6 chapter one
In Against the Teachings of Mani, a treatise he wrote in Egypt at
about the same time as the rescript, the non-Christian Alexander of
Lycopolis repeated (or, depending on the exact date of his work,
13
anticipated) the imperial rhetoric by also pointing out that Mani had
come out of Persia.
14
Th at observation was then taken over by Chris-
tian anti-Manichaean literature. Th e erstwhile Manichaean Augustine
of Hippo (d. 430) habitually recalled Manichaeism’s ‘Persian’ roots.
15
Th e framework of the Acts of Archelaus (AA), attributed to one Hege-
monius and likely composed in the second quarter of the 4th century
C.E.,
16
is an encounter alleged to have occurred in the third quarter
of the previous century between Mani and Archelaus, bishop of ‘Car-
char,’ a Roman town situated on the border with Persia.
17
If, as seems
likely, these Acts were composed in Greek, they also circulated in Cop-
tic (and possibly Syriac), as well as in the Latin version in which they
have come down to us complete.
18
Th is suggests the extent to which
the work infl uenced Christian polemic, particularly in its ‘biographi-
cal’ details on Mani,
19
including the following description:
He wore a kind of shoe which is generally known as the ‘trisolium’, and
a multi-coloured cloak, of a somewhat ethereal appearance, while in his
the assistance of K. Kaatz (MS, 4), Turnhout: Brepols, 2001, 105 n. 211; see Beskow,
“Th e Th eodosian Laws,” 7.
13
A. Villey, Alexandre de Lycopolis, Contre la doctrine de Mani (Sources gnos-
tiques et manichéennes, 2), Paris: Cerf, 1985, 22, dates Alexander of Lycopolis’ writing
between 277 and 297, though A. Brinkmann, Alexandri Lycopolitani contra Manichaei
opiniones disputatio, Leipzig: Teubner, 1895, xiv, refers only to a date “minus exeunte
saeculo tertio, priore certe quarti parte.”
14
Alexander of Lyc., Against the Teachings of Mani 2, in Brinkmann, Alexandri
Lycopolitani, 4.
15
Aug., De utilitate credendi 18.36; Contra Faustum XII,45, XIII,2, and XXVIII, 4;
Contra Secundinum Manichaeum 2; De haeresibus 46.1.
16
S. N. C. Lieu, “Fact and Fiction in the Acta Archelai,” in Idem, Manichaeism
in Mesopotamia, 136; revised from Bryder, ed., Manichaean Studies, 73; Idem in
Vermes, Hegemonius, 6; M. Scopello, “Vérités et contre-vérités: la vie de Mani selon
les Acta Archelai,” Apocrypha 6 (1995): 204; Eadem, “Hégémonius, les Acta Archelai
et l’histoire de la controverse antimanichéenne,” in R. E. Emmerick, W. Sundermann,
and P. Zieme, eds., Studia Manichaica: IV. Internationaler Kongreß zum Manichäis-
mus, Berlin, 14.–18. Juli 1997 (Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaft en,
Berichte und Abhandlungen, Sonderband 4), Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2000, 532.
17
See Lieu, “Fact and Fiction,” 140–46 (1988: 76–81); Idem in Vermes, Hegemo-
nius, 16–23; Scopello, “Hégémonius,” 534–35.
18
Lieu, “Fact and Fiction,” 137–40 (1988: 74–6); Idem, Manichaeism, 128–29; Idem
in Vermes, Hegemonius, 12–3).
19
Scopello, “Vérités”: 204; Eadem, “Hégémonius,” 531 and 541–44.