD MACHINERY PARTS • Operative / Functional -Implements the functional output such as the blade on a chain saw • Non operative / Nonfunctional -Supplies power or movements to the operational parts such as the force of the motor

82. M ACHINERY HAZARD CONSEQUENCE OF HAZARDS EXPOSURE • Cutting • Shearing • Stabbing and Puncturing • Impact • Entanglement • Friction and Abrasion • Crushing • Drawing In • Ejection • Release of Potential Energy

83. M ACHINERY HAZARD CUTTING • Contact with sharp surfaces, such as: – Saw – Blade – Disc

84. M ACHINERY HAZARD SHEARING • Take out or separate by cutting • In between two moving machines; – Between machine part and material – Between static and moving machine parts

85. M ACHINERY HAZARD STABBING AND PUNCTURING • Puncturing of a machine part, material and flying objects into the body • Example: needle, stone blast debris

86. M ACHINERY HAZARD IMPACT • Object or machine part hits the body but does not puncture or pierce through it • Example: Hit by a moving object/part or hit by falling object

87. M ACHINERY HAZARD ENTANGLEMENT • Clothing or hair becomes entangled with a spinning or moving machine part • Example: roller machine, gear, shaft, wheel, chain

88. M ACHINERY HAZARD FRICTION OR ABRASION • Burns or tear on the skin’s outer layer • Example: abrasive wheel, sanding

89. M ACHINERY HAZARD CRUSHING • Crushing of the body in between hard two objects /machine parts • Example: stamping machinery, power press

90. M ACHINERY HAZARD DRAWING-IN • Body is pulled towards the machine and is trapped in between the machine’s moving parts • Example: Roller machine

91. M ACHINERY HAZARD EJECTION • The material or machine part is pushed out • Reason: – Machine failure – Material failure • Example: abrasive wheel, drill

92. M ACHINERY HAZARD RELEASE OF POTENTIAL ENERGY • Example: – Release of pressure – Falling object – Unreleased energy in a spring

93. Machinery Safety

94. Machinery Safety STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 1)Factories and Machinery (Fencing of Machinery and Safety) Regulations 1970 • Provisions & fencing methods for hazardous machine parts 2) Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations 1970 • Provisions for: – access to workplace – Work clothes and personal protection – Machinery handling 3) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA 1994) • Section 15(2) (a) Employer responsibility to provide and maintain plant and safe system of work

95. Machinery Safety State the factors that need to be considered in the safe handling of machinery • Human • Environment • Machinery

96. Machinery Safety HUMAN FACTORS • Experienced • Trained • Physical and mentally fit • Competent • Age: 16 years and above

97. Machinery Safety ENVIRONMENT FACTORS • Sufficient workspace around the machines • Sufficient lighting • Proper ventilation • Sturdy and clean work floor • No disturbing noise

98. Machinery Safety MACHINERY FACTORS • Stability of machine • Use of machine guards • Ergonomically designed control button • Control of speed • Free from vibration hazard • Sturdy machine structure • Safe design

99. Machinery Safety PREVENTION AND CONTROL METHODS • Formulate a Safety and Health Policy • Proper supervision • Provide training on safe handling for workers • Install safety warning signages • Prepare Safe Operating Procedures (SOP) • Inspect machinery before use • Prepare inspection checklist • Formulate safety regulations • Change work methods, if necessary (example: use of push block) • Implement maintenance prevention programme • Provide screen guard for machines • Conduct regular inspection son workplace environment • Make it compulsory for workers to report any hazardous incident • Prohibit wearing loose clothing and long hair

100. Machinery Protection

101. Machinery Protection IMPORTANCE: 1) To protect workers from the hazardous parts of a machine that may have not been manufactured or positioned in a safe manner 2) Prevent machinery related accidents Acts as a barrier to injuries in cases of failure of other preventive methods 4) Strategically positioned so as to prevent contact with hazardous machinery parts/processes

102. Machinery Protection STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 • Employer Responsibility 15(2): The provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, so far as practicable, safe and without risks to health (b) The making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as practicable, safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances Factories and Machinery Act 1967 • Factories and Machinery (Fencing of Machinery and Safety) Regulations 1970: – For each hazardous machine part

103. Machinery Protection MACHINERY PROTECTION Identification of Safety in terms of: • Manufacturing (design) • Position

104. Machinery Protection Minimum requirements in protecting workers from mechanical hazards are: • Prevention of contact • Prevent objects from falling into machines • Does not generate new hazards • Does not produce obstruction/discomfort • Offers safety features

105. Machinery Protection MACHINERY PROTECTION METHODS Selection is based on practicality and effectiveness: • Type of operation / machine • Size or shape of material • Operating procedures • Physical arrangement of the workplace • Type of material • Production requirements

106. Machinery Protection CATEGORIES OF PROTECTION Protection can be categorized into: • Guards • Devices • Isolation • Operations • Other protection methods

107. Machinery Protection TYPES OF GUARDS • Fixed guard • Interlock guard • Adjustable guard • Self-adjusting guard • Distance guard • Automatic guard

108. Safety of Hand & Portable Power Tools

109. Safety of Hand & Portable Power Tools DEFINITION Hand tools Tools that require the use of human energy to manually start, work or coordinate it with work materials Power tools Tools that require the use of other forces of energy to start, work or coordinate it with work materials

110. Safety of Hand & Portable Power Tools STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS • Factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986; – Part XVI- Hand and Power Tools • Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA 1994); – General responsibilities of Employers and Self-employed • “provide and maintain a safe plant and systems of work…” • “make arrangements for the safe use, operations, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances…”

111. Safety of Hand & Portable Power Tools HAND TOOLS Consists of 2 parts: • Head • Handle (shaft / body)

112. Safety of Hand & Portable Power Tools PORTABLE POWER TOOLS Power tools are categorized based on source of power: – Electric – Pneumatic – Hydraulic – Fuel – Steam

113. Safety of Hand & Portable Power Tools HAZARDS IN THE USE OF POWER TOOLS • Electric (mobile power tools) • Cuts/incisions (mobile power tools) • Entanglement/drawing in (mobile power tools) • Flying objects/equipment (parts, equipment heads) • Lodged between equipment • Vibration • Hit by equipment's • Noise exposure • Dust/vapor exposure from work activities

114. Safety of Hand & Portable Power Tools ACCIDENT-CAUSING FACTORS • Use of wrong method • Improper storage of equipment/tools • Improper maintenance equipment's/tools • Use of faulty equipment's/tools • Tools are not suited to job task

115. Safety of Hand & Portable Power Tools SAFETY MEASURES • Select equipment that is suitable to the work at hand • Provide safety training to users • Formulate Safe Operating Procedures for use of equipment/tool • Inspect tool before use • Follow manufacturer recommended procedures in handling tool • Structure a regular maintenance schedule for tools/equipment's as per requirements • Allocate designated area for storage of equipment • Provide suitable and sufficient equipment/tools • Select and use appropriate personal protective equipment • Install guards for power tools

116. Safety of Hand & Portable Power Tools SELECTION CRITERIA General design and fabrication of tools should take into consideration the following factors: • Quality of material used • Ergonomic factors • Use of suitable material • Safety features

117. General Area Fencing

118. General Area Fencing GENERAL AREA FENCING Definition “ Protect a hazardous area from unauthorized entry by the erection or installation of a wire or rail ” FMA 1967 – “Fence” means any form of protective device designed to prevent serious bodily injury or bodily injury to any person and includes a guard and a guard rail.

119. General Area Fencing Statutory requirements FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967 • Factories and Machinery (Fencing of Machinery and Safety) Regulations 1970 • Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations 1970 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994 • Duty of employer and self-employed (Section 15 (2)(a)(b)) a) The provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, so far as practicable, safe and without risks to health b) The making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as practicable, safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances

120. General Area Fencing Outlines situations where fencing is necessary: • Floor openings • Holes • Pipes SITUATIONS REQUIRING FENCING • Floor openings • Exposed edges • Catwalk • Manhole • Hazardous activities • Hazardous processes • Ramps • Stairs

121. General Area Fencing TYPES OF FENCING • Railings • Screens • Wire nettings • Toe board at least 3½ inches (8.9 cm) in height from top edge to floor level for toe-board 0.25-inches (0.6 cm) in thickness A "standard 1 1/4-inch 0 pipe (O.D. 1.660 inches)" meets the size requirements for pipe used in the construction of guard rails

122. General Area Fencing FEATURES OF FENCING • Sturdy • Resistant to harsh environmental factors such as acidic environment • Suitable and safe design • Requires minimal maintenance • Provides required protection • Fencing construction materials are not hazardous to workers

123. Mechanical Handling

124. Mechanical Handling STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS Factories and Machinery (Electric Passenger and Goods Lift) Regulations 1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 • General duties of: – Employer and self-employed persons Section 15 (2) (b) The making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as practicable, safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances Section 20 to carry out or arrange for the carrying out of testing and examination as may be necessary to ensure the safe condition and without risk to health Section 24(d) To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health instituted by his employer or any other person by or under the Act or any regulation made thereunder

125. Mechanical Handling Definition • Use of any powered equipment (hydraulic, pneumatic, electric or mechanical) to:  Move  Lift  Shift Transfer Loads or goods including human loads

126. Mechanical Handling Types of equipment • Lifts, dumbwaiters • Escalators, travellators, walkalators • Cranes and hoists • Conveyors • Forklifts

127. Mechanical Handling SOURCES OF HAZARDS Common Mechanical Defects 1. Rope wire reduces in size 2. Rope wire or chain becomes longer 3. Surface of chain becomes worn out 4. Lifting equipment becomes worn out 5. Hook becomes loose 6. Brake failure 7. Rope wire breaks/is severed 7. Girder or structure changes shape 8. Boom becomes bent 9. Failure of equipment limitation system 10 . Missing safety latch for hooks REASONS FOR DEFECTS 1. Lack of, or no maintenance 2. Overloading 3. Faulty design of equipment and structure 4. Environmental factors 5. Equipment does not fulfill standard requirements 6. No regular inspection

128. Mechanical Handling INCIDENT PREVENTION AND CONTROL METHODS 1. Conduct regular inspection of machinery and its components 2. Formulate a regular maintenance schedule for lifting machines 3. Formulate safe operating procedures for mechanical handling activities 4. Select suitable and competent workers 5. Provide training for selected workers 6. Select and use machinery based on suitability and safety 7. Supervise ongoing works 8. Fence work area 9. Display warning signages – to show other workers of existing hazards in the work area 10. Install safety devices on the machinery used 11. Develop and use an effective system of communication

129. Pressure Vessels

130. Pressure Vessels DEFINITION Fired pressure vessel • Vessel that receives heat from external fuel sources and generates energy for specific uses. Unfired pressure vessel • Vessel that requires no heat from external heat sources to operate.

131. Pressure Vessels CLASSIFICATION OF FIRED PRESSURE VESSEL • Any closed vessel • Above atmospheric pressure • Generates heat from certain external sources • Produces steam (under pressure) • Energy heats the medium [liquid fuel] in the installation system For (boilers) steam, this includes economizer, super heater and other equipment's that may be attached • Example: thermal oil heater, autoclave CLASSIFICATION OF UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSEL • Any closed vessel • Contains gas (oxygen), gas mixture (propane and ethane), steam (from boiler), liquid (water or chemical) or solid (cement, sugar, fertilizer or flour) • May be below or above atmospheric pressure • Example: air compacter, water softener

132. Pressure Vessels HAZARDOUS SITUATIONS RELATED TO PRESSURE VESSELS Mechanical blasts Steam blast 4. Leakage in wall or tube 5. Toxic releases into the air 6. Cracks in wall or tube 7. Structural changes

133. Pressure Vessels CAUSES OF HAZARDOUS SITUATIONS • Excess pressure in vessel • Faulty design • Thinning of wall due to erosion • Failure of automatic system • Excess heat - overheating for steam boilers • Failure of safety valve device

134. Pressure Vessels PREVENTIVE AND CONTROL MEASURES Design should follow specifications in code of practice Vessel should be equipped with safety devices such as safety valve Regular maintenance for vessel and its accessories Scheduled inspection of pressure vessel Controls on maintenance and repair works Provide training for operators Select suitable pressure vessel according to process requirements Appoint competent operator responsible for handling steam boiler

135. WELDING SAFETY

136. WELDING SAFETY DEFINITION OF WELDING Fusion of two pieces of metals through the melting of the metals using heat, pressure or both.

137. WELDING SAFETY TYPES OF WELDING Gas welding Electric arc welding Current welding

138. WELDING SAFETY GAS WELDING Melting of metals using fire that is produced by gas mixtures using torch or blowpipes at high temperatures. Gases: Oxygen and flammable gasses such as acetylene or LPG

139. WELDING SAFETY ELECTRIC ARC WELDING  Electrodes and high voltage produces an arch where the electrode is in a position close to the steel work material  The electrode is moved along the part to be welded  The temperature reached for welding is 4000 ° C  The metal pieces will melt and fuse at that temperature

140. WELDING SAFETY RESISTANCE/ELECTRIC WELDING  Electricity currents are flowed through the part to be welded  Heat is generated to melt the metal  Use of physical force to weld the metals  Limited to thin materials  Least hazardous

141. WELDING SAFETY WELDING HAZARDS and EFFECT Exposure to fumes and gases that can cause respiratory problems, poisoning, or cancer. Fires and explosions that can result from sparks, flames, or hot materials igniting flammable or combustible materials. Electric shock that can occur from contact with live wires, electrodes, or circuits. Noise hazards that can damage hearing or cause stress. Exposure to UV and IR radiation that can cause eye damage, skin burns, or cancer. Burns from hot metals, equipment, or molten slag

142. WELDING SAFETY SAFETY MEASURES DURING WELDING WORKS • Local exhaust ventilation system for welding process • Prepare safe operating procedures for welding activities • Provide safety and health training for welders • Proper selection of workers • Supervision of welding works • Fencing welding work area • Provision of fire prevention and control equipment's in welding area • Isolate flammables from work area • Provision and proper use of suitable personal protective equipment and clothing for welders

143. WELDING SAFETY WELDING PPE

144. Housekeeping & Workplace Physical Arrangements

145. Housekeeping & Workplace Physical Arrangements DEFINITION • Ensure the building, plant, equipment and machinery are properly maintained and are in good and clean conditions • Ensure the arrangements of the plant, equipment and materials are in the proper order and poses no occupational safety and health risk

146. Housekeeping & Workplace Physical Arrangements UNSAFE CONDITIONS Among the situations that can cause accidents or diseases are: • Slippery floors (oily, wet, dusty) • Hand tools, materials and electric cables in walkways • Improper physical arrangement of machinery • Crowded work areas • Balance or waste materials on the work floor

147. Housekeeping & Workplace Physical Arrangements UNSAFE CONDITIONS Among the situations that can cause accidents or diseases are: • Slippery floors (oily, wet, dusty) • Hand tools, materials and electric cables in walkways • Improper physical arrangement of machinery • Crowded work areas • Balance or waste materials on the work floor

148. Housekeeping & Workplace Physical Arrangements WHAT ACCIDENT CAN HAPPEN? injuries, including  bruises, sprains and breaks from slips and falls, cuts, as well as burns Among diseases arising from untidy workplaces are those related to: • Lung and skin diseases – Inhalation of dust/chemical vapors • Eye diseases – Insufficient lighting

149. Housekeeping & Workplace Physical Arrangements PLANNING AND SCHEDULING Housekeeping schedule is dependent on whether work is done: • Daily • Weekly • Monthly • Yearly • After incident/chemical spillage

150. Electrical Safety

151. Electrical Safety Definition a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as  electrons  or  protons ), either statically as an accumulation of charge or  dynamically  as a current.

152. Electrical Safety CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRICITY • Cannot be seen • Cannot be heard • Cannot be smelt

153. Electrical Safety ELECTRICAL HAZARDS • Electric shock • Lighting • Fire • Electrostatic

154. Electrical Safety

155. Electrical Safety

156. Electrical Safety PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL SAFETY Main objective: Protect people from electric shock, fire and effects of burns due to contact with electricity PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL SAFETY Two basic prevention steps: • Protection from direct contact – Provides isolation to parts of equipment that has potential to release charges • Protection from indirect contact – Provides effective earthing to isolate metals that can charge electricity in case of failure of the main isolator

157. Electrical Safety SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY Considerations: • Circuit protector • Isolating switch • Equipment maintenance and repair • Earthing • Protection

158. Electrical Safety SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY CIRCUIT PROTECTOR • All electric equipment's used must have a fuse and circuit breaker that is suitable to prevent it from overloading. SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY – ISOLATING SWITCH • Labeled • Easy reachable from the floor • Is attached to each individual machinery • Possess safety lock when in ‘off’ position SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE & REPAIR Works done by a competent technician

159. Electrical Safety SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY – PROTECTION • Provide for earth leakage protection such as Residual Current Devices • Have an emergency stop switch, interlock switch • Isolate the conductor • Display appropriate warning signages • Earthing For all electrical items • Earthing Circuit is connected direct, not through a switch

160. Electrical Safety Electric Shock Injury

161. Confined Space

162. Confined Space DEFINITION OF CONFINED SPACE • An enclosed or partially enclosed space • Is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy, and • Is not intended or designed primarily as a place of work, and • Is liable at any time to : – Have an atmosphere which contains harmful levels of contaminants – Have an oxygen deficiency or excess – Cause engulfment; and • Could have restricted means for entry and exit

163. Confined Space STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS • Industry Code of Practice for Safe Working in a Confined Space 2010 under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

164. Confined Space CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS • Oxygen deficiency and enrichment (19.5%-23.5%) • Presence of Toxic gasses • Presence of Flammable gases • Engulfment (solid or fluid) • Biological hazards • Insects • Animals such as snakes • Insufficient lighting • Ergonomic hazards • Presence of liquids/water • Slippery floors • Fire or explosion • Mechanical equipment • Noise hazards (generated formwork activities) • Electric shock

165. CONFINED SPACE CONFINED SPACE ACCIDENTS

166. CONFINED SPACE PLANNING AND SAFETY MEASURES BEFORE STARTING WORKS 1. Have system of permit to enter and work in confined space 2. Prepare safe operating procedures 3. Conduct training of the SOP for the related workers 4. Conduct a gas test of the atmosphere condition in the confined space by an Authorized Gas Tester (AGT) 5. Purge hazardous gas/pollutants and ensure sufficient ventilation 6. Display warning signages and fencing around work area 7. Ensure availability of fire prevention equipment within close proximity of the confined space entrance 9. Establish an emergency response team, first aiders and emergency equipment 10. Must have an entry supervisor (ES) and stand-by person (SP) to monitor activities and record the authorized entrant (AE) name and type of job 11. Prepare and provide suitable personal protective equipment for the use of worker and emergency team 16.Ensure the safety of entrance and exit points of the tank 17.Select workers who are physically and mentally fit, and are properly trained in confined space works and record their names

167. CONFINED SPACE PLANNING AND SAFETY MEASURES DURING work: • The entry supervisor (ES)continuously monitor the works being done • Direct measurement of the oxygen/gas content in the vessel/confined space • Continuously suck out dust that is generated from works • Ensure a good communication system between stand-by person (SP) and authorised entrant (AE) • Ensure sufficient and continuous ventilation • Immediately take the necessary emergency responses in cases of accidents/emergency situations (explosion, Fire, air pollution etc.) PLANNING AND SAFETY MEASURES AFTER completion of works: • Ensure and record that all workers have exited the confined space • Inspect the work area to ensure that all work equipment have been removed (mobile exhaust system, lights, fire extinguishers etc.) • Stop the electricity supply • Cancel/close the work permit issued by the entry supervisor (ES) on duty • Report problems, if any, related to the works carried out • Handover the responsibility of handling the confined space to the respective persons and record the handover details

168. EXAMPLE PALM OIL MILL ACCIDENT

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