Mango ProductionIPDM Andhra Pradesh technology.pptx

Mango Integrated Pest and disease management

1. Mango Production Technology

2. Best Management Practices in Mango Cultural Management Fertilizer Management Weed management Intercropping Water management Flower and fruit care management Physiological Disorders Pests and Disease management

3. Cultural Management Soil characteristics: Sandy loam,relatively rich in organic matter Good drainage (very important) pH 6.0-7.0 flat to slightly rolling terrain Climatic condition Distinct wet and dry season (4 to 5 months dry priod ) Temperature of 21 to 30 degree celsius No strong winds Elevation 400 meters ideal for growing mango After area selection, the mango grower is advised to plant the recommended mango varieties/strains

4. Planting The plantation of mango should be taken up in June- July. In areas with heavy rainfall planting should be done at the end of rainy season. The pit of size 1m x 1m x 1m should be dug and filled with top soil, well mixed with 25 kg farmyard manure and 2 kg superphosphate and 100 gm of Folidol powder to avoid termite damage. The graft should be planted with ball of earth and press the soil all around the base. The graft joint should be above ground level. Stake the plant to prevent wind damage. Remove root-stock sprouts below the graft joint.

5. Type of Planting Spacing (m) No of plants per acre Traditional 10x10 40 Medium density planting 8x8 62 5x5 160 Ultra High density planting 2.5x2.5 640 3x2 666 Spacing

6. Advantages of UHDP vis -a- vis traditional mango cultivation Particular Planting Type Traditional Medium Density Ultra High Density Gestation Period (years) 7-9 4-5 3-4 Duration to reach full potential (years) 12-15 7-8 4-5 Yield Potential Medium High Very High Orchard Management Activities Pruning Very difficult Manageable Easy Spray operation Difficult Manageable Easy Spray efficiency Very Poor Fairly Good Good Harvest Very Difficult Possible Very Easy Expected yield at maturity (t/ha) 1. High volume varieties 10-12 18-20 20-25 (expected) 2. Low volume varieties 5-6 8-10 12-15 (expected) Expected annual income ( Lakh Rs/ha) 1. High volume varieties (@Rs4/kg) 0.40 - 0.48 0.72 - 0.80 0.80 - 1.00 2. Low volume varieties (@Rs10/kg) 0.50 - 0.60 0.80 - 1.00 1.20 - 1.50 Commercial orchard life (years) upto 50 30-35 20-25

7. Manures and fertilizers Sowing of the green manure crop (20 kg sun hemp/10 kg diancha /acre) with the onset of monsoon Fertilizer and incorporating 45 days after sowing. 10kg FYM, 2.5kg  bonemeal , 1kg  Potassium sulphate NPK to the plant 1 yr 100gm each, 2 yr 200gm each, 5 yr 500gm each

8. Fertilizers 1 st year 5 th year 10 th year and onwards Urea 220 g 1080g 2175g SSP 625g 3120g 6250g MOP 160g 800g 1670g Fertilizers should be applied through placement in circular trenches around the trunk. For the 10 years age and above trees the fertilizer should be applied at 1.5 m away from the trunk.

9. Zinc deficiency The leaves become small and narrow Inter nodal length is reduced drastically Leaves gives rosette appearance. Pale inferential areas and green veins are typical of zinc deficient leaves. Small plants with severe zinc deficiency may die. Alkaline, saline and sandy soils Management Zinc deficiency can be rectified by spraying of zinc sulphate 5 g +10g urea /1water twice at 15 days interval

10. Boron Deficiency Cracking of fruit is the characteristic symptom of boron deficiency. Lusterless leathery leaves with thickened veins are the other associated symptoms. Brown areas in yellow fruit pulp are conspicuous. Management Application of 250gm boron per tree (10-15 year old) with recommended dose of manures during July-August.

11. Iron Deficiency The leaves loose green colour and turn white and is called “Bleaching”. The size of the leaf is reduced. In severe cases of iron deficiency, the leaves dry from tip downwards. The deficiency is common in soils with high calcium content. Hence, the effect is known as “calcium induced iron chlorosis ”. Management Two sprays at fortnight interval with ferrous sulphate 2.5 g per liter.

12. Potassium Deficiency Scorching of leaf margins Scorching starts from tip downwards. Fruit quality is reduced. Trees with potassium deficiency are easily prone to pest and disease attack. Management Application of 1 kg muriate of potash or sulphate of potash along with 2 kg urea and 6 kg super phosphate during July-August Dropped leaves should also be incorporated along with manures to enrich the soil health and fertility

13. Micro Nutrient Management For the correction of micronutrient deficiency, spraying of ZnSO 4  @ 5 g + Borax @ 2 g + Ferrous sulphate @ 2.5g + Calcium sulphate @ 2g + Magnesium sulphate @ 3g per litre and spray in the months of June- July, September- October and December- January. Spraying of KNO 3  @ 10 g/l during November helps in opening of the flower bud and uniform flowering.

14. Intercropping Inter crops like vegetables, low growing field crops and fruits like Phalsa or Papaya can be profitably grown in alleys in young orchards. Red gram is not advisable as it is an alternative host to mealy bug. In old orchards shade tolerating crops like ginger, turmeric etc., can be taken. Two ploughing in the inter spaces, once at the beginning and another at the end of the monsoon  keep the orchard weed free and facilitate rain water percolation.

15. Mulching Mulching is needed to conserve moisture. It also serves as a source of organic matter. No prescribed amount of mulch is used but more is better. To prepare mulch, place field waste or residues around the base of the trunk, few inches away from the stem to prevent pest problems. Commonly used mulching materials are rice straws, rice hills, sugarcane  bagasse ,  chopped weeds and banana stalks.

16. Irrigation Mango responds well to irrigation, particularly at fruit set and developmental phases. The young plants at bearing stage should be irrigated frequently. In bearing trees, for obtaining good flowering, irrigation must be stopped at least 2 months before flowering period. Stopping of irrigation creates stress and encourages flower bud formation.

17. Irrigation should be given fruit set and thereafter at regular intervals during fruit development period, beginning from fruit set stage to full development stage. For better quality irrigation should be stopped 20-30 days before maturity/harvesting the crop.

18. As far as possible irrigation should be given with drip system. Drip irrigation not only conservers water but also increases water use efficiency. For conservation of rain water, rows (in rectangular system of planting) should be along the contour in sloppy locations.

19. Plant age No. of drips/plant Liters / plant/day Drip distance from plant stem 2 years 1 emitter 4 15cm 2-4 years 2 emitters 25 45cm 5-10 years 4 emitters 90 60cm > 10 years 6 emitters 120 100cm

20. Flower regulation: Mango requires low temperature for initiation of flowering. This requirement can be replaced by water stress. However, if there are no rains during flowering season, flowering is delayed. Hence, one copious irrigation at this time helps in floral bud burst. Care for healthy crop: Spraying Urea 10 g + 5 g Zinc sulphate per L of water in June for invigorating the trees and over coming zinc deficiency Timely application of fertilizer and irrigation Application of booster dose of 0.5 kg Urea and 0.25 kg of MoP during October Spraying Multi-K@ 10 g per L of water during November (sprays 2-3) Ploughing twice ; July-Aug and Sep-Oct Smog

21. మామిడి తోటల్లో పూత, కాత మరియు సస్యరక్ష్యణ చర్యలు మామిడిలో పూత సాధారణంగా డిసెంబర్ నెల ఆఖరి వారంలో వస్తుంది. డిసెంబర్ నెల ఆఖరున పూమొగ్గలు బయటకు వచ్చి పూత అంత కూడా రావడానికి జనవరి నెల ఆఖరికి పడుతుంది. ఒక పూకొమ్మలో సుమారు 2 నుంచి 3 వేల పుష్పాలు ఉంటాయి. ఈ పూతలో 90-98 శాతం పుష్పాలు రాలిపోతాయి. ఒక పూరెమ్మకు 5 నుండి 6 పిందెలు కడతాయి. ఈ 5 నుండి 6 పిందెలలో చివరికి ఒకటి నుంచి రెండు పిందెలు మాత్రమే ఎదిగి కాయలుగా మారుతాయి. కావున పిందె దశలో ఎక్కువ పిందెలు రాలకుండా తగు జాగ్రత్తలు వహించాలి.

22. పూత రాలడానికి కారణాలు మామిడిలో పూత రాలటం సహజం, మొగ్గ పుష్పాలు, ఫలదీకరణ చెందని పుష్పాలు రాలిపోతాయి. అధిక ఉష్ణోగ్రత, నీటి ఎద్దడి, అధిక తేమ, బూడిద తెగుళ్ళు, తేనెమంచు, హార్మోన్ల లోపం వలన పిందె కాయ రాలిపోతుంది.

23. మామిడి పిందెలు బఠాణి సైజు, నిమ్మకాయ సైజుల మధ్య ఉన్నప్పుడు తేలికపాటి నీటి తడినివ్వాలి. ప్లానోఫిక్స్ 1 మి.లీ. 4.5 లీటర్ల నీటిలో కలిపి బఠాణి సైజు మరియు నిమ్మకాయ సైజులో పిచికారి చేయాలి. 1 శాతం యూరియాను ( 10 గ్రాముల యూరియా + లీటరు నీటిలో కలిపి) నిమ్మకాయ సైజులో ఒకసారి, 20 రోజుల తరువాత రెండవసారి పిచికారి చేసి పిందె రాలడాన్ని నివారించుకోవచ్చు. లేదా 10 గ్రాములు మల్టీకె ( 13:0:45 ) లీటరు నీటికి కలిపి పిచికారి చేసి కూడా నివారించుకోవచ్చు.

24. Management of irregular bearing using Paclobutrazol ( cultar) Dose per tree : 3.2 ml / meter canopy diameter The recommended dose of cultar is dissolved in 10 – 15 litres water and applied in the fertilizer ring, 1.0-1.5m from the trunk where the feeding roots are present Time of application is 90-100 days before flowering in the month of September. Method of paclobutrazol ( cultar) use Use of paclobutrazol ( cultar) in trees above 25 years of age

25. Adequate moisture needs to be maintained for 25-30 days after application of Paclobutrazol Recommonded dose of fertilizers are required to be adopted and application of organic manure is essential. Use of Paclobutrazol should be adopted in the Off years Flowering in off year in paclobutrazol ( cultar) treated tree Heavy fruiting

26. పూత, కాయ దశ ఆశించే చీడ పీడలు సస్యరక్షణ చర్యలు పిచికారి చేసే సమయం పూ మొగ్గ దశ తేనె మంచు పురుగు, పిండినల్లి, మసితెగులు, పక్షికన్ను తెగులు ప్రొఫెనొఫోస్ 2 మి.లీ. + గంధకం 2 గ్రా. డిసెంబర్ 15-30 పచ్చి పూత దశ తేనె మంచు పురుగు, బూడిద తెగులు ఇమిడాక్లోప్రిడ్ 0.3 మి.లీ. + హెక్సాకొనజోల్ 2 మి.లీ. జనవరి 15-30 నల్ల పూత దశ తేనె మంచు పురుగు, తామర పురుగులు, బూడిద తెగులు, పక్షికన్ను తెగులు ఎసిఫేట్ 1 గ్రా + థయోఫెనేట్ మిథైల్ 1 గ్రా. ఫిబ్రవరి 15-25 గోళీ కాయ దశ కాయ తొలుచు పురుగు, పిండినల్లి, పక్షికన్ను తెగులు, తొడిమకుళ్ళు తెగులు క్లోరీపైరిఫాస్ 2.5 మి.లీ. + కార్బెండిజిమ్ 1 గ్రా. మార్చి 1-15 మామిడిలో పూ మొగ్గ దశ నుండి గోళీ కాయ దశ వరకు నెలవారిగా చేపట్టవలసిన సస్యరక్షణ చర్యలు

27. Mango hoppers Damage is caused by sucking sap from tender leaves and inflorescence. Severely infested leaves become curled and inflorescence gets dried. Affected parts are covered with honeydew and sooty mould. Spray Imida cloprid @ 0.3 ml/ litre of water if incidence of hoppers is high (more than 5-10 per panicle). After fruit set at pea size stage spraying with imida cloprid @ 0.3 ml/ litre of water or thiamethoxam @ 0.4 gm/ litre of water.

28. Fruit fly Set up methyl eugenol trap in the orchard @ 10/h. Trap consist of 1 ml eugenol + 2 ml malathion /l. Males are trapped. Rackingup of soil below the tree and drench with chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/l Collection and destruction of affected fruits

29. Stem borer Damage is caused by the grub of this beetle as it feeds inside the stems, boring upwards and resulting in drying of branches and  in severe cases attacked tree is killed.  Grubs with robust body feeding on inside tissues will be observed when there is severe infestation. The grubs can be extracted through hooked wires and then destroyed. The insect can  be controlled by injecting in hole Celphos ( aluminium phosphate)  one tablet (3g) per hole and then holes may be sealed with mud 

30. Leaf webber The infestation is severe in shady conditions. Old orchards The larvae web the leaves and the terminal shoots into clusters which harbor several of them in the initial stage. The larvae are gregarious in the beginning and feed by scrapping the leaf surface. Late instar larvae feed on whole leaf lamina leaving only midrib. Control Prune the infested shoots and destroy them along with larvae during April – July. After pruning 2 to 3 sprays starting from last week of July at 15 days interval with profenofos or chlorpyriphos 0.05%

31. Thrips Thrips appear during flowering and fruiting stages During January on flowers and developing fruits causing ‘ Mangu ’ though initial infestation result in flower drop. Their impact on young fruits are seen in terms of rough surface as well as deshaping of fruits. Control Spraying thiamethoxam @ 0.4 gm / litre of water or acephate 1.5 ml/ lt of water or fipronil 2 ml / lt of water.

32. Powdery mildew Powdery mildew causes 70-80 per cent crop loss White superficial powdery fungal growth on leaves, stalks of panicles, flowers and young fruits. The affected flowers and fruits drop pre-maturely Rains or mists accompanied by cooler nights during flowering are congenial Control Spray Azoxystrobin 0.1% or Hexaconazole 0.1% or Nativo 0.1% or Myclobutanil 0.1%

33. Anthracnose The anthracnose disease causes serious losses to young shoots, flowers and fruits High humidity, frequent rains and a temperature of 24-32oC. It is also affects fruits during storage. The disease produces leaf spot; blossom blight, withertip , twig blight and fruit rot symptoms. Tender shoots and foliage are easily affected which cause die back of young branches.

34. Older twigs may also be infected through wounds which in severe cases may be fatal. Control Dead twigs should be pruned Trees may be sprayed twice with Carbendazim @ 1g/lit or Thiophenate methyl 1g/lit at 15 days interval during flowering to control blossom infection. Spraying of copper fungicides (0.3%) is recommended for the control of foliar infection.

35. Die back disease Drying of twigs and branches followed by complete defoliation, which gives the tree an appearance of scorching by fire. Discoloration and darkening of the bark. Leaf turns brown and its margins roll upwards. Exudation of yellowish brown gum. Control: Pruning of the diseased twigs 2-3 inches below the affected portion and spraying Copper Oxychloride (0.3%) on infected trees controls the disease. The cut ends of the pruned twigs are pasted with Copper Oxychloride (0.3%).

36. Sooty mould The disease is common in the orchards where mealy bug, scale insects and hoppers are not controlled efficiently. Presence of a black sooty mould on the leaf surface. Honey dews secretions from insects stick to the leaf surface and provide necessary medium for fungal growth. Control   Pruning of affected branches and their prompt destruction followed by spraying of Wettasulf (0.2%) + gum acacia (0.3%) helps to control the disease.

37. Blossom Blight Blossom appears blighted from the bud swelling stage Panicles do not develop fully Spray Chlorothalinil @ 0.2% or Dithane Z-78 @ 0.2% or Carbendazim @ 0.1% or Thiophanate methyl @ 0.1%

38. Mango malformation: Vegetative shoots at the growing tip and transformation of floral parts into compact mass of sterile flowers and giving appearance like “bunchy top” Two types: Vegetative and floral malformation Spraying of 200 ppm NAA with a fungicide and acaricide in October followed by deblossoming at bud-burst stage is known to give control over this melody. Cyclohexamide at 50 ppm can be used for deblossoming .

39. Harvesting Mangoes are generally harvested at physiologically mature stage and ripened for optimum quality. Fruits are hand picked or plucked with a harvester. During harvesting, the latex trickles down the fruit surface from the point of detachment imparting a shabby appearance to it upon storage.

40. Care for healthy crop Spraying Urea 10 g + 5 g Zinc sulphate per L of water in June for invigorating the trees and over coming zinc deficiency Timely application of fertilizer and irrigation Application of booster dose of 0.5 kg Urea and 0.25 kg of MoP during October Spraying Multi-K@ 10 g per L of water during November (sprays 2-3) Ploughing twice ; July-Aug and Sep-Oct Smog

41. Papaya pests and disease management

42. Damping off

43. Stem rot of Foot rot

44. Anthracnose

45. Mealy bug

46. Fruitfly

47. Viral diseases

48. Thank you