Mango breeding

Breeding of Mango, history, research, and availability of germplasm, hybridization in mango, caging technique, hybrids in mango etc.

1. MANGO BREEDING Lecture #1

2. MANGO ( Mangifera indica L . ) Origin : Indo-Burma Region. Chromosome number: (2n=4x=40) Choicest fruit crop India King of fruits The name M angifera is given by “ Botinus ” first time in 1658. It belongs to family “Anacardaceae” Indo-Burma region is believed to be the primary centre of mango. The name Mangifera indica is given by Linnaeus in 1753.

3. The Mangifera indica germplasm is divided into 2 groups. 1. Seedling races 2. Horticultural races Seedling races are wild and cultivated types, which are most common in Tropical Asia and almost all commercial cultivars of mango are from this type. Horticultural races: these are vegetatively propagating types. These include both Mono and Polyembryonic types. Monoembryonic types are predominant in India, South America, Africa and Florida. Polyembryonic types are predominant in North India.

4. Germplasm resources: India is home for Mango diversity where more than 1000 varieties are existing, which are widely distributed over agro-ecological regions of India. CISH (Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture), Lucknow has largest collection of mango (633 accessions), further, IIHR, IARI, Sabour (Bihar) are also maintaining the germplasm.

5. Important wild species: Species Potential use M. laurina , M. gedebe , M. grifith Root stock in inundated soils M. pentandra Good polliniser M.minor Resistant to anthracnose M.odorata , M.foetida Good quality M.zeylanica Salinity resistance M.pajang Can be peeled like banana

6. Breeding problems in Mango: long juvenility . high clonal Heterozygosity. one seed per fruit . recalcitrant seeds . Polyembryony . early post-zygotic auto-incompatibility. large area requirement for assessment of hybrids.

7. Breeding objectives : D warfness Precocity Profuse and regular bearing A ttractive , good sized and quality fruit A bsence of physiological disorders Disease and pest resistance and improved shelf life High Productivity

8. REPRODCUTIVE PHYIOLOGY Floral biology : Mango inflorescence is terminal with frequent emergence of the multiple axillary panicles. Both perfect (2-70%) and hermaphrodite flowers occur on the same panicle. Total number of flowers in each panicle is 1000-6000 depending upon the variety. Percentage of perfect flower varies from variety to variety (0.74-Rumani, 30.6% Dasheri , 42.9% C hausa , 69.8%Langra) Critical time of May-June and September-October.

9. Sex ratio and pollen abnormalities are the main problems in pollination eg : Occurrence of few abnormal flowers Anthesis starts early in the morning and completes at noon. Stigma receptivity remains for 72 h but most receptive period is for the first 6 h. Minimum pollen germination time is 1.5 h. Initial fruit set depends upon the ratio of the perfect to male flowers. Proportion of perfect flowers required for optimum fruit set must not be less than 1%.

10. Pollination: Mango is self-fertile but cross pollination increases fruit set. The pollination is mainly entemophilous. It was found that under natural pollination, about 40-60% perfect flowers failed to receive any pollen grain. Musca domestica , Melionia sps . Are reported to be mainly involved in pollination Self incompatibility reported in “ Dasheri ” and self unfruitfulness is reported in Langra , C hausa , Bombay green cultivars.

11. Hybridization: Mango inflorescence is amenable to Hybridization. There fore several hybrids are produced so far. In 1911 Burns and Prayag has initiated Hybridization work in Mango in Pune. Later, hybridization work begun at Research Stations Sabour and Kodur during early forties. Sabour has released two hybrids “Mahmud bahar ” and “ Prabha Shankar” from parental combination of Bombai X Kalapady . Later research work started in Sharanpur (UP) in 1950’s Later on several hybrids are released from IARI,IIHR, CISH, FRS Sangareddy , FRS Periakulam , AES Peria , FRS Vengurla .

12. Since all Mangifera species having same chromosome number i.e. 40, they can be easily inter crossable. Single day Pollination: limited no.of flowers are pollinated in a large number of panicles. Later after crossing the panicles are bagged with polythene bags or muslin cloths. CAGING Technique: This technique developed at IARI, New Delhi. This technique is followed in Self incompatible types.

13. Introduction: For incorporation of good colour and to boost the Mango exports some varieties are introduced. Eg. Tommy, Zilete , Haden, Sensation, Julie are colored varieties are introduced from Miami, F lorida. PI24927, M 4336 ( Cabrao ) from USA. EC201556 ( Cabrao ) from Philippines were introduced for regular bearing. Amolie and Sweet were Introduced from Belgium and Thailand resp.

14. Selection: The Florida varieties are leading varieties of world. In 1889 Introduction made from India in which Mulgoba became popular. Cultivar Haden was a seedling of Mulgoba. Subsequently many promising varieties became popular cultivars. Tommy Atkins from Haden, Keitt from Mulgoba, Dyke and Palmer from Unknown origin, Irwin from Lippins , Sensation from Unknown origin are some promising seedlings.

15. Clonal Selection : Dasheri 51 a clonal selection from CISH, Lucknow. Subhash a chance seedling from Zardalu ( Sabour ) Dasheri 35 a new clone from FRS, Sangareddy . Polyploidy : Vallaicollamban is tetraploid in nature. Biotechnology : Arka Anmol a somatic embryo is achieved through Somatic embryogenesis.