Mangrove

Mangroves are The unique intertidal forests at the edge of land and sea.

1. Mangrove Done by :Sumaiah alghamdi Submitted to : Dr.Mai E lobied

2. Content Introduction Definitions Geographical distribution Location Classification & Types Zonation Adaptation Importance Mangrove habitat Human effects Conservation of mangroves Mangrove in Saudi Arabia References

3. Introduction Mangroves are The unique intertidal forests at the edge of land and sea. Mangroves contain approximately 70 vegetation species in 40 genera. Mangroves form highly productive ecosystems, providing habitat for marine and terrestrial species. Mangroves are often a huge community of trees & shrubs of different species. Live in two worlds at once, acting as the interface between land and sea.

4. Definition Mangroves refer to the coastal trees or shrubs that are adapted to estuarine or even saline environment. Mangroves are plants that grow between the highest tidal level and the same level or higher than sea level The mangrove is the only trees that are capable of tolerant large amount of salt in water ( halophytes ) . Mangrove known as Mangal the Portuguese language from mangue (tree) and grove (stand of trees) which is used for trees and shrubs that are found in shallow, sandy or muddy areas.

5. Definition…cont Mangrove forests or Mangals are a type of intertidal wetland ecosystems. Mangals : Terms such as mangrove community, mangrove ecosystem, mangrove forest, mangrove swamp, and mangal are used interchangeably to describe the entire mangrove community.

6. Geographical distribution They are generally distributed above and below the equator (in the tropics and subtropics coasts). This distribution is locally extended by warm sea currents and decreased by cold ones. Mangroves are also sensitive to below zero temperatures and damaged by storms. According to FAO about one third of the world’s mangroves are found in Asia (39%), followed by Africa (21%) and North and Central America (15%).

7. Geographical distribution..cont

8. Geographical distribution..cont

9. Geographical distribution..cont Brazil has extensive mangrove habitats but they are declining . Malaysia is one of top ten countries with the largest extent of mangroves in the world Indonesia possesses the most mangrove forestland of any country, but they are in decline. Australia has extensive mangrove habitats and are protected and stable.

10. Location Mangroves complex ecosystems grow best in sheltered areas with low wave energies. High wave energies destroy the shallow root systems of Mangroves.

11. Classification & Types Classification Mangroves can be categorized into two groups based on morphological and physiological specializations that allow them to exist in extreme conditions: True mangroves Mangrove associates

12. Classification & Types …cont 1. True mangroves are characterized by viviparous reproduction, specialized structures such as aerial roots ( pneumatophores ) for gas exchange, prop-roots to anchor them to unstable soils and glands for salt excretion or exclusion. True mangroves are essentially halophytes , showing a high salt tolerance. 2. Mangrove associates are glycophytes (not salt-tolerant ) with only a certain degree of salt tolerance.

13. Classification & Types …cont Type Most common Mangrove Species: Each mangrove has its own level of salt tolerance and this determines its location The Red mangrove The Black mangrove The White mangrove The Buttonwood

14. Classification & Types …cont 1. Red Mangroves : Growing along the edge of the shoreline where conditions are harshest, the red mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle ) is easily distinguished from other species by tangled, reddish prop roots. These prop roots originate from the trunk with roots growing downward from the branches.

15. Red mangrove

16. Classification & Types …cont 2. Black Mangroves : is characterized by long horizontal roots and root-like projections known as pneumatophores . Can tolerate very high salinity It grows at elevations slightly higher than the red mangrove where tidal change exposes the roots to air. The bark of this mangrove is dark and scaly.. 

17. Black mangrove

18. Classification & Types …cont 3. White Mangroves: Occupying higher land than the red and black mangroves, the white mangrove has no visible aerial roots, unlike the black and the red mangrove with prop roots. White mangroves has affinity for lower salinity areas.

19. White mangrove

20. White mangrove

21. Classification & Types …cont 4. buttonwood Mangroves : Often found in the upland transitional zone, the buttonwood is often associated with mangrove communities. The name buttonwood comes from the button-like appearance of the dense flower heads that grow in branched clusters, forming cone-like fruit.

22. Buttonwood Mangroves

23. Mangrove Zonation Red, black, and white mangrove trees, along with the buttonwood, may all grow along the same shoreline. When these species are found together, each is limited to different areas within the tidal zone. This zonation is determined by: Tidal changes. Elevation of the land. Salinity of the soil. Water.

24. Mangrove Zonation…cont Red mangroves are found along the water's edge, with full exposure to tidal variation and winds. They are well adapted to these conditions with prop roots . Moving further inland, is the black mangrove , with pneumatophores extending upwards from the soils surrounding the trunk. White mangroves , often lacking special root adaptations , occur in the interior of the mangrove forest, followed by the buttonwood in the upland transitional area.

25. Mangrove Zonation…cont

26. Mangrove Zonation…cont

27. Adaptation All mangrove plants have special adaptations that allow them to survive in their salty environment. Adaptations are required for: Physical Stability Salt Tolerance Anaerobic Sediments Reproduction

28. Adaptation …cont Physical Stability Adaptations The unusual root systems give them support and stability in the loose soil. The mangroves' massive root systems are efficient at dissipating wave energy Red mangroves have prop roots descending from the trunk and branches, providing a stable support system. black mangroves have shallow wide spreading roots adding to the structural stability of the tree. Other species of mangrove trees grow at higher elevations, in drier soils, do not require specialized root structures

29. Adaptation…cont

30. Adaptation…cont Salt Tolerance mangroves: are able to live in harsh saline environments Mangroves have salt exclusion or salt excretion adaptations allowing survival in these environments. The ability to exclude salts occurs through filtration at the surface of the root while salt excreters remove salt through glands located on each leaf. Black and white mangroves are both salt excreters.

31. Adaptation…cont

32. Adaptation…cont Anaerobic Sediment Adaptations Mangrove trees are adapted for survival in oxygen-poor or anaerobic sediments through specialized root structures. In contrast to most plants, mangroves have poorly developed, shallow below-ground root systems while having well-developed aerial roots. These aerial roots allow for the transport of atmospheric gases to the underground roots.

33. Adaptation…cont

34. Adaptation…cont Reproductive Adaptations Mangrove plants are unique in the reproduction method by ( viviparous ). Viviparous happen when the seed remains attached to the parents plant after fertilization until it germinates. It then falls from the tree and drifts on the water until it finds somewhere to take root.

35. Importance They are the buffer zone between the land and the sea. Mangroves protect the soil from erosion. They play an important role as a nature’s shield against cyclones, ecological disasters and as protector of shorelines. They are a breeding and nursery grounds for a variety of marine animals. Harbor a variety of life forms like invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and even mammals like tigers.

36. Nature’s shield & buffer zone

37. Breeding and nursery grounds

38. Importance…cont 6) Good source of timber, fuel and fodder. 7) Main source of income generation for shoreline communities like fisher folk.

39. Importance…cont 8) Save the marine diversity. Purify the water by absorbing impurities and harmful heavy metals Also, purify the air by absorbing pollutants. Mangrove forests are also important in terms of aesthetics and tourism.

40. Mangrove habitat

41. Common Animals Mangrove tree crab Horseshoe crab Mangrove water snake Loggerhead sea turtle Raccoon Blue Crab West Indian Manatee Grey Snapper Bald Eagle Roseate Spoonbill Wood Stork Brown Pelican

42. Human effects It is estimated that the world has lost 20% of its mangrove forests since 1980. Mangroves are disappearing at an alarming rate around the world. This could have alarming effects on biodiversity, due to loss of habitat because of the human activities such as : Coastal development , industrial activity , pollution , aquaculture and logging for timber and fuel wood are rapidly replacing these salt-tolerant trees and the ecosystems they support. In just in the last decade, at least 35 percent of the world's mangroves have been destroyed. That’s a rate of loss that exceeds the disappearance of tropical rainforests.

43. Conservation of mangroves If the mangroves are destroyed, there will be Ecosystem degradation Species endangerment Loss of wetlands. Declines in fish and wildlife population Floods Problem in water quality . Thus there arises need to conserve mangroves .

44. Conservation of mangroves…cont Different activities should be done in order to protect mangrove such as Afforestation (distinct conservation effort) Legislation.(including laws and policies) Monitoring and Surveys.(land and aerial, etc.) Protection.(including conservation, parks and reserves development, etc.) Recommendations. Soil conservation.

45. Mangrove in Saudi Arabia Mangroves are found in the intertidal zones of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia.  between the southern border of Saudi Arabia in Jazan to the Jeddah's southern shoreline. The mangroves of the southern coast show better growth than in north The Red Sea is one of the world’s saltiest and warmest seas. It is an extremely harsh environment For that , there has been no decline in mangrove stands in the Red Sea .

46. Mangrove in Saudi Arabia ..cont

47. Farasan island

48. Farasan island

49. Mangrove in Saudi Arabia …cont Red Sea mangrove coverage has actually increased by 12% since 1972! afforestation projects have played an important role in maintaining, and expanding mangroves along the Red Sea. A rehabilitation project in Yanbu , Saudi Arabia result in increase the mangrove cover by around 50-fold from 1975 to 2013

50. Yunbu mangrove

51. Any question ?

52. Thank you

53. References http://www.marinespecies.org/introduced/wiki/Mangroves https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/southflorida/habitats/mangroves/about/ https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-characteristics-of-mangrove-and-its-impact-on-the-ecosystem-and-people https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/southflorida/habitats/mangroves http://www.mangrove.at/mangrove_forests.html