Mango insect pests and their management.

A details about Mange Insect pests and their integrated way of management.

1. Identification of Insect Pests of Mango
and their Management
1
Dr.SubhomaySinha

2. 2

3. Insect Pests of National Significance
NymphsandadultsofIdioscopusspeciessuck
sapfromtwigs,inflorescences,tenderleaves
andfruits.Affectedplanttissueturnsbrown,
maydeformanddryup.
Mango Hopper
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4. Damage symptoms due to Mango Hopper
Adultslayeggsonflowerbudsandinflorescence
stalk.
AdultsandNymphssucksapfromflowers,causing
dryingofflowersandsubsequentdropping.
Secretehoneydewandasaresult,sootymould
developscausinglessphotosynthesis.
Heavypuncturingandcontinuousdrainingofthe
sapcausescurlinganddryingoftheinfestedtissue
3-4generationscompletedinagrowingseason,
withapopulationbuildupinFebruary-Apriland
June-August.
Hoppersshelterinthecracksandcrevicesofthe
barkorundersidetheleavesofthetreesduringthe
offseason.
4

5. SootyMouldformationonmango
leavesduetoMangoHopper
infestation:-Asecondarysymptom.
Damage symptoms due to Mango
Hopper
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6. Control measures for Mango hoppers
Culturalcontrol:
1.PruningofdenseorchardsinthemonthofNovember-December,orchardsanitation
andfieldsanitation.
2.Keepthenurseryareaclean,freeofweedsandgrasses.
3.Removalofweedsandalternatehostplantslikehibiscus,custardapple,guavaetc.
4.Avoiddenseplantings,maintainedopencanopy;pruneovercrowdedoverlapping
branchesafterrainyseason.
5.Avoidexcessuseofnitrogenousfertilizers.
6.Smokingoforchardsbyburningofcropresidues/cowdungcakeduringeveninghours.BiologicalControl
:
Applicationofbio-agents,Metarhizium
anisopliae@1x108cfu/mlor
Beauveriabassiana@108cfu/mlon
treetrunkonceduringoffseasonand
twiceat7daysintervalduring
floweringseason.
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7. Control measures for Mango hoppers.
ChemicalControl:
Applicationofanyofthefollowinginsecticidesgivesagoodcontrol,butsprayshouldbe
doneonlyafterinsectpestpopulationcrossesitsETL.Firstsprayshouldbegivenatthe
earlystageofpanicleformation.Thesecondsprayatfull-lengthstageofpaniclesbut
beforefullbloomandthethirdsprayafterthefruitssetatpeasizestage.
•Buprofezin25%[email protected]/lofwater,5-15lpertree.
•Deltamethrin2.8%[email protected]%(0.33to0.5ml/lit)Asperfieldrequirement.
•Dimethoate30%EC@990-1320mlin600-800lofwater/acre.
•Imidacloprid17.8%SL@3ml/lofwater,10l/tree.
•Lambda-cyhalothrin5%[email protected]/lofwater.
•Malathion50%EC@900-1200mlin600-800lofwater/acre.
•Monocrotophos36%SL@600-800mlin200-800lofwater/acre.
•Oxydemeton–methyl25%EC@600-800mlin600-800lofwater/acre.
•Thiamethaxam30FS(0.05%)
A rational rotation of insecticide is desirable to counteract the tendency of pest to
develop field resistance.
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8. Some insecticide used for controlling
Mango hoppers.
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9. Mango Mealybug
Mealybugattacks every part of the plant.
Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and
reduce the vigour of the plant.
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10. Sooty mould formation on mangoes due to mealybuginfestation
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11. 11

12. 1)ThefemaleadultmealybugcrawlsdownthetreeinthemonthofApril-Mayandenterin
thecracksinthesoilforlayingeggs.
2)Justafterhatching,theminutenewlyhatchedpinktobrowncolourednymphscrawlup
thetree.
3)Afterclimbingupthetree,theystartsuckingthesapoftenderplantparts.
4)Onlynymphsandfemalemealybugsareharmfulastheysuckplantsap.Maledonoteat
anything.
5)Theyareconsideredmoreimportantbecausetheyinfestthecropduringtheflowering
season.
Mango Mealy bug:
Nature of infestation
Culturalcontrol:
1.FloodingoforchardwithwaterinthemonthofOctoberkilltheeggs.
2.PloughingoforchardinNovemberandrakingofsoilaroundtreetrunkhelpstoexposethe
eggstonaturalenemiesandsun.
3.Removalofweeds.
4.Fasteningofalkathenesheet(400gauge)/greasebandof25cmwideafterwardsmud
plasteringoftrunkat30cmabovethegroundinthemiddleofDecemberhelpsin
preventingjuvenilemealybugtoplantandtherebyminimiseinfestation.
5.DestructionofinfestedfallenleavesInJuly–August.
Control measures for Mango mealybug.
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13. Mealybugsareknowntobribeantswiththeir
sugarysecretion(honeydew)andinreturn
antshelpinspreadingofmealybugsand
provideprotectionfrompredatorladybird
beetle,parasitesandothernaturalenemies.
13

14. Inflorescence Midge
The midge infests and damages the crop in three different stages.
1.Thefirstattackisatthefloralbudburststage.Theeggsareaid
onnewlyemerginginflorescence;thelarvaetunneltheaxisand
thusdestroytheinflorescencecompletely.Thematurelarvae
makesmallexitholesintheaxisoftheinflorescenceandslip
downintothesoilforpupation.
2.Whenthetenderfruitsareattackedinsecondterm,they
slowlyturnyellowandfinallydrop.
3.Thethirdattackisontendernewleavesencirclingthe
inflorescence.Themostdamagingoneisthefirstattackinwhich
theentireinflorescenceisdestroyedevenbeforefloweringand
fruiting.
Control: As the larvae pupate in the soil, ploughing of the orchard expose pupating larvae to
sun helps in killing them. Spraying of 0.05% Fenetrothionor 0.045% Dimethoateat the bud
burst stage of the inflorescence is effective.
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15. Inflorescence Midge larvae feeding on mango inflorescence
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16. Mango Fruitfly
•Thefemalepuncturestheouterwallofthemature
fruitswithitspointedovipositorandinserteggs
insidethemesocarpofmaturefruits.
•Afterhatching,thelarvafeedsonthepulpoffruit
whichappearsnormalfromoutside,butdrops
downfinally.Thematuremaggotsfalldowninto
thesoilforpupation.
•TheemergenceoffruitflystartsfromAprilonwards
andthemaximumpopulationisrecordedduring
May-July,whichcoincideswithfruitmaturity.
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17. Culturalcontrol:
1.Priortoharvest(30-40daysahead)collectanddisposedoffinfestedandfallenfruits
topreventfurthermultiplicationandcarry-overofpopulation.
2.PloughingoforchardduringNovember-Decembertoexposepupaetosun’sheat
whichkillsthem.
3.Ifinfestationisheavy,baitsplashonthetrunkonly,onceortwiceatweeklyintervalis
recommended.Topreparebaitsplash,mix100gmofjaggeryinonelitreofwaterand
add1-2mlofdeltamethrinbyusinganoldbroom.
4.ManagingfruitfliesalsoreducesMangoanthracnosediseaseandpreventslatefruit
fall.
Mechanicalcontrol:
1.Maleannihilationtechnique:Setupflytrapusingmethyleugenol.Preparemethyl
eugenol1ml/lofwater+1mlofmalathionsolution.
2.Take10mlofthismixturepertrapandkeepthemat25differentplacesinoneha
between6and8am.
3.Collectanddestroytheadultflies.
Control measures for Mango Fruit Fly.
Physical control:
Hot water treatment of fallen mature fruits at 48 ±1 ºC for 4 -5 min
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18. Different types of Mango Fruit Fly Traps
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19. Chemicalcontrol:Theadultfruitfliescanalsobecontrolledbybaitsprays.
Baitspraycanbepreparedbycombininganyoneoftheinsecticidesasgiven
belowandproteinhydrolysateormolassesorjaggery@10gmperliterof
waater.
1.fenthion10EC1ml/l,
2.malathion50EC2ml/l,
3.dimethoate30EC1ml/l,
4.carbaryl50WP4g/l.
Spraythemixtureat2weeksintervalbeforeripeningoffruits.
[email protected]/l
tokillthepupa.
Control measures for Mango Fruit Fly.
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20. Mango Scale Insects
Thenymphsandadultscalessuckthesapoftheleavesandothertenderpartsandreduce
thevigouroftheplants.Theyalsosecretehoneydew,whichhelpsinthedevelopmentof
sootymouldonleavesandothertenderpartsofthetree.Incaseofseverescaleinfestation,
growthandfruitbearingcapacityofthemangotreeisaffectedadversely.
Control:Pruningoftheheavilyinfestedplantpartsandtheirimmediatedestructionfollowed
bytwospraysofMonocrotophos(0.04%)orDimethoate(0.06%)atanintervalof20daysis
veryeffectiveincontrollingthescalepopulation.
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21. Mango Scale Insects
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22. •Eggsarelaidontheundersurfaceofleaves.
•Onhatchingmaggotsboreinsideleaftissue,andfeedwithin,resultinginformation
ofsmallraisedwart-likegallsonleaves.
•Affectedleavesgetdeformedanddropprematurely.
Mango leaf gall midge
Control
Ifinfestationissevere,especiallyinyoungorchards,spraydimethoate,phosphamidonor
monocrotophos.
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23. Mango seed / stone weevil
The pulp adjacent to the affected stone is seen discoloured when the fruit is cut
open.
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24. Mango seed/ stone weevil
Close-up of an egg-laying mark of
mango seed weevil
Grub of mango seed weevil Adult mango seed weevilCultural control:
Collection and destruction of infested and fallen fruits at weekly interval till fruit harvest.
Ploughing of orchard after harvest to expose hibernating adults, therefore reduces infestation. Destroy all
left over seeds in the orchard and also in the fruit processing industries.
Chemicalcontrol:
SprayingDimethoate(0.1%)twiceat15daysintervalwhenfruitsareofmarblesize.
Spraymaintrunk,primarybranchesandjunctionofbranchespriortoflowing(November,December)with
carbaryl(0.2%)orfenthion(0.1%)[email protected]/ltocontrolbeetleshidinginthebark.
[email protected]/lwhenfruitsareoflimesize(2.5-4cmdiameter)followedbyDeltamethrin28
EC@1ml/laftertwoorthreeweeks.
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25. Thedamageiscausedbygrubseithertorootsorstems.Thegrubsafterhatchingfromeggsfirst
feedonbarkandmakeirregularcavities.Itmakestunnelswhichmayeitherbeinboring
upward,resultingindryingofbranches.Thecaterpillarspinsbrownzig-zagribbon-likesilken
webontreewhichconsistsoftheirexcretaandwoodparticles.Larvaealsomakesheltertunnels
insidewheretheyrest.
Mango bark eating caterpillar
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26. Mango Bark-eating caterpillar
Management
1.Keeporchardcleanandhealthy.
2.Cleantheinfestedholeandputemulsionof
quinalphos(0.05%)ineachholeandplugthem
withmud.
3.Drenchstemthoroughlywithquinalphos(0.05%)/
chlorpyriphos(0.02%)whenincidenceishigh.
4.Placementofpetrolsoakedcottonswabinsidethe
borewholeandsubsequentpluggingwithmudis
alsoeffective.
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27. Mango Leaf webber
Symptoms:Initiallycaterpillarsfeedonleafsurfacegregariouslybyscrapping.Laterthey
makewebontendershootsandleavestogetherandfeedwithin.Severalcaterpillarsmay
befoundinasinglewebbedupclusterofleaves
Management
Pruningofovercrowdedandoverlappingbranchesandmechanicalremovalofinfestedwebs
byleafwebremovingdeviceandburningthem.
Ploughingoforchardchecksitspopulationbydestroyingthehybernatingpupae.
TwotothreesprayscommencingfromlastweekofJulywithcarbaryl(0.2%)orquinalphos
(0.05%).Thisspaywillalsotakecareofmangopsylla(Apsyllacistellata).
Theuseofsamechemicalforeverysprayshouldbeavoided.
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28. Mango Leaf webberinside its web
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29. MangoShootgallpsylla
.
ShootgallpsyllaisamonophagouspestofmangoinnorthernIndia.Nymphsemerge
duringAugust-Septemberandsuckcellsapfromadjacentbuds.Asaresultoffeeding,buds
developintohardconicalgreengalls.ThegallsareusuallyseenduringSeptember-October.
Consequentlythereisnofloweringandfruitsetting.Nymphsoverwinterinsidethegalls.
Mango shoot gall psylla
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30. ChemicalManagementofmangoshootgallphylla
1.Gallswithnymphsshouldbecollectedanddestroyed.
2.Spraydimethoate(0.06%)orquinalphos(0.05%)atfortnightlyintervalstartingfromAugust.
3.SprayProfenophos@2ml/litrewhichishavingovicidalactionduringthesecondweekof
March.
4.Spray2,4-D(150ppm,ie150mg/literofwater)duringOctoberwhichopensthegallsand
nymphscomeoutandarekilledwithcold.
5.Newmangoorchardinhumidregionneedtobediscouraged.
CulturalmanagementofMangoshootgallpsylla
:practiceofremovalofeggsbearingleavesfromashootduringMarchlastweekwhich
decreasesnumberofshootgallformation.
Mechanicalmanagementofmangoshootgallpsylla
Pruningofshootsupto30cmwhichbearsgallsduringSeptembertocheckfurtherspreadof
incidence
Management of Mango shoot gall psylla
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31. MangoShoot-borer
LarvaeboreintoyoungtenderleavesduringAugustandfreshlyhatchedcaterpillarbore
intomidrib.Afteracoupleofdays,theyboreintotendershootsnearthegrowingpoint
tunnelingdownward,throwingtheirexcretaresultingindroppingofleavesandwiltingof
terminalshoots.
Mango shoot borer
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32. Management of Mango Shoot Borer
1.Attacked shoots should be clipped off and destroyed.
2.Spraycabarylorquinalphos(0.05%)atfortnightlyintervalfromthecommencementof
newflush.
Mango shoot borer
Downwardtunnellinginterminalshootscausedbydarkpinkcaterpillarwithdirtyspotsis
seen.Abnormalstuntingwithbunchyappearanceofterminalbranchisseenunderhigh
severityofattackbyshootborer.
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33. Symptoms of mango shoot borer
infestation
Tip drying
Multiple branch formation
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34. Mango stem borer
Thegrubsfeedby
tunnelingthebarkof
branchesandmain
stem.Sheddingof
leavesanddryingof
terminalshootstakes
placeinearlystageof
attackwhiledamage
tomainstemcauses
treedeath.Chewed
foodmatteralong
withexcretaisseenat
theinfestationsite.
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35. 1.Growtolerantmangovarietiesviz.,Neelam,Humayudin
2.Removeanddestroydeadandseverelyaffectedbranchesofthetree
3.Avoidinjuryatthebaseoftrunkwhilepruning
4.Removealternativehostslikemoringa,silkcottoninthenearvicinityofmangoplant.
5.Duringoff-season,applyabsorbentcottonsoakedin10mlmonocrotophos36SLper
treebypaddingwithoutunnecessarilyinjuringthetrunk.
6.Useaneedleorlongwiretopulloutthegrubsfromtheboreholes.Theboreholes
maybefilledwithDDVP@5mlormonocrotophos36WSC10to20mlorone
celphostablet(3galuminumphosphide)orapplycarbofuran3G5gperholeand
plugwithclay+copperoxychloridepaste.
7.SwabCoaltar+Kerosene@1:2orCarbaryl50WP20g/L(basalportionofthe
trunk-3feetheight)afterscrapingtheloosebarktopreventovipositionbyadult
beetles.
Mango stem borer Management
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36. Mango stem borer infested plant
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37. Nymphsandadultslaceratethetissuesandsucktheoozingcellsap.Thripsfeedson
leaves,florescence,andyoungfruits.Leaffeedingspeciesfeedonmesophylltissues
nearleaftips.Affectedleavesshowsilveryshine,leafedgescurlsupwardandbear
smallspotsoffaecalmatter.Affectedfruitsshowcorkyappearance.
Iftheinfestationissevere,canbecontrolledbyeitherdimethoate(0.1.5%)or
Monocrotophos(0.1%).SprayingofAbamectin,Azadirachtin,Deltamethrin,Lambda-
cyhalothrinorLufenuronintheirrecommendeddosecancontrolthispest..
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Mango Thrips

38. Damage symptoms by mango Thrips
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39. Symptoms:AmajorpestinOrissa,WestBengalandCoastalAndhraPradesh.Pestisactive
fromJanuarytoMay.Adultslayeggsonfruits.Afterhatchinglarvaeboreintofruits.Fully
growncaterpillars(25mm)haveredbandsonbodyalternatingwithwhitebands.
Caterpillarsboreintothefruitatthebottom(beakregion)andfeedinsidereachingKernels.
Entranceholeispluggedwithexcreta.Affectedfruitsrotandfallprematurely.
Management
1.Collectionoffruitsanddeadwoodafterfruitharvest.
2.Destroyallfallenfruits.
3.Sprayfenthion(0.1%)atmarblesizeonwardsandrepeatwithDeltamethrin28EC@1ml/l
aftertwoweeksincaseofheavyinfection.
4.Nosprayshouldbegivenfortnightbeforeharvest.
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MangoFruitborer

40. MangoFruitborerinfestedfruits
40

41. Symptoms:Tinycaterpillarsmineunderthedorsalepidemicsoftenderleavesandfeedwithin;
asaresultgrayishwhiteblistersappearonleaves.
Management
Clipped off destroy the affected shoots.
Spray quinalphos(0.05%) or fenthion(0.1%) from the emergence of new flush.
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Mango Leaf miner

42. Redtreeant
Symptoms:Theantswebandstitchtogetherafewleaves,usuallyatthetopofthe
branchesandbuildtheirnests.Theantsarecarnivorousandpreyuponsmallinsects.
However,indirectdamageiscausedbyprotectinginsectslikeaphidsandscales,which
excretehoneydew
Management
1.Nestsshouldberemovedanddestroyedmechanicallybywebcuttingdevice.
2.Sprayinganycontactinsecticides,likequinalphos,orChlorpyriphosorDimethoateafter
disturbingthenest.
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43. Thank You.
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