Management Of Construction And Demolition Waste

Management Of Construction And Demolition Waste

1. Management Of Construction And
Demolition Waste
Written by: Adithya Ambapurkar
College: JNAFAU SPA
Course and Year: B Planning 4th year
I am adithya living in Hyderabad city. I have studied my 10th class in Johnson Grammar School ICSE
board
Introduction
The construction industry in India is burgeoning. It has been growing annually at the rate of 10 per
cent over the last 10 years as against the world average of 5.5 per cent and is already at 10% of the
GDP. The built-up area is expected to surge almost five times from 21 billion sq ft in 2005 to
approximately 104 billion sq ft by 2030.
Buildings apart from requirement of water, energy and material also generate waste. Construction
and demolition (C&D) waste is generated in the construction, maintenance and disposal phases of a
building. This includes demolished structures debris, renovations in buildings and construction and
repair of road projects, flyovers, bridges, etc.
World Bank report 2012 says that about 1.3 billion tonne of solid waste per year is generated by
cities globally and this volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonne by 2025. About half the
solid waste generated worldwide and materials used are building materials
C&D waste can become an invaluable source of building material. There is a need to recycle, reuse
and substitute naturally sourced building materials such as sand due to recent controversy over sand
mining in India.
Gross understate of C&D waste generation in India
The Union ministry of forests and environment (MoEF) has acknowledged that there is no systematic
database on C&D waste.
India has constructed 5.75 billion sq m of new additional floor space from 2005 with almost one
billion sq m in 2013 according to Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
If a new construction generates an average of 50 kg per sq m, then India must have generated 50
million tonne (MT) of C&D waste in 2013 and over the last eight years, it would have produced 287
MT of this waste according to the Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council, or
TIFAC

2. Waste of 300-500 kg per sq m is produced due to demolition as per TIFAC. About 288 MT more C&D
waste would have been generated in 2013 due to demolition and rebuilding of 5% existing building
stock annually.
Waste of 40-50 kg per sq m is generated due to building repair. India in 2013 must have generated
an average of 193 MT of C&D waste as per TIFAC due to repair or renovation of 1/3
rd
of existing
building stock
Huge C&D waste of 530 MT is generated in India from buildings in 2013 which is 44 times higher
than the official estimate.
This waste is being used illegally to fill up water bodies and wetlands around urban centres for real
estate development and rest is just being dumped into rivers and open spaces.
No reuse in India
Indian laws permit the use of only naturally sourced building material according to CPWD. Concrete
can be made only with naturally accessed materials and this rule stipulated in IS: 323-1970 by BIS is
specified to avoid using recycled C&D waste
In the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) (MSWM) Rules, 2000 separate collection
of C&D waste is mentioned. Some basic guidelines on handling of C&D waste is provided which are
not binding in Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual of MOUD 2000.
The Working Group on Solid Waste was constituted by the MoEF in 2010. It is suggested by Sub-
Group on C&D waste that it is necessary to generate data on C&D waste and also recommended
waste segregation at source, development of waste collection institutional mechanisms, reuse and
reprocessing, charges to be imposed on C&D waste generators, standards formulation, and MSWM
Rules, 2000 amendments for ensuring collection, utilisation and safe disposal of C&D waste. The
recommendations were not included in the draft Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules of 2013
by the MoEF.
Lack of standardisation, not listing the construction techniques and cost-effective recycled building
material in the Indian Standard Codes and/or the Schedule of Rates (SOR), poor policy push and lack
of awareness are the key barriers.
The Bureau permits use of aggregates other than natural aggregates in plain concrete under IS: 456-
2000 and BIS does not forbid the use of any new material and initiative can be taken by any
authority to permit the use of recycled material according to Sunil Soni, director general of BIS.
Using Performance Appraisal Certification Scheme (PACS) by Building Material and Technology
Promotion Council (BMTPC), new products manufactured by using recycled waste in fact, any new
product, system or technique not covered so far by the BIS can be certified under this scheme after
evaluation and has been used to certify new construction material such as bamboo.
Crisis of building material and environment
Extensive damage has been caused to the environment; rivers injured, made many areas susceptible
to floods, and destroyed the crucial recharge zones due to haphazard mining of sand and other
minor minerals

3. To regulate mining of minor minerals and ensure environmental management; State Governments
have been told to amend the rules by Supreme Court in 2012. The National Green Tribunal (NGT)
declared sand mining without environmental clearance illegal on august 5
th
2013.
The shortage is so severe that several civic projects in India are facing delays. This is affecting the
construction of roads, bridges, canals and the housing crisis
Other strategies must be put in place to reduce demand of sand mining and other naturally sourced
materials
Types of C&D waste
Global best practices
Hong Kong
It has very stringent controls over C&D waste and imposes a construction waste charge on
developers due to serious land constraints to afford landfills. This system has lowered the quantity of
C&D waste needing disposal at landfills by 60 per cent.

4. 100 per cent waste utilisation is charged at HKD $27 per tonne while more than 50 per cent waste
needing landfill disposal is charged at HKD $125 per tonne to incentivise on site recycling and reuse.
C&D waste recycling centres are maintained and subsidised by the revenue generated and also tax
concessions are offered.
Hong Kong dismantles systematically instead of demolishing structures and generation of debris is
minimised by reuse and very efficient construction practices
Singapore
It recycles 98 per cent of its C&D waste and is a land constrained country
South Korea
Law on Acceleration of C&D Waste Reuse/Recycling 2005 provides for step-by-step demolition, and
utilisation of recycled aggregates.
Separate building codes has been adopted for recycled asphalt concrete aggregates, recycled
concrete aggregates, and road pavements.
Increased use of recycled C&D material is recommended by the Architectural Institute of Korea's
Standard Building Construction. Target of increasing effective recycling rate which is 36 per cent to
45 per cent by 2016 in Korea
European Union
Aggregates should be from natural, recycled, and manufactured material according to European
Standards for Aggregates 2004.
They do not discriminate between resources and focus on fitness of use. C&D waste is extensively
used in non-structural frameworks but not in structural and foundation frames in the EU.
United Kingdom
The Quality Protocol for the Production of Aggregates from Inert Waste was published in 2004 by
Northern Ireland Environment Agency
Almost 280 MT of aggregates which is 28 per cent of total C&D waste are used every year
US
New York has limited space for disposal as it is land locked and has stringent measures for C&D
waste which are more efficient than the rest of the US. The developers should segregate waste at
site, dismantle and not demolish, in addition to other measures.
Denmark and the Netherlands
Aggressive strategy to reuse C&D waste
Bricks and concrete forms 80% of its C&D waste that can be recycled to minimise pressure on land.
Case study of Delhi
In Delhi 3000 to 4000 tons per day (TPD) of C&D waste is generated

5. It is the responsibility of Municipal Corporation of Delhi to transport and dispose of unclaimed waste
according to Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957. The quantity of C&D waste generated in the city
is more than the total quantity collected and disposed by MCD.
Large amount of C&D waste is dumped illegally in barren areas like the Delhi Ridge and Yamuna
flood plains. Waste is disposed without any processing and there is no scientific method followed at
disposal site. Lack of space for storage and landfill are also issues of concern.
IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd (IEISL) in collaboration with MCD developed a
pilot project to demonstrate a scientifically managed process of C&D waste collection and recycling
in Delhi. It is the first project of organized management of C&D waste in the country, which can be
replicated by other cities in India.
This project predicts a collection mechanism for C&D waste, transportation to the designated
processing site for processing of waste and reclaiming of land by filling up, levelling and compaction.
It has been set up on a PPP model at Burari for a period of 10 years on seven acres of land provided
by MCD. This model is successful as it saves landfill space and also develops a market for C&D waste
recyclables
500 tonne per day (TPD) of C&D waste is being collected by IEISL from three designated zones of the
Delhi; Karolbagh, Sadar Paharganj and City. At the waste management facility this waste is being
recycled into aggregates and is converted to Ready Mix Concrete (RMC), pavement blocks, kerb
stones and concrete bricks. The products have been tested in various laboratories and found to be
suitable for the specific purposes and are actually being sold in the market.
IEISL had to constantly ameliorate the production process as well as the technology adopted for
recycling due to diverse nature of C&D waste generated
The products manufactured by the recycling plant are not selling well as there is lack of information
and confusion over the Indian Standards so IEISL is facing economic sustenance crisis
Case study of Bangalore
A unit is developed to crush and process 50 lorry loads of debris every day at Mallasandra on
‐
Hessarghatta road, by BBMP with direction of KSPCB

6. Actions taken:
For sustenance & viability combination of technologies for MSW processing has been
attempted.
Recyclables and inert rejects are going to the scientific landfill.
Attempt is being made to utilize all the recyclables.
In the construction of pavement roads small quantity of plastic is being used.
About 8% of Poly blend is mixed in the asphalt
There is an exposure of converting the plastics into diesel by following de
‐
polymerisation technology, which is yet to be implemented in large scale.
GPS/GPRS Based Tracking system is implemented for accountability of distance travelled by
vehicle.
To view the vehicles reached at the sites CCTV cameras have been installed at various points.
Ticketing system using Hand Held Device which collects the data and sends it to the central
server for monitoring and analysis is in place
Through GPRS truck numbers and operation schedule is automatically downloaded to the
Hand Held device.
Future changes and recommendations
BIS code on recycled material should be formed
Promote alternative material in buildings
Products made out of recycled C&D waste should be included in CPWD SOR
In the draft Municipal Solid Waste and Management Rules 2013 provisions on collection,
disposal and reuse of waste should be included
To minimise waste stimulate efficient construction practices
Promote use of alternative material in other infrastructure
Introduce tax policies to minimise waste generation and prevent unsafe disposal

7. Sources
Construction and Demolition Waste by CSE
https://cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/Construction-and%20-demolition-waste.pdf
URDPFI Guidelines