Mangroves of india

A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres (53,200 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories.

1. Ashish sahu ROLE OF MANGROVES IN COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

2. INTRODUCTION An ecosystem is formed by ecological communities and their surrounding environment that interact with each other. The coastal ecosystem is more productive ecosystem & it serves as breeding ,feeding &nursery grounds for organisms &providing habitats for colonization of mangroves, salt marshes ,seaweeds ,sea grasses &coral reefs. Mangroves &coral reef ecosystem function in a symbiotic relationship which enhances tropical &subtropical coastal environment.

3. The health &extent of coral reefs are largely dependent on coastal mangrove forests which stabilize shoreline ,remove pollutants, improve water quality &provide nursery habitat that maintain fisheries. mangrove ecosystem form a barrier that protect shorelines from the distructive forces of wind ,waves and driven debris.

4. Mangrove ecosystem Mangroves are the only plants ,growing in the interface between land and sea in tropical& subtropical regions of the world. The mangroves and their associated organisms constitute the mangrove forest community or mangal . The mangrove forests are often called as tidal forests, coastal woodlands or oceanic rain forests. The mangrove forests are among the worlds most productive ecosystem on the earth. it have diversified habitat which support a wide variety of organisms.

5. Types of mangrove forests There are 6 functional types of mangroves forests 1.fringe :fringing mangroves are occur along the borders of protected shorelines &islands, influenced by daily tidal range. They are sensitive to erossion & long exposure to turbulent waves &tides. 2.Riverine :These are luxurient patches of mangrove that exist along rivers &creaks. which get flooded daily by the tides. 3.Overwash :These are small mangrove islands, frequently influenced by tidal washings.

6. 4.Scrub :scrub mangrove forests are dwarf mangrove present along the flat coastal fringes. 5.Basin :These are stunted mangroves located along the interior side of the swamps & in drainage depressions. 6.Hammock :hammock mangroves forests are similar to the basin type except that they occur in more elevated sites.

7. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF MANGROVES Mangroves have many ecological functions ,remarkably in protecting the coast from solar radiation, greenhouse gases, cyclones, floods ,sea level rise, wave action &coastal erossion . The root systems of the plant to the stability of the coast. The ecosystem provides a source of food ,breeding grounds &nurseries for many food fishes ,shellfishes etc. They offering protection to other associated marine systems including the islands, coral reefs and sea grasses.

8. The types of ecosystem services are 1.provisional service 2.regulating service 3.cultural service 4.habitat /supporting service

9. PROVISIONAL SERVICES Provisional services are ecosystem services that describe the material/energy outputs from ecosystems . They include 1.Food 2.fresh water 3.wood& fiber 4.fuel Ecosystem provide the conditions for growing food .also provide food for human consumption. It play a vital role in the global hydrological cycle, as they regulate the flow & purification of water. It provide a great diversity of materials for construction like wood ,fiber, etc .The barks are rich in tannin which is locally extracted to dye fishnets. Leaves of nypha fruticans are extensively used in thatching roofs of local households . The fuel including bio fuels ,plant oils etc Many used as traditional medicine as well as providing the raw material for the pharmaceutical industry.

10. REGULATING SERVICES Maintaining the quality of air and soil providing flood &disease control etc are some of the regulating services provided by ecosystems. It mainly include , 1.climate regulation 2.flood regulation 3.disease control 4.water regulation Trees /plants play an important role in regulating air quality by removing pollutants from atmosphere. Coastal protection &habitat function are the major ecosystem services emphasizing on the need for sustainable management. Nutrient, pollutant and sediment regulation, prevention of saltwater intrusion of the mangrove offer benefits of millions of dollars. Carbon sequestration and storage is another service in which ecosystems regulate global climate by storing greenhouse gases.

11. CULTURAL SERVICE The cultural services include recreation ,aesthetic value ,spiritual value ,tourism . Recreation ,mental& physical health - the role that green space plays in maintaining mental &physical health is increasingly being recognized. Tourism - it play an important role for many kinds of tourism which in turn provide considerable economic benefits & is a vital source of income for many countries. Aesthetic appreciation & inspiration for culture ,art &design - biodiversity ,ecosystems &natural landscape have been the source of inspiration for much of our art ,culture , incrasingly for science. Spiritual experience &sense of place - in many parts of the world ,natural features such as specific forests, caves or mountain are considered sacred or have a religious meaning.

12. Habitat /supporting service Habitat for species –each ecosystem provides different habitats that can be essential for a species life cycle. species including birds, fish, mammals, insects all depend upon different ecosystems during their movements. Maintenance of genetic diversity -genetic diversity is the variety of genes between & within species populations.it distinguishes different breeds from each other thus providing the basis for locally well adopted cultivars &a genepool for further developing. Nutrient cycling Soil formation Primary production Crop pollination –animals (insects/birds/bats)&wind pollinate plants &trees which is essential for the development of fruits ,vegetables &seeds.

13. THREATS TO MANGROVES Globally mangroves are destroyed by manmade activities,which pose significant threats ,they are Urbanization Agriculture – sundarbans is the best example of conversion of mangroves for agriculture. Aquaculture practices –the aquaculture practices are (mainly shrimp farming)typically made in intertidal areas . Overfishing –the heavy trampling by fishers during the fishing operations can damage roots &prevent regeneration.unregulated use of fishing nets of small mesh size in the mangrove waters also resulting in loss of biodiversity of faunal components.

14. Cutting for timber ,fuel, and charcoal Oil pollution -oil or gas exploration accidents by large oil tankers caused by toxic effects or physical smothering of roots. Pollution issues -mangrove habitats serve as a dumping ground for solid waste &for discharging the effluents from various sources. Mining operation.

15. CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT Silviculture management –the forests are managed on a commercial basis with well established plantations and mangrove associated fisheries. Legal protection Marine Protected Areas International protection –there are 3 important agreements of global scope of mangrove management. 1.world heritage convention 2.ramsar convention 3.UNESCO s man&the biosphere(MAB) programme

16. 5. Restoration and afforestation restoration can be defined as the act of bringing back nearly to its original condition. 2 type 1.natural restoration –involve the natural process of establishment of seeds of mangroves.it is cheaper &less disturbing the habitats. 2.artificial restortion –planting of seeds or seedling in areas where there is inadequate availability of the planting materials. Afforestation –refers to the plantation in new areas.

17. Conclusion Mangroves itself form an ecosystem, Mangrove ecosystems form a barrier that protect shorelines from destructive forces of winds ,waves ,etc. They provide nursery habitat for many organisms, stabilize shorelines , remove pollutants ,improve water quality ,providing a source of food& income for many people etc. So it is invitable that we should protect them & distruction should be strictly prohibited.

18. References Kathiresan k 2014 ocean & coastal ecology Mangrove .org Wikipedia –ecological values of mangroves . V.Selvam , V.M Karunagaran ,2004 ecology &biology of mangroves

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