Manner of articulation (Phonetics and phonology)

1. Manner of Articulation
Mazhar Iqbal Ranjha

2. ENGLISH SOUNDS (PHONEMES)
Consonants
•Vowels

3. Glottal states

4. OBSTRUENTS
APPROXIMANTS
Manner of Articulation

6. stops
•Complete closure of articulation
•Airstream cannot escape through
the mouth

7. Types of stops
•Oral
•Soft palate is raised
•Airstream obstructed
in the mouth
•Pressure built up
behind obstruction
•Small burst of sound
when air released
•Nasal
•Soft palate is lowered
•Air stopped in oral cavity
•No pressure
•No burst

8. fricatives
•No complete stop
•Friction is there

9. Affricates
Brief stopping of airstream and with
an obstructed release

11. English Consonants chart
voiceless voiced
Manner of
articulation
Place of articulation
bilabial
labio-
dental
inter-
dental
alveolarpalatal velar glottal
stop p b
_____ _____
t d
_____
k g
_____
fricative
_____
f vθ ðs zʃ ʒ
_____
_____
affricate_____ _____ _____ _____
ʧ ʤ
_____ _____
flap
_____ _____ _____
ɾ
_____ _____ _____
nasal m
_____ _____ n
_____ ŋ
_____
liquid
lat._____ _____ _____
l
r
_____ _____ _____
retr.
glide w
_____ _____ _____ j
_____ h

12. Notes
• Consonant sounds are generally assumed to be:
pulmonic egressive
oral
central

13. Consonant Dimensions: Summary
[t] [j]
1.Airstream Mechanismpulmonic egressivep.e.
2.Phonation Type voiceless voiced
3.Place of Articulationalveolar palatal
4.Aperture stop approx.
5.Retroflexion non-retroflex non-retro
6.Nasality oral oral
7.Laterality central central

14. vowels
Less constriction than approximant

15. Vowel Dimensions
•Vowel articulations can be characterized along four
dimensions:
1.Height (of tongue body)
•high, mid, low
2.Front-back (of tongue body)
•front, central, back
3.Roundedness (of lips)
•rounded vs. unrounded
4.“Tenseness”
•tense/lax

16. Other Vowel Features
• Rounding:
• are pronounced with rounded lips
• the other English vowels are not
• “Tenseness”
• a “tense” vowel is closer to the edge of the vowel space
• a “lax” vowel is closer to the center
• Ex: [i] is tense, is not.
• Tense/lax distinctions:
• found predominately in Germanic languages
• are very hard for non-native speakers of English to hear

17. The Cardinal Vowels
• A set of 8 reference vowels
• Brainchild of English Phonetician Daniel Jones
(1881-1967)
• “Cardinal Vowels can only be
learnt from a teacher who knows
how to make them or from a
gramophone record or tape record.”

18. Lineage
• Henry Sweet taught phonetics to Daniel Jones.
• Daniel Jones taught David Abercrombie.
• David Abercrombie taught Peter Ladefoged.
• Peter Ladefoged taught Sarah Dart.
• Sarah Dart taught me.
• I am teaching you.

19. The Cardinal Vowels
• So let’s learn about the Cardinal Vowels.
• Two “anchor” vowels:
• [i] - Cardinal Vowel 1 - highest, frontest vowel possible
• - Cardinal Vowel 5 - lowest, backest vowel possible
• Remaining vowels are spaced at equal intervals of frontness and height
between the anchor vowels.
• Note: [u] - Cardinal Vowel 8 - may serve as a third anchor as the highest,
backest, roundest vowel possible

21. English cardinal Vowels

22. Cardinal Vowel Diagram

o

23. Secondary Cardinal Vowels

24. Tense vs. Lax
• There are five lax vowels in English.
Tense Lax
heed hid
hayed head
who’d hood
hod hud
had
• The lax vowels cannot appear at the end of a syllable.
• They also often have a offglide.
• Lastly: they are shorter than their tense counterparts.

25. Thank you
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