Male cancers

Contains:
Prostate Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Penile Cancer

1. Male Cancers
Presented by:
JhonMar Lopez Bellos
AAPD2A –Class ‘10-’11
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

2. Cancer
class of diseases in which a group of cells
display uncontrolled growth, invasion that
intrudes upon and destroys adjacent
tissues, and sometimes metastasis, or
spreading to other locations in the body
via lymph or blood. These three malignant
properties of cancers differentiate them
from benign tumors, which do not invade
or metastasize.

4. Prostate
Cancer

5. Definition
A cancer that develops in the prostate, a
gland in the male reproductive system.
Most are slow growing.
Cancer cells may spread to the other
parts of the body:
Bones
Lymph Nodes

6. Etiology
Factors implicated in the development of
the cancer:
Genetics
Diet
Viral

7. Signs and Symptoms
Early prostate cancer usually causes no
symptoms.
Often diagnosed with elevated Prostate-
specific Antigen (Protein).
Frequent urination
Nocturia
Hematuria
Dysuria

8. Advanced prostate cancer can spread
and cause additional symptoms:
Bone pain
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Ribs
Femur

9. Methods of Control
Monitoring of tumorprogress or symptoms.
Radical Prostatectomy.
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherappy

10. Prevention and Control
Exercise
Proper Diet
More frequent ejaculation (though other
studies have shown no benefit.)
Having elevated levels of long-chain
Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

11. Program for Prevention
The Philippine Cancer Control
Program, begun in 1988, is an integrated
approach utilizing primary, secondary
and tertiary prevention in different regions
of the country at both hospital and
community levels. Six leading cancers
(lung, breast, liver, cervix, oral
cavity, colon and rectum) are discussed.

12. Screening Procedure
DigitalRectalExamination(DRE)
Usuallydonefirst.
Foranymanover50or40.
Withurinaryproblemsornot.

13. Youmaybeaskedtobendoveratableortolie
onyoursideholdingyourkneesclosetoyour
chest.Thedoctorslidesagloved,lubricatedfinger
intotherectumandfeelsthepartof
theprostatethatliesnexttoit.Youmayfind
theDREslightlyuncomfortable,butitisverybrief.
Thisexamtellsthedoctorwhethertheglandhas
anybumps,irregularities,softspots,orhardspots
thatrequireadditionaltests.Ifaprostateinfection
issuspected,thedoctormightmassage
theprostateduringtheDREtoobtainfluidfor
examinationunderamicroscope.

15. Testicular
Cancer

16. Definition
A cancer that develops in the testicles.
Most common among males aged 15 -40.
Highest cure rates of all cancers.

17. Etiology
More than 95% are Germ Cell Tumors.
5% are sex cord-gonadal stromal Tumors.

18. Signs and Symptoms
alumpin one testis which may or may not
be painful.
sharp pain or a dull ache in the
lowerabdomenor scrotum.
a feeling often described as "heaviness" in
the scrotum.
low back pain(lumbago) tumorspread to
the lymph nodes along the back.

19. shortness of breath (dyspnea),coughor
coughing up blood (hemoptysis) from
metastatic spread to the lungs
.
a lump in the neck due to metastases to
the lymph nodes.

20. Methods of Control
Three Basic Types:
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy

21. Prevention and Control
Unfortunately, testicular cancer is a type of
cancer that can't easily be prevented. There
are simply no proven prevention methods.
With most cancers, the best method of
prevention is to avoid the risk factors. There is
no way to avoid the risk factors for testicular
cancer because most are out of the person's
control, like age, race, and conditions
occurring at birth.

22. Risk Factors:
Having had an undescended testicle.
Having had abnormal development of the
testicles.
Having a personal or family history of
testicular cancer.
Having Klinefelter'ssyndrome.
Being white.

23. Program for Prevention
No formalprevention programsexist
fortesticular cancer.

24. Screening Procedure
Generally,patientsarechecked
frequentlybytheirdoctorandhave
regularbloodteststomeasuretumor
markerlevels.Theyalsohaveregularx-
raysandcomputedtomography,also
calledCTscansorCATscans(detailed
picturesofareasinsidethebodycreated
byacomputerlinkedtoanx-ray
machine).

25. Men who have had testicular cancer
have an increased likelihood of
developing cancer in the remaining
testicle. Patients treated with
chemotherapy may have an increased
risk of certain types of leukemia, as well as
other types of cancer. Regular follow-up
care ensures that changes in health are
discussed and that problems are treated
as soon as possible.

27. Penile
Cancer

28. Definition
Can occur anywhere along the penile
shaft, but most are on the foreskin or head
(glans).
Usually a slow-growing cancer and is
curable if discovered early.

29. Etiology
A disease of poor hygiene.
Higher on men who are not circumcised.

30. Signs and Symptoms
Begins as a raised lump or lesion on the
penis.
It can begin more as an area of
unexplained change in the colorof the
skin.

31. Methods of Control
Chemotherapy
Surgical Therapy
Lymphadenectomy
Radiation therapy:
External beam radiation therapy
Brachytherapy

32. Prevention and Control
Proper Hygiene
Circumcision

33. Risk Factors:
Smoking increases your risk factor for penile
cancer.
Age and Gender
Being infected with AIDS virus

34. Program for Prevention
Department of Surgery and the Philippine
General Hospital (PGH) -Operation Tule
Not conducted anymore.

35. Screening Procedure
Inordertodetermineifanabnormalityon
thepenisiscancer,abiopsyisneededin
whichasampleofskintissuesisremoved
forlaboratorytesting.Ifcanceris
confirmed,teststodeterminetheextent
ofthecancerwillberecommended,
including:

36. Fine needle aspiration. A type of biopsy in which
cells are removed through a thin needle that
has been placed directly into the mass.
Ultrasound.This procedure uses sound waves to
help determine how deeply a tumorhas
invaded into the penis.
CT Scan or MRI.A CT scan or MRI may reveal
the presence of enlarged lymph nodes -an
indication that the cancer has spread.