man made pollution and bioremediation aspects

1. MAN MADE POLLUTION AND ITS BIOREMEDIATION ASPECTS 1 Hareesha A S PALB 3192 Jr MSc ( agri ) environmental science Dept. Forestry and environmental science Hareesha A S PALB 3192 Jr MSc( agri ) Environmental science Deportment of Forestry and Environmental science

2. Pollution When there are some physical, chemical or biological changes occur in our environment it is known as pollution. T he substances which brings these changes are known as pollutants. Man made pollution When there are some physical, chemical or biological changes occur due to man made activities in our environment it is known as man made pollution.

3. T ypes of Environmental Pollution. 1 .       Air pollution 2 .       Water pollution 3.       Soil pollution 4.       Noise pollution 5 .       T hermal pollution 6 .       Plastic pollution 7 . Radioactive Pollution 3

4. 1 .       Air pollution 2 .       Water pollution 3.       Soil pollution 4.       Noise pollution 5 .       T hermal pollution 6 .       Plastic pollution 7 . Radioactive Pollution 4

5. 1.Air pollution When some foreign particles enters the air and deteriorate its quality is known as air pollution. These particles can be produced naturally or man made Sources of Air Pollution Volcanic eruptions, Dry soil erosion, Forest fires, Automobiles , Manufacturing exhaust, Burning of fossil fuels....    5

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7. 1 .        Air pollution 2 .        Water pollution 3.       Soil pollution 4.       Noise pollution 5 .       T hermal pollution 6 .       Plastic pollution 7 . Radioactive Pollution 7

8.   2. Water pollution When some foreign particle, organic, inorganic or biological impurities are added to the water so that it becomes unfit for use is known as water pollution . Sources of water pollution Automobiles, Fertilizers, Animal waste , Sewage waste, household cleaning products, Litter etc.. 8

9. 1 .       Air pollution 2 .       Water pollution 3.       Soil pollution 4.       Noise pollution 5 .       T hermal pollution 6 .       Plastic pollution 7 . Radioactive Pollution 9

10. 3.Soil Pollution Soil, or land pollution, is contamination of the soil that prevents natural growth and balance in the land whether it is used for cultivation, habitation, or a wildlife preserve. S ources s oil pollution Hazardous waste from industries, Sewage waste, Improper farming practices, such as the heavy use of inorganic fertilizers ,pesticides, herbicides ….. Mining activity, deforestation, Household dumping and littering , etc….. 10

11. Bioremediation of soil ,water and air pollution Bioremediation "Remediate" means to solve a problem. “Bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil , air and water. 11

12. Types of bioremediation Phytoremediation Mycoremediation Bacterial remediation 12

13. Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is a process of decontaminating soil or water by using plants and trees to absorb or break down pollutants. 13

14. Phytoremediation 14

15. Phytoextraction – Uptake of substances from the environment, with storage in the plant (also known as phytoaccumulation ). 2. Phytostabilization – Reducing the movement or transfer of substances in the environment, for example, limiting the leaching of soil contaminants. 3. Phytostimulation – Enhancement of microbial activity for the degradation of contaminants, typically around plant roots. 4. Phytotransformation – Uptake of substances from the environment, with degradation occurring within the plant ( phytodegradation ). Cont…. 15

16. 5. Phytovolatilization – Removal of substances from the soil or water with release into the air, possibly after degradation. 6. Rhizofiltration – The removal of toxic materials from groundwater through root activity. 16

17. The role of genetics in phytoremediation G enetic engineering  is a powerful method for enhancing natural phytoremediation capabilities , or for introducing new capabilities into plants . For example, Genes encoding a nitroreductase from a bacterium were inserted into tobacco and showed faster removal of TNT ( 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene ,)  and enhanced resistance to the toxic effects of TNT 17

18. Examples of phytoextraction from soils Arsenic, using the Sunflower a hyper accumulator in its leaves and Chinese Brake fern also stores  in its leaves . Cadmium and zinc, using Alpine pennycress , a hyper accumulator of these metals at levels that would be toxic to many plants . 18

19. examples 19

20. Advantages of phytoremediation the cost of the phytoremediation is lower than that of traditional processes . the plants can be easily monitored the possibility of the recovery and re-use of valuable metals (by companies specializing in “ phyto mining”) it is potentially the least harmful method because it uses naturally occurring organisms and preserves the environment in a more natural state. 20

21. Limitations of phytoremediation Phytoremediation is limited to the surface area and depth occupied by the roots. Slow growth and low biomass require a long-term commitment. With plant-based systems of remediation, it is not possible to completely prevent the leaching of contaminants into the groundwater  21

22. Mycoremediation Mycoremediation  is a form of bioremediation in which fungi are used to decontaminate the area. Certain strains of fungi have been reported to successfully degrade the nerve gases   sarin . example: Nematophagous Fungi Ligninolytic  fungi. Fungi such as the white rot fungus  Phanaerochaete   chrysosporium   have  the  ability  to  degrade an  extremely toxins present in the soil. 22

23. examples 23

24. Bacteria Aerobic   bacteria recognized for  their  degradation   are  Pseudomonas ,  Alcaligenes ,  Sphingomonas ,  Rhodococcus ,  and  Mycobacterium .  Thaismicrobes   have  often  been  reported  to  degrade  pesticides  and  hydrocarbons and polyaromatic  compounds.  Kumar.A ,  Bisht.B.S ,  Joshi.V.D ,  Dhewa.T   International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.6, 2011  24

25. 1 .       Air pollution 2 .       Water pollution 3.       Soil pollution 4.       Noise pollution 5 .       T hermal pollution 6 .       Plastic pollution 7 . Radioactive Pollution 25

26. 4.Noise Pollution Noise pollution refers to undesirable levels of noises caused by human activity that disrupt the standard of living in the affected area Sources of noise pollution Traffic Airports Railroads Manufacturing plants Construction or demolition 26

27. Effects of noise pollution H earing loss, W ildlife disturbances, and A general degradation of lifestyle. 27

28. 1 .       Air pollution 2 .       Water pollution 3.       Soil pollution 4.       Noise pollution 5 .       T hermal pollution 6 .       Plastic pollution 7 . Radioactive Pollution 28

29. 5.       Thermal pollution Thermal pollution is the discharge of waste heat via energy dissipation into cooling water and subsequently into nearby waterways. Sources of thermal pollution Power plants creating electricity from fossil fuel Water as a cooling agent in industrial facilities 29

30. Effects of Thermal pollution Thermal shock : Due to decrease in DO levels there is suffocation of plants and animal species which creates anaerobic conditions .The sudden change in the temperature causes harm to the aquatic organisms. 30

31. 1 .       Air pollution 2 .       Water pollution 3.       Soil pollution 4.       Noise pollution 5 .       T hermal pollution 6 .       Plastic pollution 7 . Radioactive Pollution 31

32. 6.   Plastic pollution    T he accumulation in the environment of man-made plastic products to the point where they create problems for wildlife and their habitats as well as for human populations. 32               

33. 33 Plastic A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers ,that can be moulded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.

34. Types of plastics 34

35. individual monomer molecule individual monomer molecule Thermoplastic plastics are made of long chains of polymers which don’t cross over very often. When heated, the molecules slip easily over one another. Thermosetting plastics also have lots of long chain molecules, but there are links between them. These cross links prevent the molecules from moving over one another. Plastics 35

36. Plastics 36 Formed by heat Thermoplastic plastics: Soften when heated Can be reheated and reshaped Mostly recyclable Made of long polymer chains with few cross links There are two main groups of plastics: thermosetting plastics thermoplastic plastics . What does the word ‘plastic’ mean? The word ‘plastic’ means ‘easily shaped or moulded’.

37. Initially set by heat Thermosetting plastics: Cannot be reshaped once set Strong and durable Common in powder or resin forms Consist of polymer chains with strong bonds between each chain 37

38. What are the reasons responsible for Plastic Pollution in our Community . Waste of the households, Shops , etc. Improper garbage system of the area. Irregularity of the Pvt. Garbage contractors. Ignorance of the people about the causes and effects of the plastic pollution. Lack of proper knowledge about the plastic pollution and its effects. Lack of social responsibility and ownership. 38

39. SOLUTIONS TO CONTROL PLASTIC POLLUTION . Awareness campaigns- Stop using plastic bags. Educate people about the plastic pollution and its effects on our environment. Road show in regards “No to plastic bags”, and display of banners on the walls of slums, colonies and societies areas. Hands with the Municipal Corporation to take the corrective measures, to do timely inspections. Support NSS, NGOs, Volunteer agencies. Social responsibility , commitment and ownership by every individual may control the problem . 39

40. Bioplastics Vs Petroplastics 40

41. Bioplastics A bio plastic is a form of plastic made from renewable biomass and it is biodegradable , instead of traditional plastics derived from petroleum Examples of bioplastic polymers are  polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxybutyrate-covalerate (PHBV), and polyesteramide .  41

42. Biodegradable bioplastic Starch-based bioplastics . Can be manufactured from either raw or modified starch.. Common starch sources include maize, wheat, potatoes and cassava. Cellulose-based bioplastics . Chemically-modified plant cellulose materials such as cellulose acetate . Common cellulose sources include wood pulp, hemp and cotton. Lignin-based bioplastics Contain wood (or lignocellulosic plant material) produced as a byproduct of the paper milling industry . Plant proteins bioplastics . Such as maize ‘ zein ’ can also be used to manufacture bioplastics . Milk based bioplastic Milk is used for preparation of bioplastic 42

43. CORN BASED BIOPLASTIC Here is how to make corn-based plastic: Materials 1 tablespoon cornstarch 2 drops corn oil Zip-sealing plastic bag 1 tablespoon water Food coloring Microwave oven 43

44. What to do Place the cornstarch in the plastic bag. Add corn oil. Add water. Seal the bag, and then mix the ingredients by rubbing outside the bag with your fingers. Add two drops of any color food coloring to the mixture, seal and mix again. Open the zip seal just a tiny bit and put the bag in a microwave oven. Microwave on high 20–25 seconds. Be careful removing your plastic. It will be hot! While the plastic is still warm, shape it into a ball. If you want to see your ball degrade, just immerse it in water. 44

45. How it works Before heating, the starch and water molecules combine physically in a liquid mixture, but do not permanently attach. Heating causes the water molecules to move fast enough to penetrate and break up the starch granules, which then tangle together to form polymers. Because the polymers are weaker than commercial plastics,they readily break apart in water. 45

46. 46 MILK BASED BIOPLASTIC INGREDIENTS • 1 cup of milk • 2 tablespoons of vinegar for each cup of milk • spoon for stirring • fine strainer • container (to strain the mixture) • paper towels for clean up

47. DIRECTIONS 1. Pour the milk into a pan and warm it on the stove. Be careful not to boil. 2 .Move the pan from the heat. 3. Add vinegar to the warm milk and stir until it separates and the curds are well formed (about 1–2 minutes). 4 .Strain the mixture through the fine strainer. 5. Wait for the strained curds to completely cool (2–3 minutes). 6 .Wrap the curds in the cloth , hold them between your hands and squeeze out the extra liquid. 7 .The curds will be crumbly at first—press and knead them into a solid plastic. (A drop or two of glycerin will help to “plasticize” the mixture.) 8. Shape the plastic as you like—you may want to use cookie cutters to cut shapes. Let dry overnight . 47

48. T ypes of Environmental Pollution. 1 .       Air pollution 2 .       Water pollution 3.       Soil pollution 4.       Noise pollution 5 .       T hermal pollution 6 .       Plastic pollution 7 . Radioactive Pollution 48

49. 7 . Radioactive Pollution Radioactive pollution can be defined as the release of radioactive substances or high-energy particles into the air, water, or earth as a result of human activity, either by accident or by design. Manmade Sources of radioactive pollution nuclear weapon testing or detonation the nuclear fuel cycle , including the mining, separation, and production of nuclear materials for use in nuclear power plants or nuclear bombs. accidental release of radioactive material from nuclear power plants. N atural sources R adon gas emitted from beneath the ground, are considered pollutants when they become a threat to human health. 49

50. Bioremediation for radioactive pollution Brassica juncea  and  Brassica chinensis  grown in a U-contaminated soil to remove the U. Jianwei W. Huang , *  Michael J. Blaylock ,  Yoram Kapulnik , and Burt D. Ensley Phytotech Inc., 1 Deer Park Drive, Suite I, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852 Environ. Sci. Technol. ,  1998 ,  32  (13), pp 2004–2008 Helianthus annuus  in phytoremediation for uranium Beate Huhle , Herman Heilmeier  , Broder Merkel Book -Uranium, Mining and Hydrogeology Bacteria Clostridium is used for bioremediation for uranium contaminated areas . 50

51. Water hyacinth for phytoremediation of radioactive waste simulate contaminated with caesium and cobalt radionuclide's H.M. Saleh   ,Radioisotope Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, Dokki 12311, Giza, Egypt Sunflowers used as phytoremident for uranium in the  Chernobyl accident. Francis A. J. 1997. Biotechnology of Radioactive Wastes 51

52. 52 11/6/2013 THANK YOU “I have never in my life learned anything from any man who agreed with me“ - Dudley Field Malone