Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management ASOIL5311 Notes IGKV
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About This Presentation
Introduction and importance of organic manures, properties and methods of preparation of
bulky and concentrated manures. Green/leaf manuring. Fertilizer recommendation
approaches. Integrated nutrient management.
Chemical fertilizers: classification, composition and properties of major nitrogenous...
Slide Content
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
RAIPUR (C.G.)
Manures, Fertilizers and
Soil Fertility Management
ENGLISH
8
HINDI MEDIUM
NOTES BY:
Shan Denangan
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
RAIPUR (C.G.)
Manures, Fertilizers and
Soil Fertility Management
ENGLISH
8
HINDI MEDIUM
NOTES BY:
Shan Denangan
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC MANURES,
PROPERTIES AND METHODS OF PREPARATION OF BULKY AND)
|CONCENTRATED MANURES|
Manure is an organic matter derived from the solid animal wastes, used to improve the]
soil quality and increase the yield of healthy crops.”
to increase prodi
[and animal excreta are also used as n
phosphorus, and potassium.
Manure is highly rich in organic matter and humus and thus improves the soil fertility
These are better in the long run and does not cause any pollution. It is a valuable and
renewable resource
Hare aa tell o da
Let aan rer wu UF e
ger are EG Pr te chee a 1
Hare order vere otk as e a Wa Piel at rar À qu ave 1 à là
er gee or Frat a gona oreo gl ara Be ae ote deu eu BI
{Importance of organic manure:
It is the most natural and chemical free substance to increase the yield of crops and to.
improve the production efficiency of the soil. The methods of this preparation are very
[old and popular among farmers. Today, where earlier farmers were use chemical
fertilizers to increase the maximum production of their crops, but now they are giving
more importance to natural fertilizers than chemical fertilizers. In this generation,
[chemical fertilizers have so much adversely affected on the land that the yield of the
[crop has increased but the outbreak of diseases and pests has increased in the cereals,
that is why most of the farmers have now turned towards natural fertilizers instead of
[chemical fertilizers.
Instead of chemical fertilizers with high nutrients, low nutrient fertilizers improve the
hysio-chemical and biological properties of the soil, no special type of material is
required for its preparation and their effect also remains for a long time. It contains
naturally occurring synthetic chemicals and nutrients.
These are a good source of macronutrients.
Improves soil fertility
Costeffective
Reduces soil erosion and leaching,
PROPERTIES AND METHODS OF PREPARATION OF BULKY AND)
|CONCENTRATED MANURES|
Manure is an organic matter derived from the solid animal wastes, used to improve the]
soil quality and increase the yield of healthy crops.”
to increase prodi
[and animal excreta are also used as n
phosphorus, and potassium.
Manure is highly rich in organic matter and humus and thus improves the soil fertility
These are better in the long run and does not cause any pollution. It is a valuable and
renewable resource
Hare aa tell o da
Let aan rer wu UF e
ger are EG Pr te chee a 1
Hare order vere otk as e a Wa Piel at rar À qu ave 1 à là
er gee or Frat a gona oreo gl ara Be ae ote deu eu BI
{Importance of organic manure:
It is the most natural and chemical free substance to increase the yield of crops and to.
improve the production efficiency of the soil. The methods of this preparation are very
[old and popular among farmers. Today, where earlier farmers were use chemical
fertilizers to increase the maximum production of their crops, but now they are giving
more importance to natural fertilizers than chemical fertilizers. In this generation,
[chemical fertilizers have so much adversely affected on the land that the yield of the
[crop has increased but the outbreak of diseases and pests has increased in the cereals,
that is why most of the farmers have now turned towards natural fertilizers instead of
[chemical fertilizers.
Instead of chemical fertilizers with high nutrients, low nutrient fertilizers improve the
hysio-chemical and biological properties of the soil, no special type of material is
required for its preparation and their effect also remains for a long time. It contains
naturally occurring synthetic chemicals and nutrients.
These are a good source of macronutrients.
Improves soil fertility
Costeffective
Reduces soil erosion and leaching,
+ Improves the physical properties of the soil and aerates the soil.
+ Improves the water and nutrient holding capacity of the soil.
+ It can be transported easily.
+ Methane gas is evolved as the by-product of manure that can be used for cooking
and heating purposes.
|. The crops grown on the land treated with manure produces healthy crops.
à
>
rer A ra res A Ro Ru at
rer
a re ra rem rt ur me fe
ste ee guet rar Fre ta rer er oran à
sheen ae a Nr gs Ta Or
ce ra ER E
RAP eq ot
a ca que
amram
apt era she ein a aa wT
einer
PA AR de ar eT ne Ge AT
28 ere à à rar om re
a ere à ge dd Pere are à or fn eA
+A
ara A Saar RR SEE ER ORT STR ET TIER re
[Classification of organic manure, their properties & preparation
[Bulky organic manure
Bulky organic manures contain small percentage of nutrients and they are applied in
large quantities. Farmyard manure (FYM), compost and green-manure are the most
important and widely used bulky organic manures. Use of bulky organic manures has
several advant
+ Improves the water and nutrient holding capacity of the soil.
+ It can be transported easily.
+ Methane gas is evolved as the by-product of manure that can be used for cooking
and heating purposes.
|. The crops grown on the land treated with manure produces healthy crops.
à
>
rer A ra res A Ro Ru at
rer
a re ra rem rt ur me fe
ste ee guet rar Fre ta rer er oran à
sheen ae a Nr gs Ta Or
ce ra ER E
RAP eq ot
a ca que
amram
apt era she ein a aa wT
einer
PA AR de ar eT ne Ge AT
28 ere à à rar om re
a ere à ge dd Pere are à or fn eA
+A
ara A Saar RR SEE ER ORT STR ET TIER re
[Classification of organic manure, their properties & preparation
[Bulky organic manure
Bulky organic manures contain small percentage of nutrients and they are applied in
large quantities. Farmyard manure (FYM), compost and green-manure are the most
important and widely used bulky organic manures. Use of bulky organic manures has
several advant
heen aio a fe ee a ey fen en pre ee
een, re he hag we mre ar aa TT AA AT ae ara BI eh
Ser ar cru & a woe e
ORGANIC MANURES
I I
BULKY ORGANIC CONCENTRATED
MANURE | ORGANIC HANRE
I I
GREEN MANURE BLOOD MEAL
Y
Y BONE POWDER
VERMICOMPOST T
I MEAT MEAL
FYM COMPOST, 1
SHEEP & GOAT OIL CAKES
‘MANURE CI
EDIBLE CAKE || NON EDIBLE CAKE
|GREEN MANURE
[Green manuring can be defined as a practices of ploughing or turning into the soil
undecomposed green plant tissues for the purpose of improving soil physical chemical
[and biological environments.
[Green manure crops are grown in the field either as pure crop or as an intercrop with the
Imain crop and are suppressed before maturity in the same field. The prevalent green
manure crops are sun hemp, dhaincha and guar.
rana ser, are re fe are qua eee AR we ah
Sagra E
et se et ae hate ren A
res
Ae ta
TERE
een, re he hag we mre ar aa TT AA AT ae ara BI eh
Ser ar cru & a woe e
ORGANIC MANURES
I I
BULKY ORGANIC CONCENTRATED
MANURE | ORGANIC HANRE
I I
GREEN MANURE BLOOD MEAL
Y
Y BONE POWDER
VERMICOMPOST T
I MEAT MEAL
FYM COMPOST, 1
SHEEP & GOAT OIL CAKES
‘MANURE CI
EDIBLE CAKE || NON EDIBLE CAKE
|GREEN MANURE
[Green manuring can be defined as a practices of ploughing or turning into the soil
undecomposed green plant tissues for the purpose of improving soil physical chemical
[and biological environments.
[Green manure crops are grown in the field either as pure crop or as an intercrop with the
Imain crop and are suppressed before maturity in the same field. The prevalent green
manure crops are sun hemp, dhaincha and guar.
rana ser, are re fe are qua eee AR we ah
Sagra E
et se et ae hate ren A
res
Ae ta
TERE
[kinds /preparation
The practice of green manuring is performed in different ways according to suitable soil
[and climatic conditions of particular area. Broadly the practice of green manuring in
India can be divided into two types-Green manuring in situ and Green manuring by
[collecting green leaves and tender twigs from some other places.
Ra rg ae a nara ds dha a gee gh ote rey RAR à orge A eT
rat ite ae ox saree ee ee wT Te aT a eT wT er Rat Be nT
er a A ee
1
| cre ami It can be defined as a system by which green manure crops are
[grown and incorporated into the soil of the same field that is to be green manured, either!
las a pure crop or an intercrop with the main crop, Common green manure crops in this
system sunhemp (crotolaria juncea) dhaincha (sesbania aculeata and sesbania rostrata),
[guar (cyamopsis tetragonoloba) et.
fe st om cu re Po rer Pr re re me re
re Pr ee Fe ro à, ge TA TTT TT
ae ae er skeen gr or rm mr ee gen, da (a
apte or draft cece, a (ere rca, ae
[Green manuring through collection of green plant tissues from other places: It refers
to turning into the soil green leaves and tender green twigs collected from outside the
field to be green manured. The common green manure crops, are Glyricidia (Glyricidia
maculata), Karanja (Pongamia pinata) etc
arg we ere werk me a aa aH aaa a
ri ae renew oe RARA AGO, Bea (Da Ren
1
[Properties of Green Manurin;
It increases the organic matter regime of the soil and there by modifies soil
physical, chemical and biological environments. In fact, this stimulates the activity
Of soil micro-organisms.
The green manure crops help for returning the different plant nutrients to the
surface soil layer from the sub-surface soil layer.
It improves the soil structure, aeration status, permeability and infiltration ¢ of
soll.
It reduces the soil loss caused by run-off and erosion. capacity
Due to green manuring the nutrient regimes can be improved and restored be lost
by leaching.
The practice of green manuring is performed in different ways according to suitable soil
[and climatic conditions of particular area. Broadly the practice of green manuring in
India can be divided into two types-Green manuring in situ and Green manuring by
[collecting green leaves and tender twigs from some other places.
Ra rg ae a nara ds dha a gee gh ote rey RAR à orge A eT
rat ite ae ox saree ee ee wT Te aT a eT wT er Rat Be nT
er a A ee
1
| cre ami It can be defined as a system by which green manure crops are
[grown and incorporated into the soil of the same field that is to be green manured, either!
las a pure crop or an intercrop with the main crop, Common green manure crops in this
system sunhemp (crotolaria juncea) dhaincha (sesbania aculeata and sesbania rostrata),
[guar (cyamopsis tetragonoloba) et.
fe st om cu re Po rer Pr re re me re
re Pr ee Fe ro à, ge TA TTT TT
ae ae er skeen gr or rm mr ee gen, da (a
apte or draft cece, a (ere rca, ae
[Green manuring through collection of green plant tissues from other places: It refers
to turning into the soil green leaves and tender green twigs collected from outside the
field to be green manured. The common green manure crops, are Glyricidia (Glyricidia
maculata), Karanja (Pongamia pinata) etc
arg we ere werk me a aa aH aaa a
ri ae renew oe RARA AGO, Bea (Da Ren
1
[Properties of Green Manurin;
It increases the organic matter regime of the soil and there by modifies soil
physical, chemical and biological environments. In fact, this stimulates the activity
Of soil micro-organisms.
The green manure crops help for returning the different plant nutrients to the
surface soil layer from the sub-surface soil layer.
It improves the soil structure, aeration status, permeability and infiltration ¢ of
soll.
It reduces the soil loss caused by run-off and erosion. capacity
Due to green manuring the nutrient regimes can be improved and restored be lost
by leaching.
Green manure crops have some residual effect in relation to supply of different
otherwise plant nutrient and thereby it helps for the better growth to the next
crop.
ag fee aren ert emer at aren à ate A A, rarer athe
es or arten BI are A, Het A AAA AA at
saa car tl
FR are ot ae PARANA A TE A A et ote
Ga et a mr ec EL
cag Met a, am A A, E ate ee A Eas A GU we $
ag Ta Me ere or TH Fee OUT a aT TAT BI TACT
dr After acer shew ach A A gure Par or a EA gat
Ar at à
at arg ach at A Fr chet es cm tr A ae
sara ghar Co agar Rare A Fee $
Disadvantages of Green Mam
|. Under rainfed conditions where rainfall is limiting, the proper decomposition of
the green manure crops may not take place and thereby benefits of green
manuring may not be achieved satisfactorily.
Sometimes the cost of green manuring crops may be more than that of chemical
nitrogenous fertilizers and in that situation green manuring may not be
economical
‘There is a change of occurring diseases and insects in the field crops.
Due to decomposition of green manure crops, various toxic substances like
organic acids e.g, butyric acid, propionic acid etc. and toxic gases like methane
(CH) and others etc. are liberated which affects the root growth of growing
plants and thereby affect the growth and yield through inhibition of nutrient
absorption by the plant.
Pal Se TUTOR ae en re Sra aM fora Y
amarra ara ge re
RA a rr e
Seah re A I ara ht she ad
rs e fair aaa wend ads ra AR fe A,
AS anf RR ln ste aa sale aa om NA
MARRAS re 5 ru à PU à
ar era or a taf rt
otherwise plant nutrient and thereby it helps for the better growth to the next
crop.
ag fee aren ert emer at aren à ate A A, rarer athe
es or arten BI are A, Het A AAA AA at
saa car tl
FR are ot ae PARANA A TE A A et ote
Ga et a mr ec EL
cag Met a, am A A, E ate ee A Eas A GU we $
ag Ta Me ere or TH Fee OUT a aT TAT BI TACT
dr After acer shew ach A A gure Par or a EA gat
Ar at à
at arg ach at A Fr chet es cm tr A ae
sara ghar Co agar Rare A Fee $
Disadvantages of Green Mam
|. Under rainfed conditions where rainfall is limiting, the proper decomposition of
the green manure crops may not take place and thereby benefits of green
manuring may not be achieved satisfactorily.
Sometimes the cost of green manuring crops may be more than that of chemical
nitrogenous fertilizers and in that situation green manuring may not be
economical
‘There is a change of occurring diseases and insects in the field crops.
Due to decomposition of green manure crops, various toxic substances like
organic acids e.g, butyric acid, propionic acid etc. and toxic gases like methane
(CH) and others etc. are liberated which affects the root growth of growing
plants and thereby affect the growth and yield through inhibition of nutrient
absorption by the plant.
Pal Se TUTOR ae en re Sra aM fora Y
amarra ara ge re
RA a rr e
Seah re A I ara ht she ad
rs e fair aaa wend ads ra AR fe A,
AS anf RR ln ste aa sale aa om NA
MARRAS re 5 ru à PU à
ar era or a taf rt
'VERMICOMPOST
In vermi-culture technology, the potential of earthworms is being used as a natural
[bio-degrader of non-toxic organic waste to improve Soil and mobilize nutrient:
Earthworm populations in organic matter-rich soils act as natural bioreactors decompose
[a beneficial soil micro-flora, destroying soil pathogens and organic wastes such as
[biofertilizers, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics, growth hormones and permanent worms.
[convert it into a valuable product such as biomass.
Earthworms after properly established in the soil modify the physical-chemical
[biological characteristics of the soil and enhance the nutrient cycling by the ingestion of
soil and humus and convert it into nutrients. Convert it into rich manure. The quick
[availability of various nutrients like P, Ca, Na, Mg, K etc. is very high in earthworm
manure as compared to the surrounding soil.
dam ra wad or
A gee mas ana a qu à
AA motte anther wal od oad où ad RES a
AR a heard wat D da Geka, a, e,
eerste. ors eu shee on ee A rar rm en A
1
eh a he à ea 2 ar a rue AA eta wea B-
A ater Ra AS Saa ear ah aga tsk ea chap Tat
area ape 1 à epee ae o eae Honea a EC KR NE
leh, 5 On fen ar ra a Tar aga ar A RI
Preparation:
Materials for making compost: - Animal dung, agricultural waste, forestry waste, leaf
liter, waste paper, cotton cloth, city waste, biogas slurry and non-toxic industrial waste
lof organic nature.
raga, pit ora, Pra ae, eh 9, rare ra, ares, AR er de
fie Sep fat se ne
|Vermicompost cycle:
In vermi-culture technology, the potential of earthworms is being used as a natural
[bio-degrader of non-toxic organic waste to improve Soil and mobilize nutrient:
Earthworm populations in organic matter-rich soils act as natural bioreactors decompose
[a beneficial soil micro-flora, destroying soil pathogens and organic wastes such as
[biofertilizers, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics, growth hormones and permanent worms.
[convert it into a valuable product such as biomass.
Earthworms after properly established in the soil modify the physical-chemical
[biological characteristics of the soil and enhance the nutrient cycling by the ingestion of
soil and humus and convert it into nutrients. Convert it into rich manure. The quick
[availability of various nutrients like P, Ca, Na, Mg, K etc. is very high in earthworm
manure as compared to the surrounding soil.
dam ra wad or
A gee mas ana a qu à
AA motte anther wal od oad où ad RES a
AR a heard wat D da Geka, a, e,
eerste. ors eu shee on ee A rar rm en A
1
eh a he à ea 2 ar a rue AA eta wea B-
A ater Ra AS Saa ear ah aga tsk ea chap Tat
area ape 1 à epee ae o eae Honea a EC KR NE
leh, 5 On fen ar ra a Tar aga ar A RI
Preparation:
Materials for making compost: - Animal dung, agricultural waste, forestry waste, leaf
liter, waste paper, cotton cloth, city waste, biogas slurry and non-toxic industrial waste
lof organic nature.
raga, pit ora, Pra ae, eh 9, rare ra, ares, AR er de
fie Sep fat se ne
|Vermicompost cycle:
The term farm yard manure refers to the well-decomposed mixture of dung, urine, farm.
litter (bedding material) and left over or used up materials from roughages or fodder fed
to the cattle, The FYM collected daily from the cattleshed consisting of raw dung and
part of the urine absorbed in the refuse, Newly collected and stored FYM is fresh as
[against well decomposed FYM which has been stored for a sufficient period of time to
[allow its decomposition to completion.
Farm yard manure consists of two components-solid phas
lurine. On an average, the animals give out three parts by weight of dung and one part by
lweight of urine, However, this ratio of dung and urine varies with the kind of animals.
Horses, cows and bullocks give out more dung and less urine than that of
sheep, goats and pigs.
ere und are rae, a, et 28 ere ech) a tee Te ACR a À aa EU
ear seer ah eft eh à ar ree à fa Brn ay affa ace 1 ewan gun E
Re x parara, a a ma ra tm a et
ata rahe Fes ore à ee man AT A AA A A
183 3 fon wafer ma er ha Po m
lore arg wre ve à de mr ra pe, Hee a à da
arr dd ar à qe free i ef, sta site a a ae qe oral à end are fr
Bara fe eT, añ SR ao ee A fe ir sik LE SEC
litter (bedding material) and left over or used up materials from roughages or fodder fed
to the cattle, The FYM collected daily from the cattleshed consisting of raw dung and
part of the urine absorbed in the refuse, Newly collected and stored FYM is fresh as
[against well decomposed FYM which has been stored for a sufficient period of time to
[allow its decomposition to completion.
Farm yard manure consists of two components-solid phas
lurine. On an average, the animals give out three parts by weight of dung and one part by
lweight of urine, However, this ratio of dung and urine varies with the kind of animals.
Horses, cows and bullocks give out more dung and less urine than that of
sheep, goats and pigs.
ere und are rae, a, et 28 ere ech) a tee Te ACR a À aa EU
ear seer ah eft eh à ar ree à fa Brn ay affa ace 1 ewan gun E
Re x parara, a a ma ra tm a et
ata rahe Fes ore à ee man AT A AA A A
183 3 fon wafer ma er ha Po m
lore arg wre ve à de mr ra pe, Hee a à da
arr dd ar à qe free i ef, sta site a a ae qe oral à end are fr
Bara fe eT, añ SR ao ee A fe ir sik LE SEC
FYM is rich in nutrients
A small portion of N is directly available to the plants while a larger portion
is made available as and when the FYM decomposes.
When cow dung and urine are mixed, a balanced nutrition is made available
to the plants,
Availability of Potassium and Phosphorus from FYM is similar to that from
inorganic sources,
Application of FYM improves soll fertility
qa ds areal Buea Bien À
aaa ds Re rra a à af ata à AAA RA
bal
rae a rra aa? at eo soa aa Ta
eer à a A suet o Stal we
2 gr à anque
which are not fit for feeding li
Mahua cake etc
A small portion of N is directly available to the plants while a larger portion
is made available as and when the FYM decomposes.
When cow dung and urine are mixed, a balanced nutrition is made available
to the plants,
Availability of Potassium and Phosphorus from FYM is similar to that from
inorganic sources,
Application of FYM improves soll fertility
qa ds areal Buea Bien À
aaa ds Re rra a à af ata à AAA RA
bal
rae a rra aa? at eo soa aa Ta
eer à a A suet o Stal we
2 gr à anque
which are not fit for feeding li
Mahua cake etc
i. Important concentrated organic fertilizers are ollseeds, blood powder, fish powder etc.
ji. These are also known as organic nitrogen fertilizers. Before their organic nitrogen is
used by crops, itis converted through bacterial action to the easily usable ammonia
nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen
ii, Therefore, these organic fertilizers are relatively slow acting, but they supply
the available nitrogen for a longer period.
ads aid wa aa ard go er gr
ee 39, eur td à em arar ace da fo Te
Egg ago 2 a Fe se $1
i See Sen ches ar do rx à afer et or fre sara
[FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION APPROACH)
soil and the operator varied.
Soil testing interpretation involves economics because
recommendation for an economic goal ic. usually for n
land. This involves the cost of the fertilizer and price of the produce. From the response
ji. These are also known as organic nitrogen fertilizers. Before their organic nitrogen is
used by crops, itis converted through bacterial action to the easily usable ammonia
nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen
ii, Therefore, these organic fertilizers are relatively slow acting, but they supply
the available nitrogen for a longer period.
ads aid wa aa ard go er gr
ee 39, eur td à em arar ace da fo Te
Egg ago 2 a Fe se $1
i See Sen ches ar do rx à afer et or fre sara
[FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION APPROACH)
soil and the operator varied.
Soil testing interpretation involves economics because
recommendation for an economic goal ic. usually for n
land. This involves the cost of the fertilizer and price of the produce. From the response
curve the actual amount of fertilizers can be calculated to give the maximum profit per
hectare
arate eat re ao ees Remi ars aA he Pe, am So TT
[RR as dar Ru at Bi ar Frat a RAS Perg Aa rá a a
lat area @ aa RRE eta 81
EG as an À re enfer à fe gear ga one eae Bs fre shew Romer BA
bl ran ar à feas qa gd ara site
(oa a ass wip a ef a a aA ora da ara am
arme
In the absence of crop response curve, the fertilizer needed for maximum yield can be
[evaluated with maximum field experiments, For the soil with maximum soil test values.
land soil in which practically no fertilizer response is obtained should be included. T
fe need for maximum yield at diferent Fruit ind ermined. This will give
[a linear relationship. The curve may be
fertilizer at different soil test values or f
[amount needed for maximum yield is considered as the most economic rate.
[Gua ref ans ds me A afte soar ds Foe rates sew a ai MAA ate
a Far esc 1 fr RA heer apa PA ar PEA à fü
er aa ee & ahs ea a ar ar eter at ener rar ol
fates cer quis oe for sur 3 e sees MR Amar Prete A om 1 a
leas ees sider ma a oar A Her ter Heat a sha ur we shew A
rer 2 fr mare er a ee a ar om ae RY a A ARA Se A
rer TRY a a Fes wae NR ae are TAT BL
hectare
arate eat re ao ees Remi ars aA he Pe, am So TT
[RR as dar Ru at Bi ar Frat a RAS Perg Aa rá a a
lat area @ aa RRE eta 81
EG as an À re enfer à fe gear ga one eae Bs fre shew Romer BA
bl ran ar à feas qa gd ara site
(oa a ass wip a ef a a aA ora da ara am
arme
In the absence of crop response curve, the fertilizer needed for maximum yield can be
[evaluated with maximum field experiments, For the soil with maximum soil test values.
land soil in which practically no fertilizer response is obtained should be included. T
fe need for maximum yield at diferent Fruit ind ermined. This will give
[a linear relationship. The curve may be
fertilizer at different soil test values or f
[amount needed for maximum yield is considered as the most economic rate.
[Gua ref ans ds me A afte soar ds Foe rates sew a ai MAA ate
a Far esc 1 fr RA heer apa PA ar PEA à fü
er aa ee & ahs ea a ar ar eter at ener rar ol
fates cer quis oe for sur 3 e sees MR Amar Prete A om 1 a
leas ees sider ma a oar A Her ter Heat a sha ur we shew A
rer 2 fr mare er a ee a ar om ae RY a A ARA Se A
rer TRY a a Fes wae NR ae are TAT BL
Frente sensing]
Inc Global vostioning Syste
Inc Global vostioning Syste
[INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMEN
Integrated nutrient management is the combined application of chemical fertilizers along]
[wit organic resource materials like, organic manures, green manures, bi-fertilizers and
lother organic decomposable materials for crop production.
The basic concepts of INS is the maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and supply of
plant nutrients to an optimum level for sustaining desired crop productivity through
[optimization of benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated
INS is ecologically, socially and economically viable and environment friendly which can]
be practiced by farmers to derive higher productivity with simultaneously maintaining|
soil fertility, Integrated nutrient management encourages the use of on-farm organics,
thus it saves on the cost of fertilizers for crop production.
It involves proper combination of chemical fertilizers, organic manure, crop, residu
IN2~fixing crops (like pulses such as rice bean, Black gram, other pulses and oilseeds\
Isuch as soybean and bio-fertilizers suitable to the system of land use and ecological,
[social and economic conditions.
Integrated nutrient management is the combined application of chemical fertilizers along]
[wit organic resource materials like, organic manures, green manures, bi-fertilizers and
lother organic decomposable materials for crop production.
The basic concepts of INS is the maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and supply of
plant nutrients to an optimum level for sustaining desired crop productivity through
[optimization of benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated
INS is ecologically, socially and economically viable and environment friendly which can]
be practiced by farmers to derive higher productivity with simultaneously maintaining|
soil fertility, Integrated nutrient management encourages the use of on-farm organics,
thus it saves on the cost of fertilizers for crop production.
It involves proper combination of chemical fertilizers, organic manure, crop, residu
IN2~fixing crops (like pulses such as rice bean, Black gram, other pulses and oilseeds\
Isuch as soybean and bio-fertilizers suitable to the system of land use and ecological,
[social and economic conditions.
er a sere i oh fe er ec ee
rg aa al aa em ve 5 me À af
¡PTU md e ER AE Vd
fap Ua are E
‘are Fgh wh Serer ARS a Fea SEEN A
oT ced Wee Sr AGR 5 ate wee PE, SU MER TE PAT
3. Plant nutrients purchased or obtained from outside the farm.
4, Plant nutrient looses e.g. those removed from the field in crop harvest and lost from
the soil through volatilization (ammonia and nitrogen oxide gases and leaching (nitrate,
sulphate ete)
5. Plant nutrient outputs e.g. nutrient uptake by the crops at harvest time.
EF re de
¿ir er ol, Ara art
aro a term
La. et à er cd À er fas wore a a (or AR
rector offers tet ote fe Arge, Wehe ON d mer À PE À ET TEL
5. MR haw cea onsege rd WaT pe aI a a a gara
[To Maintain Soil Productivity: To ensure productive and sustainable agriculture. To
penditure on costs of purchased inputs by using
c. To utilize the potential ber
[economic aspiration of the farmers without harming the natural resource base of
[agricultural production.
rg aa al aa em ve 5 me À af
¡PTU md e ER AE Vd
fap Ua are E
‘are Fgh wh Serer ARS a Fea SEEN A
oT ced Wee Sr AGR 5 ate wee PE, SU MER TE PAT
3. Plant nutrients purchased or obtained from outside the farm.
4, Plant nutrient looses e.g. those removed from the field in crop harvest and lost from
the soil through volatilization (ammonia and nitrogen oxide gases and leaching (nitrate,
sulphate ete)
5. Plant nutrient outputs e.g. nutrient uptake by the crops at harvest time.
EF re de
¿ir er ol, Ara art
aro a term
La. et à er cd À er fas wore a a (or AR
rector offers tet ote fe Arge, Wehe ON d mer À PE À ET TEL
5. MR haw cea onsege rd WaT pe aI a a a gara
[To Maintain Soil Productivity: To ensure productive and sustainable agriculture. To
penditure on costs of purchased inputs by using
c. To utilize the potential ber
[economic aspiration of the farmers without harming the natural resource base of
[agricultural production.
aras o da ed
ee au eve eg Fr rat aos ar nfs seta A IET
[Different stages of implementation of INM are as follows:
1. Diagnosis phase: collection of background information,
2. Analysis of constraints,
3. Preparing potentiality and feasibility summary
14. On-farm demonstrations,
5. Evaluation of INM activities.
a
Components of INM
1. Integration of soil fertility restoring crops like green manures, legumes etc.
i. Recycling of crop residues
ii, Use of organic manures like FYM, compost, vermicompost, biogas, slurry, poultry
manure, bio-compost, press mud cakes, phospho compost
iv. Utilization of Bio fertilizers
I. Efficient genotypes and lastly
vi. Balanced use of fertilizer nutrients as per the requirement and target yields
AR ot a ec at mere eA arch fh aa
E]
¡a ande, a añ de deg are, añ ae, ur re de, PR A
[A eared a an
ee au eve eg Fr rat aos ar nfs seta A IET
[Different stages of implementation of INM are as follows:
1. Diagnosis phase: collection of background information,
2. Analysis of constraints,
3. Preparing potentiality and feasibility summary
14. On-farm demonstrations,
5. Evaluation of INM activities.
a
Components of INM
1. Integration of soil fertility restoring crops like green manures, legumes etc.
i. Recycling of crop residues
ii, Use of organic manures like FYM, compost, vermicompost, biogas, slurry, poultry
manure, bio-compost, press mud cakes, phospho compost
iv. Utilization of Bio fertilizers
I. Efficient genotypes and lastly
vi. Balanced use of fertilizer nutrients as per the requirement and target yields
AR ot a ec at mere eA arch fh aa
E]
¡a ande, a añ de deg are, añ ae, ur re de, PR A
[A eared a an
ge ste she oka
(un seen ote ra segur es thes al er gr sue
Diagnostic phase of INM
lin the first stage of diagnostic phase information with regard to the following is
[collected and analysed:
i. Farming/cropping systems
i. Crop varieties grown
hi. Awareness about soil fertility problems.
iv. Use of chemical fertilizers, lime/dolomite and other agrochemicals.
Iv: Use of organic manure.
lv. Availability of fertilizer and other inputs.
[vil Irrigation sources and practices.
vil. Soil testing service facility
ix. Constraints in the adoption of INM technologies.
x. Consideration of market opportunities,
[The INM technologies must be compatible with the local farming system if they are to
find acceptance and adoption. Therefore, attention must be paid to examine the
interaction among different components of INM and the management of crops and
[animals that form the farming system.
13d sore
A arch ere ot
ie he rasa
rare ce chee Se ar pA aE hen
5. at wre wr sun
un er Sr ore one rra
(un seen ote ra segur es thes al er gr sue
Diagnostic phase of INM
lin the first stage of diagnostic phase information with regard to the following is
[collected and analysed:
i. Farming/cropping systems
i. Crop varieties grown
hi. Awareness about soil fertility problems.
iv. Use of chemical fertilizers, lime/dolomite and other agrochemicals.
Iv: Use of organic manure.
lv. Availability of fertilizer and other inputs.
[vil Irrigation sources and practices.
vil. Soil testing service facility
ix. Constraints in the adoption of INM technologies.
x. Consideration of market opportunities,
[The INM technologies must be compatible with the local farming system if they are to
find acceptance and adoption. Therefore, attention must be paid to examine the
interaction among different components of INM and the management of crops and
[animals that form the farming system.
13d sore
A arch ere ot
ie he rasa
rare ce chee Se ar pA aE hen
5. at wre wr sun
un er Sr ore one rra
Ix. AT ore RARA
once se era re qe dr
ra 81 aéré weak ote Set woh A a weet
frere et cate aoe oe aa RA ARA
Common constraints in INM
1. Non-availability of FYM.
Difficulties in growing green manure crops.
- non-availability of bio-fertilizers.
- non-availability of soil testing facilities.
5. High cost of chemical fertilizers.
- non-availability of water.
7. Lack of knowledge and poor advisory services.
[8. non-availability of improved seeds.
serge one ang
La. er em fau orgue
area cet et er em
ol
7.078 ft re ara ven dat
ec et orgue
RAR re pa site à à fee
hr or à mdr Ate
[CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS: CLASSIFICATION, COMPOSITION AND
[PROPERTIES OF MAJOR NITROGENOUS, PHOSPHATIC,
[POTASSIC FERTILIZERS, SECONDARY & MICRONUTRIENT
[FERTILIZERS
[Chemical fertilizers are synthetic substances that contain essential plant nutrients
[such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. They are made by extracting these
nutrients from natural resources such as rock phosphates, ammonia, and potash, and
once se era re qe dr
ra 81 aéré weak ote Set woh A a weet
frere et cate aoe oe aa RA ARA
Common constraints in INM
1. Non-availability of FYM.
Difficulties in growing green manure crops.
- non-availability of bio-fertilizers.
- non-availability of soil testing facilities.
5. High cost of chemical fertilizers.
- non-availability of water.
7. Lack of knowledge and poor advisory services.
[8. non-availability of improved seeds.
serge one ang
La. er em fau orgue
area cet et er em
ol
7.078 ft re ara ven dat
ec et orgue
RAR re pa site à à fee
hr or à mdr Ate
[CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS: CLASSIFICATION, COMPOSITION AND
[PROPERTIES OF MAJOR NITROGENOUS, PHOSPHATIC,
[POTASSIC FERTILIZERS, SECONDARY & MICRONUTRIENT
[FERTILIZERS
[Chemical fertilizers are synthetic substances that contain essential plant nutrients
[such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. They are made by extracting these
nutrients from natural resources such as rock phosphates, ammonia, and potash, and
then processing them into concentrated forms that can be easily applied to crops.
[Chemical fertilizers provide a quick and easily accessible source of nutrients for plants,
[which can lead to rapid growth and increased yields.
However, excessive use of chemical fertilizers can have negative impacts on soil health
land the environment. Overuse can cause soil compaction, salinity, and nutrient
imbalances. It can also contribute to water pollution, as excess nutrients can leach into
[groundwater or run off into nearby water bodies, leading to harmful algal blooms and
[other environmental problems. I is important to use chemical fertilizers judiciously and
in conjunction with other soil management practices to maintain soil fertility and
[environmental sustainability
age,
dra de whee, Shen sh em RR RA
Frere are e, she Roe ae Bia wel À em ae rer wo ur er AT aT
emer &ı areas fey dd fe cher al ar fa HR Se a ra A À,
er ot Ra Ar rare ae rer e
artes, rem cat Seren Sache a a re he an oe eT mE TS
He OR BI ee ATTA A
ge ge a ee ar,
rer re da eter waa qa area ae PAE a ge she
raf Fa are à fr are cr ar qu oe a ru emo à ru
te aoe ae qu 81
1. Nitrogen fertilizers: These fertilizers contain nitrogen in various forms, such.
as ammonium nitrate, urea, and ammonium sulphate. Nitrogen is an essential
nutrient that promotes plant growth and development.
Phosphorus fertilizers These fertilizers contain phosphorus in various forms,
such as monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, and triple
‘superphosphate. Phosphorus is important for root development, flower formation,
and fruit production.
Potassium fertilizers: These fertilizers contain potassium in various forms, such
as potassium chloride and potassium sulphate. Potassium is important for plant
growth and stress tolerance.
Compound fertilizers: These fertilizers contain a combination of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium in varying ratios, such as NPK 20-20-20 or NPK 10-30:
10.
Secondary mialGrOnlutrient{TEFtiliZEFS: These fertilizers contain calcium,
‘magnesium, and sulphur, which are secondary macronutrients that plants need in
smaller quantities.
‘Micronutrient fertilizers: These fertilizers contain trace elements such as iron,
zinc, manganese, and copper, which are required in very small amounts by plants
but are essential for their growth and development.
(Conitrolled-release fertilizers: These fertilizers release nutrients gradually over
time, providing a steady supply of nutrients to plants and reducing the risk of
Foliar fertilizers: These fertilizers are applied to the leaves of plants and provide
nutrients directly to the plant tissue, bypassing the soil. They are often used as a
supplement to traditional soil-applied fertilizers.
[Chemical fertilizers can also be classified based on their solubility, granular or liquid
form, and application method.
[Chemical fertilizers provide a quick and easily accessible source of nutrients for plants,
[which can lead to rapid growth and increased yields.
However, excessive use of chemical fertilizers can have negative impacts on soil health
land the environment. Overuse can cause soil compaction, salinity, and nutrient
imbalances. It can also contribute to water pollution, as excess nutrients can leach into
[groundwater or run off into nearby water bodies, leading to harmful algal blooms and
[other environmental problems. I is important to use chemical fertilizers judiciously and
in conjunction with other soil management practices to maintain soil fertility and
[environmental sustainability
age,
dra de whee, Shen sh em RR RA
Frere are e, she Roe ae Bia wel À em ae rer wo ur er AT aT
emer &ı areas fey dd fe cher al ar fa HR Se a ra A À,
er ot Ra Ar rare ae rer e
artes, rem cat Seren Sache a a re he an oe eT mE TS
He OR BI ee ATTA A
ge ge a ee ar,
rer re da eter waa qa area ae PAE a ge she
raf Fa are à fr are cr ar qu oe a ru emo à ru
te aoe ae qu 81
1. Nitrogen fertilizers: These fertilizers contain nitrogen in various forms, such.
as ammonium nitrate, urea, and ammonium sulphate. Nitrogen is an essential
nutrient that promotes plant growth and development.
Phosphorus fertilizers These fertilizers contain phosphorus in various forms,
such as monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, and triple
‘superphosphate. Phosphorus is important for root development, flower formation,
and fruit production.
Potassium fertilizers: These fertilizers contain potassium in various forms, such
as potassium chloride and potassium sulphate. Potassium is important for plant
growth and stress tolerance.
Compound fertilizers: These fertilizers contain a combination of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium in varying ratios, such as NPK 20-20-20 or NPK 10-30:
10.
Secondary mialGrOnlutrient{TEFtiliZEFS: These fertilizers contain calcium,
‘magnesium, and sulphur, which are secondary macronutrients that plants need in
smaller quantities.
‘Micronutrient fertilizers: These fertilizers contain trace elements such as iron,
zinc, manganese, and copper, which are required in very small amounts by plants
but are essential for their growth and development.
(Conitrolled-release fertilizers: These fertilizers release nutrients gradually over
time, providing a steady supply of nutrients to plants and reducing the risk of
Foliar fertilizers: These fertilizers are applied to the leaves of plants and provide
nutrients directly to the plant tissue, bypassing the soil. They are often used as a
supplement to traditional soil-applied fertilizers.
[Chemical fertilizers can also be classified based on their solubility, granular or liquid
form, and application method.
ario: oda Ra ad daa, 98 ra ez Tr
SRR etre AIA TH MORE URS a EAN A ge MR PT arar dad
reve ees: FH GAT A ion ara I TREE ER, SR Bs isto PR,
¡ETA D ee ORME TT HG OT, Tr A POT
see 1
ram en: gr wea fran ar RA A
fire ger Bigas Pre oh cra fe FOR mc 1
El
en à BB He 20-20-20 m NS 10-30-101
Rao és: ota via, Maa ate meme wag, Ra
ite re ah a aan dd Y
eh eH TATA se, re, dr ote aay A er ae wa E, arr
aga aH a sra Hae aH gra ae Poe à ora Ta Yi
Pre Recto adver. à stew aa ds a RAR er Ta era
FOR ont nar wet à or ater tan at aa ed e
gt à ares eh af ee erg re Fgh a rae UN NA
rol a ew cesar re re Pr que à TIN
wat
rer ret a Te gere, ART aT RT ol one PAR one rag
a or tl
[There are several major nitrogenous fertilizers, each with their own unique chemical
[composition and properties. Here are some of the most commonly used nitrogenous
fertilizers and their characteristics:
‘Urea: Urea is a white crystalline solid that contains 46% nitrogen by weight. It is.
the most commonly used nitrogen fertilizer worldwide because of its high nitrogen
content and relatively low cost. Urea is highly soluble in water and can be applied
to the soil or sprayed onto foliage as a foliar fertilizer. Urea is generally less
volatile than other nitrogen fertilizers and has a low risk of causing nitrogen losses
through ammonia volatilization,
‘Ammonium Nitrate: Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline solid that
ins 33% nitrogen by weight. Itis a highly soluble fertilizer that can be
to the soil or used as a foliar spray. Ammonium nitrate is highly volatile
and can cause nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization, especially under
high temperatures and humid conditions. It is also a common ingredient in
explosive mixtures, making it a potential security risk.
Ammoniam Sulphate: Ammonium sulphate is a white crystalline solid that
contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulphur by weight. It is a soluble fertilizer that
can be applied to the soil or used as a foliar spray. Ammonium sulphate is less
volatile than ammonium nitrate, and has a lower risk of causing nitrogen losses.
through ammonia volatilization. It is also useful for acidifying alkaline soils due
to its acidic nature.
(Calcium AmmoniuiNiiräte: Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) is a granular
fertilizer that contains 27% nitrogen by weight. It is a soluble fertilizer that can be
applied to the soil or used as a foliar spray. CAN is less volatile than ammonium
nitrate and has a lower risk of causing nitrogen losses through ammonia
volatilization. Iti also less hygroscopic than ammonium nitrate and is less likely
to absorb moisture from the atmosphere,
‘Anhydrous Ammonia: Anhydrous ammonia is a gas that contains 82% nitrogen
by weight. It is a highly concentrated nitrogen fertilizer that must be injected into
SRR etre AIA TH MORE URS a EAN A ge MR PT arar dad
reve ees: FH GAT A ion ara I TREE ER, SR Bs isto PR,
¡ETA D ee ORME TT HG OT, Tr A POT
see 1
ram en: gr wea fran ar RA A
fire ger Bigas Pre oh cra fe FOR mc 1
El
en à BB He 20-20-20 m NS 10-30-101
Rao és: ota via, Maa ate meme wag, Ra
ite re ah a aan dd Y
eh eH TATA se, re, dr ote aay A er ae wa E, arr
aga aH a sra Hae aH gra ae Poe à ora Ta Yi
Pre Recto adver. à stew aa ds a RAR er Ta era
FOR ont nar wet à or ater tan at aa ed e
gt à ares eh af ee erg re Fgh a rae UN NA
rol a ew cesar re re Pr que à TIN
wat
rer ret a Te gere, ART aT RT ol one PAR one rag
a or tl
[There are several major nitrogenous fertilizers, each with their own unique chemical
[composition and properties. Here are some of the most commonly used nitrogenous
fertilizers and their characteristics:
‘Urea: Urea is a white crystalline solid that contains 46% nitrogen by weight. It is.
the most commonly used nitrogen fertilizer worldwide because of its high nitrogen
content and relatively low cost. Urea is highly soluble in water and can be applied
to the soil or sprayed onto foliage as a foliar fertilizer. Urea is generally less
volatile than other nitrogen fertilizers and has a low risk of causing nitrogen losses
through ammonia volatilization,
‘Ammonium Nitrate: Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline solid that
ins 33% nitrogen by weight. Itis a highly soluble fertilizer that can be
to the soil or used as a foliar spray. Ammonium nitrate is highly volatile
and can cause nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization, especially under
high temperatures and humid conditions. It is also a common ingredient in
explosive mixtures, making it a potential security risk.
Ammoniam Sulphate: Ammonium sulphate is a white crystalline solid that
contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulphur by weight. It is a soluble fertilizer that
can be applied to the soil or used as a foliar spray. Ammonium sulphate is less
volatile than ammonium nitrate, and has a lower risk of causing nitrogen losses.
through ammonia volatilization. It is also useful for acidifying alkaline soils due
to its acidic nature.
(Calcium AmmoniuiNiiräte: Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) is a granular
fertilizer that contains 27% nitrogen by weight. It is a soluble fertilizer that can be
applied to the soil or used as a foliar spray. CAN is less volatile than ammonium
nitrate and has a lower risk of causing nitrogen losses through ammonia
volatilization. Iti also less hygroscopic than ammonium nitrate and is less likely
to absorb moisture from the atmosphere,
‘Anhydrous Ammonia: Anhydrous ammonia is a gas that contains 82% nitrogen
by weight. It is a highly concentrated nitrogen fertilizer that must be injected into
the soil to prevent loss through volatilization. Anhydrous ammonia is extremely
volatile and can cause severe burns if it comes into contact with skin or eyes. It
requires specialized equipment and safety precautions for its handling and
application.
In general, nitrogenous fertilizers provide a quick source of nitrogen to crops and help
improve plant growth and yield. However, they can also have negative impacts on the
[environment if not used properly, such as causing eutrophication of water bodies and
[contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
Er re ego ma water a anv re area We gh ye Tel Ta oi
ES En =
ae eee a re ara tar aoe or eg or
Aaa fe a far
a
gees aE oh
ES SA oer ee
caer ve arta ee al
nent eT
mas ect carton ween el
ar
Cah hhh ae OA at En SAR odes AA GO AR
cs eT TT iB)
el Aad eau ar bd =
weet
no A gure oe m aan a0 8 Sn à RE se na ro
O
laters et
IT
volatile and can cause severe burns if it comes into contact with skin or eyes. It
requires specialized equipment and safety precautions for its handling and
application.
In general, nitrogenous fertilizers provide a quick source of nitrogen to crops and help
improve plant growth and yield. However, they can also have negative impacts on the
[environment if not used properly, such as causing eutrophication of water bodies and
[contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
Er re ego ma water a anv re area We gh ye Tel Ta oi
ES En =
ae eee a re ara tar aoe or eg or
Aaa fe a far
a
gees aE oh
ES SA oer ee
caer ve arta ee al
nent eT
mas ect carton ween el
ar
Cah hhh ae OA at En SAR odes AA GO AR
cs eT TT iB)
el Aad eau ar bd =
weet
no A gure oe m aan a0 8 Sn à RE se na ro
O
laters et
IT
Paren Prostate
Pronsennonten Po]
Frock Prop]
Pronsennonten Po]
Frock Prop]
(Composition, & properties of potassic fertilizers
Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, and potassic
fertilizers are an important source of this nutrient. Here are some of the most commonly
used potassic fertilizers, their chemical composition, and their properties:
Potassium Chloride (KC; Potassium chloride is a water-soluble salt that
contains 60-62% K20 (potassium oxide) by weight. It is the most widely used
potassic fertilizer due to its relatively low cost and high solubility. Potassium
chloride can be used on a variety of crops and soil types, but it can be harmful to
plants in high concentrations.
Potassium Sulphate (K2S04): Potassium sulphate is a water-soluble salt that
contains 50-52% K20 and 17-18% sulphur (S) by weight. I is a good source of
potassium for crops that are sensitive to chloride, such as tobacco and some fruits.
Potassium sulphate is less soluble than potassium chloride, but it can be used in a
variety of soil types.
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3): Potassium nitrate is a water-soluble salt that
contains 44-46% K20 and 13-14% nitrogen (N) by weight. It is often used as a
source of both potassium and nitrogen in greenhouse and hydroponic agriculture,
Potassium nitrate is highly soluble and can be absorbed by plants quickly
Langbeinite (K2Mg2(S04)3}: Langbeinite is a naturally occurring mineral that
contains 22% K20, 11% magnesium (Mg), and 22% sulphur by weight. It is a slow
release fertilizer that provides a long-lasting source of potassium and sulphur to
‘crops. Langbeinite is less soluble than other potassic fertilizers, making it less
prone to leaching.
In general, potassic fertilizers provide a readily available source of potassium to plants,
[promoting growth and increasing crop yields. However, excessive use of these fertilizers
[can lead to environmental problems such as soil salinization and nutrient imbalances,
[Careful management and appropriate application rates are critical to minimize t
negative impacts.
RS Re ww ore tine aa, she eu
fera a1 ee rg ae 8 ae Ta fre a A ave terre rá, Gra Rae
a she ares À o à
1. ERA a acte wo or gerer ae eau à
60-62% K20 MIA AR) dal 81 Ae SRE we ara SR Tea Yer D RU
ae aan BUS eet fan are chet Tew 1 MR AS BT TTT
father mene ra AR PEN as wen en va 9, A ae ea wa A dl ds
faq aeons A wea zl
Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, and potassic
fertilizers are an important source of this nutrient. Here are some of the most commonly
used potassic fertilizers, their chemical composition, and their properties:
Potassium Chloride (KC; Potassium chloride is a water-soluble salt that
contains 60-62% K20 (potassium oxide) by weight. It is the most widely used
potassic fertilizer due to its relatively low cost and high solubility. Potassium
chloride can be used on a variety of crops and soil types, but it can be harmful to
plants in high concentrations.
Potassium Sulphate (K2S04): Potassium sulphate is a water-soluble salt that
contains 50-52% K20 and 17-18% sulphur (S) by weight. I is a good source of
potassium for crops that are sensitive to chloride, such as tobacco and some fruits.
Potassium sulphate is less soluble than potassium chloride, but it can be used in a
variety of soil types.
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3): Potassium nitrate is a water-soluble salt that
contains 44-46% K20 and 13-14% nitrogen (N) by weight. It is often used as a
source of both potassium and nitrogen in greenhouse and hydroponic agriculture,
Potassium nitrate is highly soluble and can be absorbed by plants quickly
Langbeinite (K2Mg2(S04)3}: Langbeinite is a naturally occurring mineral that
contains 22% K20, 11% magnesium (Mg), and 22% sulphur by weight. It is a slow
release fertilizer that provides a long-lasting source of potassium and sulphur to
‘crops. Langbeinite is less soluble than other potassic fertilizers, making it less
prone to leaching.
In general, potassic fertilizers provide a readily available source of potassium to plants,
[promoting growth and increasing crop yields. However, excessive use of these fertilizers
[can lead to environmental problems such as soil salinization and nutrient imbalances,
[Careful management and appropriate application rates are critical to minimize t
negative impacts.
RS Re ww ore tine aa, she eu
fera a1 ee rg ae 8 ae Ta fre a A ave terre rá, Gra Rae
a she ares À o à
1. ERA a acte wo or gerer ae eau à
60-62% K20 MIA AR) dal 81 Ae SRE we ara SR Tea Yer D RU
ae aan BUS eet fan are chet Tew 1 MR AS BT TTT
father mene ra AR PEN as wen en va 9, A ae ea wa A dl ds
faq aeons A wea zl
wefan Wehe (K 2504): WERTEN wee Uw ur À ger,
Fr À 50 SDR LO 17-17 re EE er
Aa as & D a, EE ok 98 worl O aa MR
onen Ra wer et Pgh fan an wera
eras (Kno: fr pr gel ee fret TUT 44-46%
gon Bi Se de ria R DR
la ana Bi fre ge sree ere à
‘te hed rer el & sre Pea a wera e
rá (K2Mg21504)3): And PAS SU wren and aver Bt à PA 22%
120. 19% Sere (mg), ae a 2 rey Bar À Re
ES à où rar at DEN ste eR A Tw Aa aT wa WAM PTT À
a a qn err à, rer eet aa er
arate, das ee a 8 A Sr À rar Ba HE BRA E, ITT
raza à ste wre a rar agneau are
[rt SP a te er ere RS A ww a FOR.
maurfgde yá afte Ga onder rage
Secondary and micronutrient fertilizers
[Secondary and micronutrient fertilizers are fertilizers that provide essential nutrients
[other than the three primary macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium).
Here are some of the most commonly used secondary and micronutrient fertilizers, their
Calcium fertilizers: Calcium is an important secondary nutrient that plays a role
in cell wall formation and plant structure. Calcium fertilizers can include sources.
such as calcium nitrato, calcium sulphate, and calcium chloride. These fertilizers
an also have an acidifying effect on soll pH, which can help to improve nutrient
availabilty
MagnesiunI6FÚNIZEFS! Magnesium is another secondary nutrient that is involved
in chlorophyll production and energy transfer within the plant. Magnesium
fertilizers can include sources such as magnesium sulphate, magnesium oxide, and
magnesium nitra
Sullphur fertilizers! Sulphur is a secondary nutrient that is essential for protein
synthesis and is involved in plant metabolism. Sulphur fertilizers can include
sources such as ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate, and elemental sulphur
‘ine ferlizers: Zinc is a micronutrient that is essential for plant growth and
development, and is involved in enzyme function and chlorophyll synthesis.
Zinc ferulizers can include sources such as zinc sulphate and zinc chelat
Iron fertilizers: Iron is another micronutrient that is involved in chlorophyll
synthesis and plays a role in respiration and photosynthesis. Iron fertilizers can
Include sources such as iron sulphate and rn chelate
ts ote er tues sá dr € oi de ru REIST, FRERE oI
etree à Sat reer dr et art a ei gr Fry are fs whe
ge cer ca, eh areas za the Sr TUM à 0 À
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Fr À 50 SDR LO 17-17 re EE er
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ES à où rar at DEN ste eR A Tw Aa aT wa WAM PTT À
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raza à ste wre a rar agneau are
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maurfgde yá afte Ga onder rage
Secondary and micronutrient fertilizers
[Secondary and micronutrient fertilizers are fertilizers that provide essential nutrients
[other than the three primary macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium).
Here are some of the most commonly used secondary and micronutrient fertilizers, their
Calcium fertilizers: Calcium is an important secondary nutrient that plays a role
in cell wall formation and plant structure. Calcium fertilizers can include sources.
such as calcium nitrato, calcium sulphate, and calcium chloride. These fertilizers
an also have an acidifying effect on soll pH, which can help to improve nutrient
availabilty
MagnesiunI6FÚNIZEFS! Magnesium is another secondary nutrient that is involved
in chlorophyll production and energy transfer within the plant. Magnesium
fertilizers can include sources such as magnesium sulphate, magnesium oxide, and
magnesium nitra
Sullphur fertilizers! Sulphur is a secondary nutrient that is essential for protein
synthesis and is involved in plant metabolism. Sulphur fertilizers can include
sources such as ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate, and elemental sulphur
‘ine ferlizers: Zinc is a micronutrient that is essential for plant growth and
development, and is involved in enzyme function and chlorophyll synthesis.
Zinc ferulizers can include sources such as zinc sulphate and zinc chelat
Iron fertilizers: Iron is another micronutrient that is involved in chlorophyll
synthesis and plays a role in respiration and photosynthesis. Iron fertilizers can
Include sources such as iron sulphate and rn chelate
ts ote er tues sá dr € oi de ru REIST, FRERE oI
etree à Sat reer dr et art a ei gr Fry are fs whe
ge cer ca, eh areas za the Sr TUM à 0 À
el Fete de qa i tren Pi raf ge O
ates a ana
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ra wegen: era ve fr Pt dr ae 8 A ay ae oe TET
fe ra af i A act ira re, AT SES SR
fr da aa A vea 81
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sal
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are tert atte acho fre 81 eT ere SA TT
ll
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1
[Complex fertilizers are fertilizers that contain more than one essential nutrient in a
granule. They are also known as compound fertilizers, and they are produced by
[blending two or more fertilizers in a specific ratio to create a homogeneous
Imixture. Complex fertilizers can provide a balanced combination of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium, as well as secondary and micronutrients in some cases,
[Complex fertilizers can have a variety of compositions, depending on the specific needs
lof the crops and the soil conditions. Here are some examples of complex fertilizers and
their compositions:
1. NPK fertilizers: These are the most common types of complex fertilizers, and they
ion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The ratio of NPK
can vary depending on the specific needs of the crops, but a common example is
20-20-20, which means that the fertilizer contains 20% nitrogen, 20% phosphorus,
and 20% potassium.
NPKS fertilizers: These complex fertilizers also contain sulphur in addition to
NPK. The sulphur helps to improve plant growth and increase the efficiency of
other nutrients. An example of an NPKS fertilizer is 15-15-15-5, which means that
the fertilizer contains 15% nitrogen, 15% phosphorus, 15% potassium, and 5%
sulphur.
NPK Mg T6rtilizars: These complex fertilizers contain magnesium in addition to
NPK, which is important for plant growth and development. An example of an NPK
Mg fertilizer is 10-10-10-2-12, which means that the fertilizer contains 10%
nitrogen, 10% phosphorus, 10% potassium, 2% magnesium, and 12% sulphur.
NPK Ca fertilizers: These complex fertilizers contain calcium in addition to NPK,
which is important for cell wall formation and plant structure. An example of an
NPK Ca fertilizer is 15-15-15-3-10, which means that the fertilizer contains 15%
nitrogen, 15% phosphorus, 15% potassium, 3% calcium, and 10% sulphur.
[Complex fertilizers can offer several benefits over single-nutrient fertilizers, including
more efficient use of nutrients, reduced labour and transportation costs, and simplified
[application procedures. However, they can also be more expensive than single-nutrient
fertilizers, and careful management is necessary to avoid nutrient imbalances and
[environmental problems,
Shane Tal a gra botas
ra wegen: era ve fr Pt dr ae 8 A ay ae oe TET
fe ra af i A act ira re, AT SES SR
fr da aa A vea 81
Hee SER: TIT ve dio de a à a gr forzar dA
mee à ere ee re a che, e are RR fe RAR
sal
rea se e er ger ah A ere Rar, le
are tert atte acho fre 81 eT ere SA TT
ll
AS bb FRE
Ef A SA RARA aT
El
1
[Complex fertilizers are fertilizers that contain more than one essential nutrient in a
granule. They are also known as compound fertilizers, and they are produced by
[blending two or more fertilizers in a specific ratio to create a homogeneous
Imixture. Complex fertilizers can provide a balanced combination of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium, as well as secondary and micronutrients in some cases,
[Complex fertilizers can have a variety of compositions, depending on the specific needs
lof the crops and the soil conditions. Here are some examples of complex fertilizers and
their compositions:
1. NPK fertilizers: These are the most common types of complex fertilizers, and they
ion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The ratio of NPK
can vary depending on the specific needs of the crops, but a common example is
20-20-20, which means that the fertilizer contains 20% nitrogen, 20% phosphorus,
and 20% potassium.
NPKS fertilizers: These complex fertilizers also contain sulphur in addition to
NPK. The sulphur helps to improve plant growth and increase the efficiency of
other nutrients. An example of an NPKS fertilizer is 15-15-15-5, which means that
the fertilizer contains 15% nitrogen, 15% phosphorus, 15% potassium, and 5%
sulphur.
NPK Mg T6rtilizars: These complex fertilizers contain magnesium in addition to
NPK, which is important for plant growth and development. An example of an NPK
Mg fertilizer is 10-10-10-2-12, which means that the fertilizer contains 10%
nitrogen, 10% phosphorus, 10% potassium, 2% magnesium, and 12% sulphur.
NPK Ca fertilizers: These complex fertilizers contain calcium in addition to NPK,
which is important for cell wall formation and plant structure. An example of an
NPK Ca fertilizer is 15-15-15-3-10, which means that the fertilizer contains 15%
nitrogen, 15% phosphorus, 15% potassium, 3% calcium, and 10% sulphur.
[Complex fertilizers can offer several benefits over single-nutrient fertilizers, including
more efficient use of nutrients, reduced labour and transportation costs, and simplified
[application procedures. However, they can also be more expensive than single-nutrient
fertilizers, and careful management is necessary to avoid nutrient imbalances and
[environmental problems,
ate sd ae e e uw gere à fe o thaw ae etd El 7
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re cr: ga Pika eet a à een acc a rt à A
Gr re ar a ga A A ENT a ETUI
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fy dee 10% ECT, 10% TER, 10% Me, 296 Ba SR 12% Ta ea
ad E feu cet à een Pf eta à, où dr a dar à
ara he a ace Fre gen Bi A A WH TIRO 15-15-15-3-108,
femal ree a E LP ee, au ta a u
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se, am oh feet ar Re rd ote ofr mea O we, à gl
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'Nano-‘fertilizers and Soil amendments
Nano-fertilizers and soil amendments are a relatively new and rapidly developing area in
[agricultural technology. They are designed to improve tht iveness of traditional
fertilizers and soil amendments by using nanotechnology to increase the availability and
uptake of nutrients by plants. Here is a brief overview of nano-fertilizers and soil
‘ano-fertilizers are fertilizers that use nanotechnology to
improve nutrient availability and uptake. They can be produced by coating
traditional fertilizers with nanoparticles, which can protect the nutrients from
leaching and make them more available to plants. Nano-fertilizers can also be
designed to release nutrients slowly over time, which can reduce the risk of
nutrient loss and increase the efficiency of fertilizer use.
2. Nano-amendments: Nano-amendments are soil amendments that use
nanotechnology to improve soil properties and plant growth. They can be used to
‘modify soil pH, inc à availability. Nano-
amendments can also help to reduce soil erosion and improve soil structure.
The use of nano-fertilizers and soil amendments is still a relatively new area of research,
[and there are still many questions about their long-term effects on soil and plant health.
[Some studies have shown that nano-fertilizers can improve crop yields and reduce the
[amount of fertilizer needed, while others have raised concerns about their potential
ica re torn de oe ae er cr hate
od AS
E dl
[ca Fre ara ote Fgh ARA one fer ent A ee aA A A
[ru 81 cet fee saver sik STN Gr $ He saree Re
1. rana om À, oa ato, een She
aaa osa
Aa, es qe STATE TUT 20-20-20 À, re and eS a À 20% TESTO,
20% BRERA fr 20% ra Er 81
re cr: ga Pika eet a à een acc a rt à A
Gr re ar a ga A A ENT a ETUI
2515355 19 OR, 196 ERT
GU
esc naaa, NEE FG
Pra & fr rec 81 dis rs Shee A ES IAE 10-10-10-2-12 8, rer ON À
fy dee 10% ECT, 10% TER, 10% Me, 296 Ba SR 12% Ta ea
ad E feu cet à een Pf eta à, où dr a dar à
ara he a ace Fre gen Bi A A WH TIRO 15-15-15-3-108,
femal ree a E LP ee, au ta a u
Bem ear
rastas vrs weet oe ak em ra er à, che rc wr ai
se, am oh feet ar Re rd ote ofr mea O we, à gl
[Agro dr are à go ote ca ao à aa & Ferg
aug wat GR 81
'Nano-‘fertilizers and Soil amendments
Nano-fertilizers and soil amendments are a relatively new and rapidly developing area in
[agricultural technology. They are designed to improve tht iveness of traditional
fertilizers and soil amendments by using nanotechnology to increase the availability and
uptake of nutrients by plants. Here is a brief overview of nano-fertilizers and soil
‘ano-fertilizers are fertilizers that use nanotechnology to
improve nutrient availability and uptake. They can be produced by coating
traditional fertilizers with nanoparticles, which can protect the nutrients from
leaching and make them more available to plants. Nano-fertilizers can also be
designed to release nutrients slowly over time, which can reduce the risk of
nutrient loss and increase the efficiency of fertilizer use.
2. Nano-amendments: Nano-amendments are soil amendments that use
nanotechnology to improve soil properties and plant growth. They can be used to
‘modify soil pH, inc à availability. Nano-
amendments can also help to reduce soil erosion and improve soil structure.
The use of nano-fertilizers and soil amendments is still a relatively new area of research,
[and there are still many questions about their long-term effects on soil and plant health.
[Some studies have shown that nano-fertilizers can improve crop yields and reduce the
[amount of fertilizer needed, while others have raised concerns about their potential
toxicity and environmental impact. It is important to continue researching and
monitoring the use of these technologies to ensure that they are safe and effective for
hs WR sha ew oar ae a Per à A
lava rat gara ah ur ar à FA ra a gue pees RS Gea ai
raat teeter aggre ee Fe Be eo
ef rc eur à
Mato Histo ge ou a rr gr qu Pt
Ea mao a DT a
aaa ce a da or Re as Tae a
SR a Rd ae wt o fag e rar
Se er fi er en eT
RER
Fa es Par où oo hal Pr A qu fee
re ea a re Teh eh yea aa, a tueur gr oi
hue a af guerre on ar wera wl av
LR sce oa
st ke Pht seh an amet aio ater are targa dt ote
chet xara oR a rat à a A ont ah ag ware Si He seer a ae 8
M3 aang rd aa saves a Arar a aH aR end EZ
rar oat ine a a a à area Rar erg BI ae APA SA
Eg een me ET TS eT eT ae
1
FERTILIZER STORAGE, FERTILIZER CONTROL ORDER
Fertilizer Storage
Fertilizer storage is an important aspect of fertilizer management, as proper
help to maintain the quality and effectiveness of fertilizers and prevent environmental
pollution. Here is a detailed explanation of fertilizer storage:
1. Storage location: Fertilizers should be stored in a dry, cool, and well
ventilated area that is away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and moisture. The
storage area should be located on a level surface that is free of debris and other
materials that could cause contamination. The storage area should also be located
away from water sources and areas with high traffic to prevent accidental spills.
‘Storage containers: Fertilizers should be stored in airtight, durable
containers that are designed for the specific type of fertilizer being stored. The
containers should be labelled with the name of the fertilizer, the date of purchase,
and the expiration date. It is also important to keep the containers tightly closed to
prevent moisture and air from entering.
Handling and transportation: Fertilizers should be handled and transported with
care to prevent damage to the containers and spills. The containers should be
loaded and unloaded carefully and stored in a stable position during
transportation. It is also important to avoid mixing different types of fertilizers
monitoring the use of these technologies to ensure that they are safe and effective for
hs WR sha ew oar ae a Per à A
lava rat gara ah ur ar à FA ra a gue pees RS Gea ai
raat teeter aggre ee Fe Be eo
ef rc eur à
Mato Histo ge ou a rr gr qu Pt
Ea mao a DT a
aaa ce a da or Re as Tae a
SR a Rd ae wt o fag e rar
Se er fi er en eT
RER
Fa es Par où oo hal Pr A qu fee
re ea a re Teh eh yea aa, a tueur gr oi
hue a af guerre on ar wera wl av
LR sce oa
st ke Pht seh an amet aio ater are targa dt ote
chet xara oR a rat à a A ont ah ag ware Si He seer a ae 8
M3 aang rd aa saves a Arar a aH aR end EZ
rar oat ine a a a à area Rar erg BI ae APA SA
Eg een me ET TS eT eT ae
1
FERTILIZER STORAGE, FERTILIZER CONTROL ORDER
Fertilizer Storage
Fertilizer storage is an important aspect of fertilizer management, as proper
help to maintain the quality and effectiveness of fertilizers and prevent environmental
pollution. Here is a detailed explanation of fertilizer storage:
1. Storage location: Fertilizers should be stored in a dry, cool, and well
ventilated area that is away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and moisture. The
storage area should be located on a level surface that is free of debris and other
materials that could cause contamination. The storage area should also be located
away from water sources and areas with high traffic to prevent accidental spills.
‘Storage containers: Fertilizers should be stored in airtight, durable
containers that are designed for the specific type of fertilizer being stored. The
containers should be labelled with the name of the fertilizer, the date of purchase,
and the expiration date. It is also important to keep the containers tightly closed to
prevent moisture and air from entering.
Handling and transportation: Fertilizers should be handled and transported with
care to prevent damage to the containers and spills. The containers should be
loaded and unloaded carefully and stored in a stable position during
transportation. It is also important to avoid mixing different types of fertilizers
during transportation, as this can lead to chemical reactions and hazardous
Situations.
Spill prevention and clean: Spills and leaks can occur during fertilizer storage
and transportation, so itis important to have spill prevention and cleanup
measures in place. This can Include spill containment barriers, spill response kits,
and proper training for employees on spill response procedures, Any spills or
Teaks should be cleaned up immediately and disposed of properly to prevent
environmental contamination
Fertilizer rotation: To prevent the accumulation of old or expired fertilizers, it is
important to rotate the fertilizer stock by using the oldest fertilizers first. This can
help to ensure thatthe fertilizers being used are stil effective and have not
expired
seer een ater pur or eel oe, a ft are ea qe e
RES
ES
1. aman ra A ain Pm aT aE
AGA ell at RAR Ba U ART ue ur FU AE
es age ren a ever BI ene Peete wt Hy
PROA etal fr ea Tara BA À RRA
ren WEHR: weet a, Rear de a anda far rar aie PARE
eB sr E Pata wes à ame, at a a ARA
PAR 3 er tar ar an ag ea Bl a HLA À de E Eat
Fur
atada dsd
ren a marido ts oh oo Prat ar A ste
ae das fe far eth Fer aa nf fa à her Pa ER 5
Eee er awe D A ET TTT
&
rer ese he mon; só Haren Ar fae 3 Aha a ste chew A nat, eae
cr wh dr ae eB re ar dd Te fe Fete ae, Fe Feet
Pe aha Fer Fee ana re roe Er fe fa me et wert Fre ot
re ere eh kt er PAR AO AA à ew
Payer ara af!
ade maana
grd 3d whey wh ren Hea Bt gaa ae A PA A Hee Pre re à A
se ary ve sd os a al BR wera eT A
1
Fertilizer Control Order
[The Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a legal document issued by the Mi
[Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare in India under the Essential Commodities
The FCO regulates the production, distribution, and sale of fertilizers in Indi
[designed to ensure the quality and safety of fertilizers for agricultural use.
information about the Fertilizer Control Order:
1. Séopé: The FCO applies to all types of fertilizers, including chemical fer
organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, and micronutrient fertilizers. The ordei
the minimum standards for quality, labelling, packaging, and transportation of
fertilizers.
Situations.
Spill prevention and clean: Spills and leaks can occur during fertilizer storage
and transportation, so itis important to have spill prevention and cleanup
measures in place. This can Include spill containment barriers, spill response kits,
and proper training for employees on spill response procedures, Any spills or
Teaks should be cleaned up immediately and disposed of properly to prevent
environmental contamination
Fertilizer rotation: To prevent the accumulation of old or expired fertilizers, it is
important to rotate the fertilizer stock by using the oldest fertilizers first. This can
help to ensure thatthe fertilizers being used are stil effective and have not
expired
seer een ater pur or eel oe, a ft are ea qe e
RES
ES
1. aman ra A ain Pm aT aE
AGA ell at RAR Ba U ART ue ur FU AE
es age ren a ever BI ene Peete wt Hy
PROA etal fr ea Tara BA À RRA
ren WEHR: weet a, Rear de a anda far rar aie PARE
eB sr E Pata wes à ame, at a a ARA
PAR 3 er tar ar an ag ea Bl a HLA À de E Eat
Fur
atada dsd
ren a marido ts oh oo Prat ar A ste
ae das fe far eth Fer aa nf fa à her Pa ER 5
Eee er awe D A ET TTT
&
rer ese he mon; só Haren Ar fae 3 Aha a ste chew A nat, eae
cr wh dr ae eB re ar dd Te fe Fete ae, Fe Feet
Pe aha Fer Fee ana re roe Er fe fa me et wert Fre ot
re ere eh kt er PAR AO AA à ew
Payer ara af!
ade maana
grd 3d whey wh ren Hea Bt gaa ae A PA A Hee Pre re à A
se ary ve sd os a al BR wera eT A
1
Fertilizer Control Order
[The Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a legal document issued by the Mi
[Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare in India under the Essential Commodities
The FCO regulates the production, distribution, and sale of fertilizers in Indi
[designed to ensure the quality and safety of fertilizers for agricultural use.
information about the Fertilizer Control Order:
1. Séopé: The FCO applies to all types of fertilizers, including chemical fer
organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, and micronutrient fertilizers. The ordei
the minimum standards for quality, labelling, packaging, and transportation of
fertilizers.
‘Quality’ standards: The FCO sets out the minimum standards for the physical,
‘chemical, and biological properties of fertilizers. These standards are based on the
type of fertilizer and the nutrient content. Fertilizers must meet these standards in.
order to be registered and sol
3. Labelling requirements: The
analysis, the batch number, and the date of manufacture. The label
also include the net weight, the name and address of the manufacturer, and
irections for use.
old in India. The registration
ie manufacturer to submit of the fertilizer for testing to|
s the quality standards
Cooperation, whi
sale of ferti
Penales Violation of the FCO can result in penalties such as fines, suspension of
registration, or cancellation of registration. The severity of the penalty depends on
the nature and extent of the violation
cee FO one QA) ATAR a, 1955 I aa wT fr hy Pre wT
Corea rer ret qe erp arto Bi wore a ge à wees, Fare She Fah
Pra area’, hea E ll lala
re ai Po rer
au go aE weal, ater skew da rat she gere at ata an
verd deel oe me Boner ce wh ra, af, fo fear frz
En
ora are. WRT SER we, are te Mas qui Po aA re aw
Ba aa à re ge à wee oe che aes re ae oa Be a pat
Rams Ree ada a a qu aT
Safe oran wrest arret & fee Salter orar a ke wet re
we rm, A qa er, ma FRA, a atom sh Pen aA Ets TTI
Seer Baye ao, Pen ara RR wey, Ag gc Pr Pam TT
faut aa AA A fr à aT
ea fu a Pr a red fre Ser 2 ra A
aera eh & ns a a se AN qu
wae
A am Ra or à, ah eat à Sears, Ar
ARA AA for rer 8 fur gro a seen BAe wer & Re skew
aii
& A Geeta o qua, a Petar ar cohort ve A ON |
aed Bi ds a tlic sexta ía de wea BI
History of soil fertility and plant nutrition. Criteria of
lessentiality. role, deficiency and toxicity symptoms of essential
[plant nutrients
‘chemical, and biological properties of fertilizers. These standards are based on the
type of fertilizer and the nutrient content. Fertilizers must meet these standards in.
order to be registered and sol
3. Labelling requirements: The
analysis, the batch number, and the date of manufacture. The label
also include the net weight, the name and address of the manufacturer, and
irections for use.
old in India. The registration
ie manufacturer to submit of the fertilizer for testing to|
s the quality standards
Cooperation, whi
sale of ferti
Penales Violation of the FCO can result in penalties such as fines, suspension of
registration, or cancellation of registration. The severity of the penalty depends on
the nature and extent of the violation
cee FO one QA) ATAR a, 1955 I aa wT fr hy Pre wT
Corea rer ret qe erp arto Bi wore a ge à wees, Fare She Fah
Pra area’, hea E ll lala
re ai Po rer
au go aE weal, ater skew da rat she gere at ata an
verd deel oe me Boner ce wh ra, af, fo fear frz
En
ora are. WRT SER we, are te Mas qui Po aA re aw
Ba aa à re ge à wee oe che aes re ae oa Be a pat
Rams Ree ada a a qu aT
Safe oran wrest arret & fee Salter orar a ke wet re
we rm, A qa er, ma FRA, a atom sh Pen aA Ets TTI
Seer Baye ao, Pen ara RR wey, Ag gc Pr Pam TT
faut aa AA A fr à aT
ea fu a Pr a red fre Ser 2 ra A
aera eh & ns a a se AN qu
wae
A am Ra or à, ah eat à Sears, Ar
ARA AA for rer 8 fur gro a seen BAe wer & Re skew
aii
& A Geeta o qua, a Petar ar cohort ve A ON |
aed Bi ds a tlic sexta ía de wea BI
History of soil fertility and plant nutrition. Criteria of
lessentiality. role, deficiency and toxicity symptoms of essential
[plant nutrients
History of soil fertility
The history of soil fertility management can be traced back to ancient times. Early
civilizations recognized the importance of soil fertility for agricultural productivity and
[developed various methods to maintain soil fertility.
lone of the earliest known soil fertility management practices was the use of
manure. Ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used animal
Imanure to fertilize their crops. They also practiced crop rotation, a technique where
different crops were grown in different fields in a particular sequence to maintain soil
fertility
During the medieval period, a technique called fallowing was commonly used to restore
sol fertility. In this method, a field was left uncultivated for a period of time to allow
the soil to rest and recover its nutrients,
In the 18th century, the chemist Justus von Liebig discovered that plants require
specific nutrients for their growth, and that the absence of any one of these nutrients can
limit plant growth. This led to the development of artificial fertilizers that could supply
the necessary nutrients to plants
In the early 20th century, the soil scientist Sir Albert Howard developed the concept
lof organic farming, which emphasized the use of organic materials such as compost and
green manure to maintain soil fruit
Today, sol fertility management is a critical component of sustainable agriculture.
Farmers use a varity of techniques to maintain soi! fertility, including the use of organic
land inorganic fertilizers crop rotation, cover cropping, and conservation tillage. The goal
of these practices is to maintain the health ofthe Soil, maximize crop yields, and reduce
[environmental impacts,
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History of plant nutrition
[The history of plant nutrition can be traced back to the early 19th century when the
[concept of plant nutrition was first proposed. Before this time, it was believed that
lants grew by absorbing nutrients from the soil in which they were planted. However,
The history of soil fertility management can be traced back to ancient times. Early
civilizations recognized the importance of soil fertility for agricultural productivity and
[developed various methods to maintain soil fertility.
lone of the earliest known soil fertility management practices was the use of
manure. Ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used animal
Imanure to fertilize their crops. They also practiced crop rotation, a technique where
different crops were grown in different fields in a particular sequence to maintain soil
fertility
During the medieval period, a technique called fallowing was commonly used to restore
sol fertility. In this method, a field was left uncultivated for a period of time to allow
the soil to rest and recover its nutrients,
In the 18th century, the chemist Justus von Liebig discovered that plants require
specific nutrients for their growth, and that the absence of any one of these nutrients can
limit plant growth. This led to the development of artificial fertilizers that could supply
the necessary nutrients to plants
In the early 20th century, the soil scientist Sir Albert Howard developed the concept
lof organic farming, which emphasized the use of organic materials such as compost and
green manure to maintain soil fruit
Today, sol fertility management is a critical component of sustainable agriculture.
Farmers use a varity of techniques to maintain soi! fertility, including the use of organic
land inorganic fertilizers crop rotation, cover cropping, and conservation tillage. The goal
of these practices is to maintain the health ofthe Soil, maximize crop yields, and reduce
[environmental impacts,
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History of plant nutrition
[The history of plant nutrition can be traced back to the early 19th century when the
[concept of plant nutrition was first proposed. Before this time, it was believed that
lants grew by absorbing nutrients from the soil in which they were planted. However,
[experiments conducted by several scientists showed that plants required specific
nutrients for their growth, and that the absence of any one of these nutrients could limit
plant growth,
In 1840, the German chemist Julius von Sachs conducted experiments that showed that
plants required nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for their growth. He also
[discovered that plants could absorb nutrients through their roots.
In 1850, the English chemist John Bennet Lawes and his collaborator Joseph Henry
[Gilbert established the world's first agricultural research station at Roth Amsted in
England. They conducted experiments that showed the importance of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium for crop growth. They also developed the first commercial
fertilizer, known as superphosphate, which was made by treating bones with sulfuric
acid.
In the early 20th cent
the American plant physiologist Frederick Black discovered the
role of trace elements in plant nutrition. He found that plants required small amounts of
certain elements such as iron, zine, and manganese for their growth.
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Criteria of essentiality
[The criteria of essentiality are a set of guidelines used to determine whether a particular
nutrient is essential for plant growth, There are several criteria of essentiality that have
‘The nutrient must be required for the completion of the life cycle of the
This means that the not complete its life cycle without the nutrient
nutrients for their growth, and that the absence of any one of these nutrients could limit
plant growth,
In 1840, the German chemist Julius von Sachs conducted experiments that showed that
plants required nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for their growth. He also
[discovered that plants could absorb nutrients through their roots.
In 1850, the English chemist John Bennet Lawes and his collaborator Joseph Henry
[Gilbert established the world's first agricultural research station at Roth Amsted in
England. They conducted experiments that showed the importance of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium for crop growth. They also developed the first commercial
fertilizer, known as superphosphate, which was made by treating bones with sulfuric
acid.
In the early 20th cent
the American plant physiologist Frederick Black discovered the
role of trace elements in plant nutrition. He found that plants required small amounts of
certain elements such as iron, zine, and manganese for their growth.
free ee 19 aa A es N ra on ro Bawa a hoor wh
secre eh an ref a re À, re FH oe LAB ar
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st Mina à
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eee te hee wearer A I aT ee re Fs eA et rg 5 HTT
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Criteria of essentiality
[The criteria of essentiality are a set of guidelines used to determine whether a particular
nutrient is essential for plant growth, There are several criteria of essentiality that have
‘The nutrient must be required for the completion of the life cycle of the
This means that the not complete its life cycle without the nutrient
‘The nutrient must be directly involved in plant metabolism: The nutrient must
be involved in essential metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, re
and protein synthesis,
The nutrient cannot be replaced by any other element The nutrient m
unique in its ability to perform its essential function in plant metabolism and
cannot be replaced by any other element
‘The nutrient mustbe essential for a wide range of Plants The nutrient must be
essential for the growth and development of a wide range of plant species and not
just a few.
‘The response to the nutrient must be specific and characteristic: The nutrient
‘must produce a specific response in plants that is characteristic of that nutrient.
‘The deficiency of the nutrient must be corrected by supplying the nutrient: If a
plant is deficient in the nutrient, the deficiency must be corrected by supplying the
nutrient.
By using these criteria, scientists can determine whether a particular nutrient is essential
for plant growth and development. This information is critical for developing fertilizers
[and nutrient management strategies that can improve crop yields and promote
sustainable agriculture,
Role, deficiency, & toxicity symptoms of essential plant nutrients
Here are the roles, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity symptoms of some of the essential
plant nutrients:
1. Nitrogen (N):
+ Role: Nitrogen is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll
Its essential for plant growth and development.
+ Deficiency symptoms: Yellowing of the leaves (chlorosis), stunted growth,
reduced yield.
symptoms: Excessive vegetative growth, delayed maturity, reduced yield.
2. Phosphorus (P}:
+ Role: Phosphorus is essential for root development, energy transfer, and the
formation of nucleic acids and phospholipids.
Deficiency symptoms: Stunted growth, dark green leaves, purplish discoloration
of leaves, reduced yield
Toxicity symptoms: Reduced growth and yield, root damage, decreased
micronutrient uptake.
3. Potassium (K):
Role: Potassium is involved in the regulation of water balance, enzyme activation,
and protein synthesis. It also plays a role in the transport of sugars and other
nutrients in plants,
Deficiency symptoms: Chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, reduced yield.
Toxicity symptoms: Reduced growth and yield, reduced nutrient uptake, salt
injury
(4. Magnesium (Mg):
Role: Magnesium is essential for the formation of chlorophyll and for energy
transfer within the plant.
jency symptoms: Interveinal chlorosis, stunted growth, reduced yield
‘Toxicity symptoms: Reduced growth and yield, reduced nutrient uptake, leaf
5. Iron (Fe):
Role: Iron is essential for the formation of chlorophyll and for enzyme activity
jency symptoms: Interveinal chlorosis, stunted growth, reduced yield
be involved in essential metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, re
and protein synthesis,
The nutrient cannot be replaced by any other element The nutrient m
unique in its ability to perform its essential function in plant metabolism and
cannot be replaced by any other element
‘The nutrient mustbe essential for a wide range of Plants The nutrient must be
essential for the growth and development of a wide range of plant species and not
just a few.
‘The response to the nutrient must be specific and characteristic: The nutrient
‘must produce a specific response in plants that is characteristic of that nutrient.
‘The deficiency of the nutrient must be corrected by supplying the nutrient: If a
plant is deficient in the nutrient, the deficiency must be corrected by supplying the
nutrient.
By using these criteria, scientists can determine whether a particular nutrient is essential
for plant growth and development. This information is critical for developing fertilizers
[and nutrient management strategies that can improve crop yields and promote
sustainable agriculture,
Role, deficiency, & toxicity symptoms of essential plant nutrients
Here are the roles, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity symptoms of some of the essential
plant nutrients:
1. Nitrogen (N):
+ Role: Nitrogen is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll
Its essential for plant growth and development.
+ Deficiency symptoms: Yellowing of the leaves (chlorosis), stunted growth,
reduced yield.
symptoms: Excessive vegetative growth, delayed maturity, reduced yield.
2. Phosphorus (P}:
+ Role: Phosphorus is essential for root development, energy transfer, and the
formation of nucleic acids and phospholipids.
Deficiency symptoms: Stunted growth, dark green leaves, purplish discoloration
of leaves, reduced yield
Toxicity symptoms: Reduced growth and yield, root damage, decreased
micronutrient uptake.
3. Potassium (K):
Role: Potassium is involved in the regulation of water balance, enzyme activation,
and protein synthesis. It also plays a role in the transport of sugars and other
nutrients in plants,
Deficiency symptoms: Chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, reduced yield.
Toxicity symptoms: Reduced growth and yield, reduced nutrient uptake, salt
injury
(4. Magnesium (Mg):
Role: Magnesium is essential for the formation of chlorophyll and for energy
transfer within the plant.
jency symptoms: Interveinal chlorosis, stunted growth, reduced yield
‘Toxicity symptoms: Reduced growth and yield, reduced nutrient uptake, leaf
5. Iron (Fe):
Role: Iron is essential for the formation of chlorophyll and for enzyme activity
jency symptoms: Interveinal chlorosis, stunted growth, reduced yield
‘Toxicity symptoms: Reduced growth and yield, reduced nutrient uptake, leaf
(an):
Role: Zinc is essential for the formation of chlorophyll and for e
Deficiency symptoms: Stunted growth, chlorosis, reduced yield.
Toxicity symptoms: Reduced growth and yield, reduced nutrient uptake, leaf
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Mechanisms of nutrient transport to plants, factors affecting
Inutrient availability to plants
|Mechanisms of nutrient transport to plants,
[Absorption of plant Nutrients
1. By roots
2. By leaves
Plants require a variety of nutrients to grow and develop properly, including
nitrogen, phosphoru: as well as micronutrients like
€ nutrients must be e oil and transported into the
(an):
Role: Zinc is essential for the formation of chlorophyll and for e
Deficiency symptoms: Stunted growth, chlorosis, reduced yield.
Toxicity symptoms: Reduced growth and yield, reduced nutrient uptake, leaf
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Mechanisms of nutrient transport to plants, factors affecting
Inutrient availability to plants
|Mechanisms of nutrient transport to plants,
[Absorption of plant Nutrients
1. By roots
2. By leaves
Plants require a variety of nutrients to grow and develop properly, including
nitrogen, phosphoru: as well as micronutrients like
€ nutrients must be e oil and transported into the
bolic processes. There are several mechanisms of nutrient
Diffusion: Nutrients can move into the plant's root system by diffusion, which
is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. Nutrients in the soil are constantly being dissolved in water and
are available in higher concentrations near the root surface. By diffusion, the
nutrients move from areas of high concentration in the soil to areas of low
concentration in the root system.
Mass flow: Water and nutrients can also be taken up by the plant through mass
flow, which is the movement of water and dissolved nutrients from areas of high
pressure to areas of low pressure, When the plant actively transports ions into
the root, it creates a negative charge in the root, which draws in positively
charged ions from the surrounding soil. This creates a flow of nutrients from
the soil to the plant, driven by the flow of water.
Rootlinterception: As the root system grows and expands, it can physically
intercept and absorb nutrients from the soil. This process is especially important
for immobile nutrients like phosphorus, which does not move easily through the
soll. The root system actively searches for nutrients in the soil and can absorb
them through root hairs and other structures.
. Mycormhizae: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with the plants
roots, forming structures called arbuscules that increase the surface area of the
root system and enhance nutrient uptake. The fungi can access nutrients in the
soil that are otherwise inaccessible to the plant and transport them into the root
system.
Foliar upt@Ke: In some cases, nutrients can be absorbed through the plant's leaves
or other above-ground structures. This is especially important for micronutrients
that may be present in low concentrations in the soil. Foliar uptake can be
facilitated by spraying the plant with a nutrient solution or by using fertilizers that
are absorbed through the leaves.
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Diffusion: Nutrients can move into the plant's root system by diffusion, which
is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. Nutrients in the soil are constantly being dissolved in water and
are available in higher concentrations near the root surface. By diffusion, the
nutrients move from areas of high concentration in the soil to areas of low
concentration in the root system.
Mass flow: Water and nutrients can also be taken up by the plant through mass
flow, which is the movement of water and dissolved nutrients from areas of high
pressure to areas of low pressure, When the plant actively transports ions into
the root, it creates a negative charge in the root, which draws in positively
charged ions from the surrounding soil. This creates a flow of nutrients from
the soil to the plant, driven by the flow of water.
Rootlinterception: As the root system grows and expands, it can physically
intercept and absorb nutrients from the soil. This process is especially important
for immobile nutrients like phosphorus, which does not move easily through the
soll. The root system actively searches for nutrients in the soil and can absorb
them through root hairs and other structures.
. Mycormhizae: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with the plants
roots, forming structures called arbuscules that increase the surface area of the
root system and enhance nutrient uptake. The fungi can access nutrients in the
soil that are otherwise inaccessible to the plant and transport them into the root
system.
Foliar upt@Ke: In some cases, nutrients can be absorbed through the plant's leaves
or other above-ground structures. This is especially important for micronutrients
that may be present in low concentrations in the soil. Foliar uptake can be
facilitated by spraying the plant with a nutrient solution or by using fertilizers that
are absorbed through the leaves.
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[Factors affecting nutrient availability to plants
factors can affect the availability of nutrients to plants, includi
1. SoilipH Soil pH can have a significant impact on nutrient availability. Most plant
nutrients are most available to plants when the soil pH is between 6.0 and
7.5. However, some nutrients, such as iron and manganese, are more available to
plants in acidic soils (pH less than 6.0), while others, such as calcium and
magnesium, are more available in alkaline soils (pH greater than 7.5).
‘SOIITEREHHRE Soil texture refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in
the soil. Soils with a high clay content tend to hold onto nutrients more tightly,
making them less available to plants. In contrast, sandy soils tend to have lower
nutrient retention, which can lead to leaching and nutrient loss.
"Organic matter content: Soil organic matter plays an important role in nutrient
availability, as it can act as a source of nutrients and improve soil structure and
water-holding capacity. Organic matter can also help to release nutrients from
minerals in the soil through the process of mineralization,
Sollmoisturé! The availability of nutrients to plants is also affected by soil
moisture levels. Nutrient uptake by plants is most efficient when the soil is moist
but not waterlogged. In dry soils, nutrient uptake may be limited due to reduced
root activity, while in waterlogged soils, oxygen availability may be limited, which
can lead to nutrient deficiencies.
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ant tart nig otk ger zara ata a cara a a chow ar
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[Factors affecting nutrient availability to plants
factors can affect the availability of nutrients to plants, includi
1. SoilipH Soil pH can have a significant impact on nutrient availability. Most plant
nutrients are most available to plants when the soil pH is between 6.0 and
7.5. However, some nutrients, such as iron and manganese, are more available to
plants in acidic soils (pH less than 6.0), while others, such as calcium and
magnesium, are more available in alkaline soils (pH greater than 7.5).
‘SOIITEREHHRE Soil texture refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in
the soil. Soils with a high clay content tend to hold onto nutrients more tightly,
making them less available to plants. In contrast, sandy soils tend to have lower
nutrient retention, which can lead to leaching and nutrient loss.
"Organic matter content: Soil organic matter plays an important role in nutrient
availability, as it can act as a source of nutrients and improve soil structure and
water-holding capacity. Organic matter can also help to release nutrients from
minerals in the soil through the process of mineralization,
Sollmoisturé! The availability of nutrients to plants is also affected by soil
moisture levels. Nutrient uptake by plants is most efficient when the soil is moist
but not waterlogged. In dry soils, nutrient uptake may be limited due to reduced
root activity, while in waterlogged soils, oxygen availability may be limited, which
can lead to nutrient deficiencies.
5. Soll temperature: Soil temperature can also affect nutrient availability, as it can
influence soil biological activity, mineralization rates, and plant root growth. Most
plant nutrients are more available in warm soils, while cold soils can limit nutrient
uptake and plant growth.
Soil compaction: Soil compaction can limit root growth and reduce nutrient uptake|
by plants. Compacted soils can also reduce water infiltration and retention, which
can further limit nutrient availability
Nutrient interactions: The availability of one nutrient can be influenced by the
presence or absence of other nutrients, For example, excessive applications of
nitrogen can limit the uptake of phosphorus and vice versa Similarly, high levels
of one nutrient can lead to a deficiency of another nutrient if tis taken up in
Ekg ag a ha ther rt a oe He ae re re iota che
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Seite meh PA ew ga ae a er à à à Pr
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influence soil biological activity, mineralization rates, and plant root growth. Most
plant nutrients are more available in warm soils, while cold soils can limit nutrient
uptake and plant growth.
Soil compaction: Soil compaction can limit root growth and reduce nutrient uptake|
by plants. Compacted soils can also reduce water infiltration and retention, which
can further limit nutrient availability
Nutrient interactions: The availability of one nutrient can be influenced by the
presence or absence of other nutrients, For example, excessive applications of
nitrogen can limit the uptake of phosphorus and vice versa Similarly, high levels
of one nutrient can lead to a deficiency of another nutrient if tis taken up in
Ekg ag a ha ther rt a oe He ae re re iota che
Susan en rang sa
ares, ge Ares ara, Sa ce ah Aro, re HEA ea 6 0 à ap À à re
San eae, ah ren. 5 a fes
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Seite meh PA ew ga ae a er à à à Pr
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aos
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magnesium, sulphur and micronutrients}
Chemistry of soil nitrogen
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and is a key component of chlorophyll,
the pigment that gives plants their green colour and is necessary for photosynthesis.
Nitrogen is present in soil in different forms, including organic matter, ammonium
|(NH4+), and nitrate (NO3-).
[Organic matter contains nitrogen in the form of proteins, amino acids, and other organic
[compounds. When organic matter decomposes, bacteria and fungi break down these
[compounds into ammonium ions, a process called mineralization. Ammonium is also
produced when urea fertilizers break down in soil
[Ammonium ions are positively charged and are held tightly by soil particles, Plants can
[absorb ammonium ions directly through their roots. However, because ammonium is
relatively immobile in soil, it can accumulate near the site of fertilization, leading to
localized nutrient imbalances.
Nitrate fons are negatively charged and are more mobile in soil than ammonium. Nitrate
is produced by nitrifying bacteria that convert ammonium to nitrate in a two-step
process. The first step converts ammonium to nitrite (NO2-), which is then converted to
nitrate. This process, called nitrification, releases hydrogen ions (H+) and lowers soil ph.
Plants can absorb nitrate ions directly through their roots. However, excess nitrate can be!
leached from soil and contaminate groundwater, leading to environmental concerns. In
[addition, high levels of nitrate in plants can make them more susceptible to certain pests
The availability of nitrogen to plants depends on various factors, including soil pH,
temperature, moisture, and microbial activity. Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in
the nitrogen cycle, transforming nitrogen between different forms and breaking down
[organic matter to release ammonium ions.
loverall, nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth, and its availability in soil
[depends on various biogeochemical processes. A balanced supply of nitrogen to plants is
[crucial for optimal growth and yield, and careful management of nitrogen fertilizers is
necessary to minimize environmental impacts.
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taker se ga eS M gor A
rer ere ad, rent (a, ARE A 3.) RTE E
res wari a utd, or as e re ae eu dd wa ord
As eii
afr er ore gar en fe ra aft des MEA Ze wT E
Chemistry of soil nitrogen
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and is a key component of chlorophyll,
the pigment that gives plants their green colour and is necessary for photosynthesis.
Nitrogen is present in soil in different forms, including organic matter, ammonium
|(NH4+), and nitrate (NO3-).
[Organic matter contains nitrogen in the form of proteins, amino acids, and other organic
[compounds. When organic matter decomposes, bacteria and fungi break down these
[compounds into ammonium ions, a process called mineralization. Ammonium is also
produced when urea fertilizers break down in soil
[Ammonium ions are positively charged and are held tightly by soil particles, Plants can
[absorb ammonium ions directly through their roots. However, because ammonium is
relatively immobile in soil, it can accumulate near the site of fertilization, leading to
localized nutrient imbalances.
Nitrate fons are negatively charged and are more mobile in soil than ammonium. Nitrate
is produced by nitrifying bacteria that convert ammonium to nitrate in a two-step
process. The first step converts ammonium to nitrite (NO2-), which is then converted to
nitrate. This process, called nitrification, releases hydrogen ions (H+) and lowers soil ph.
Plants can absorb nitrate ions directly through their roots. However, excess nitrate can be!
leached from soil and contaminate groundwater, leading to environmental concerns. In
[addition, high levels of nitrate in plants can make them more susceptible to certain pests
The availability of nitrogen to plants depends on various factors, including soil pH,
temperature, moisture, and microbial activity. Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in
the nitrogen cycle, transforming nitrogen between different forms and breaking down
[organic matter to release ammonium ions.
loverall, nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth, and its availability in soil
[depends on various biogeochemical processes. A balanced supply of nitrogen to plants is
[crucial for optimal growth and yield, and careful management of nitrogen fertilizers is
necessary to minimize environmental impacts.
rior dl à or Ferg ara do aa ate ae wr qe
taker se ga eS M gor A
rer ere ad, rent (a, ARE A 3.) RTE E
res wari a utd, or as e re ae eu dd wa ord
As eii
afr er ore gar en fe ra aft des MEA Ze wT E
A ool era ae
| ora gt à rer à Pare one aA orcas er Vi ere, af Aa MAA
renga For à, me Pars ee are UT eI od, Fr ge ee OTT a
a er
Prete amr terre à A gr AP fn de
rer en re Pa eo wech mar rt affa wee
ee seen NO a x a et a
PR oer are 9, mr ua) Brae ae à oe ay hea wy
laoreet gt à naa Bl ere, A a MA à
A an emer à SAR Eolo bas LIRE UT bill
RD RE TM ee aes Sear ST
RE RE en
Sr yp TE er GR
Oo FE era
RS for US Mare Chew dad, sik Pgh À gaat aura fer
Sr eu mr Ci eee are ee Seay
pasea di Rara aH ea rn tent e ario yá
Chemistry of soil phosphorus
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth and is a key component of DNA,
[ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and cell membranes. Unlike nitrogen, which can exist in
[various forms in soil, phosphorus exists mainly in the form of inorganic phosphate
|(H2PO4- or HPO42-) or organic compounds.
Inorganic phosphate is the primary source of phosphorus for plants. It is released from
mineral compounds such as apatite, which make up a significant portion of soil
phosphorus. However, inorganic phosphate is often limited in soil due to its low
solubility and its tendency to react with other minerals, such as calcium and aluminium,
to form insoluble compounds.
pted to this limitation by developing specialized root structures, such as
root hairs and mycorrhizal associations, that can increase the surface area available for
phosphate absorption. In addition, some plants can release organic acids that solubilize
Inorganic phosphate in sol
[Organic matter is another source of phosphorus for plants. When organic matter
released in the form of organic compounds, such as phytic
"can be broken down by soil microorganisms into inorganic
| ora gt à rer à Pare one aA orcas er Vi ere, af Aa MAA
renga For à, me Pars ee are UT eI od, Fr ge ee OTT a
a er
Prete amr terre à A gr AP fn de
rer en re Pa eo wech mar rt affa wee
ee seen NO a x a et a
PR oer are 9, mr ua) Brae ae à oe ay hea wy
laoreet gt à naa Bl ere, A a MA à
A an emer à SAR Eolo bas LIRE UT bill
RD RE TM ee aes Sear ST
RE RE en
Sr yp TE er GR
Oo FE era
RS for US Mare Chew dad, sik Pgh À gaat aura fer
Sr eu mr Ci eee are ee Seay
pasea di Rara aH ea rn tent e ario yá
Chemistry of soil phosphorus
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth and is a key component of DNA,
[ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and cell membranes. Unlike nitrogen, which can exist in
[various forms in soil, phosphorus exists mainly in the form of inorganic phosphate
|(H2PO4- or HPO42-) or organic compounds.
Inorganic phosphate is the primary source of phosphorus for plants. It is released from
mineral compounds such as apatite, which make up a significant portion of soil
phosphorus. However, inorganic phosphate is often limited in soil due to its low
solubility and its tendency to react with other minerals, such as calcium and aluminium,
to form insoluble compounds.
pted to this limitation by developing specialized root structures, such as
root hairs and mycorrhizal associations, that can increase the surface area available for
phosphate absorption. In addition, some plants can release organic acids that solubilize
Inorganic phosphate in sol
[Organic matter is another source of phosphorus for plants. When organic matter
released in the form of organic compounds, such as phytic
"can be broken down by soil microorganisms into inorganic
The availability of phosphorus to plants depends on various factors, including soil pH,
temperature, moisture, and microbial activity. For example, low soil pH can increase the
solubility of inorganic phosphate, while high soil pH can reduce it. In addition, exces
phosphorus fertilization can lead to environmental concerns, such as eutrophication of
[water bodies and contamination of groundwater.
loverall, phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth, and its availability in soil
[depends on various biogeochemical processes. A balanced supply of phosphorus to
plants is crucial for optimal growth and yield, and careful management of phosphorus
fertilizers is necessary to minimize environmental impacts.
[erp the) ds ara ds form ues ora de aa à ote Stary TER AR
en fee a qe echo Fah, oh PA en wala hye a
ET AI: aa) arts:
1
[srta Prisa del ds Ra ra aa da Bi ae Wenge Sta RAR à or gta
Per moe LR sordo wider sec ees a
RRA af ds aren rh eit eat #1 = =
rana Po à, SP org are she
Re er D Ho go AD
fais Wis ud en ia
[at an chit & fey wreak er Rd wa re ver ua dag, Aa
cord dre à aa À or oer ae à, e RS AA URS, Fe HE à
¡ea ara sado Pa dra waa à
arar a, ml EAN Pai ee
pr à rc Pa rad ef ere ay ed,
seas sea Fgh rah ar a, ao ra Pia af st wt
re à een Fs ret Pra a ear a e age
Beer rem AAA a
eae a a
lous & Urra RE pra DI ar ane à fee prete Sal aro
a rer $1
Chemistry of Potassium
Potassium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and is involved in many
physiological processes, including osmoregulation, enzyme activation, and stomatal
regulation. Potassium exists in soil mainly in the form of cations (K+) that are adsorbed
[onto clay and organic matter particles.
Potassium availability in soil depends on the balance between the input of potassium
from fertilizers, organic matter, and weathering of minerals, and the output of potassium]
temperature, moisture, and microbial activity. For example, low soil pH can increase the
solubility of inorganic phosphate, while high soil pH can reduce it. In addition, exces
phosphorus fertilization can lead to environmental concerns, such as eutrophication of
[water bodies and contamination of groundwater.
loverall, phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth, and its availability in soil
[depends on various biogeochemical processes. A balanced supply of phosphorus to
plants is crucial for optimal growth and yield, and careful management of phosphorus
fertilizers is necessary to minimize environmental impacts.
[erp the) ds ara ds form ues ora de aa à ote Stary TER AR
en fee a qe echo Fah, oh PA en wala hye a
ET AI: aa) arts:
1
[srta Prisa del ds Ra ra aa da Bi ae Wenge Sta RAR à or gta
Per moe LR sordo wider sec ees a
RRA af ds aren rh eit eat #1 = =
rana Po à, SP org are she
Re er D Ho go AD
fais Wis ud en ia
[at an chit & fey wreak er Rd wa re ver ua dag, Aa
cord dre à aa À or oer ae à, e RS AA URS, Fe HE à
¡ea ara sado Pa dra waa à
arar a, ml EAN Pai ee
pr à rc Pa rad ef ere ay ed,
seas sea Fgh rah ar a, ao ra Pia af st wt
re à een Fs ret Pra a ear a e age
Beer rem AAA a
eae a a
lous & Urra RE pra DI ar ane à fee prete Sal aro
a rer $1
Chemistry of Potassium
Potassium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and is involved in many
physiological processes, including osmoregulation, enzyme activation, and stomatal
regulation. Potassium exists in soil mainly in the form of cations (K+) that are adsorbed
[onto clay and organic matter particles.
Potassium availability in soil depends on the balance between the input of potassium
from fertilizers, organic matter, and weathering of minerals, and the output of potassium]
through crop uptake, leaching, and erosion. Soil texture and pH also play a significant
role in the availability of potassium, with sandy soils and acidic soils often having lower
potassium availability.
Plants absorb potassium their roots in a process called cation ex The
are attracted to negatively charged sites on the surface
into the plant. Once inside the plant, potassium is
lation of water balance, the activation of
[enzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration, and the transport of sugars and
[other nutrients.
Potassium fertilizers are commonly used to replenish potassium in soil and improve
plant growth and yield. However, excessive use of potassium fertilizers can lead to
imbalances in soil nutrient levels, which can affect plant growth and can have negative
[environmental consequences, such as eutrophication of water bodies.
loverall, potassium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth, and its availability in
soil depends on various factors. Proper management of potassium fertilization is
necessary to maintain optimal soil nutrient levels and minimize environmental impacts.
eee are ree ac à x re A Pt
[ras tarea or he ee di
pseu stage ra e fa 1
it anc sgl sc ón a eee rd e e
¡Pa anes org AA Bae OR TET da LEE hla A
ote eh a re ra he ag cre A eather whe @, er ds
A eens i ema enn Se a ea te ra
1
¡RR gd ar air md ox Ris fes bso e 6 ATA
e Bo
ara Aut
porras crafarota afore € ward 81
Chemistry of Calcium
(Calcium is an essential plant nutrient that plays a crucial role in many physiological
including cell division, cell wall formation, and membrane stability. Calcium
role in the availability of potassium, with sandy soils and acidic soils often having lower
potassium availability.
Plants absorb potassium their roots in a process called cation ex The
are attracted to negatively charged sites on the surface
into the plant. Once inside the plant, potassium is
lation of water balance, the activation of
[enzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration, and the transport of sugars and
[other nutrients.
Potassium fertilizers are commonly used to replenish potassium in soil and improve
plant growth and yield. However, excessive use of potassium fertilizers can lead to
imbalances in soil nutrient levels, which can affect plant growth and can have negative
[environmental consequences, such as eutrophication of water bodies.
loverall, potassium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth, and its availability in
soil depends on various factors. Proper management of potassium fertilization is
necessary to maintain optimal soil nutrient levels and minimize environmental impacts.
eee are ree ac à x re A Pt
[ras tarea or he ee di
pseu stage ra e fa 1
it anc sgl sc ón a eee rd e e
¡Pa anes org AA Bae OR TET da LEE hla A
ote eh a re ra he ag cre A eather whe @, er ds
A eens i ema enn Se a ea te ra
1
¡RR gd ar air md ox Ris fes bso e 6 ATA
e Bo
ara Aut
porras crafarota afore € ward 81
Chemistry of Calcium
(Calcium is an essential plant nutrient that plays a crucial role in many physiological
including cell division, cell wall formation, and membrane stability. Calcium
[exists in soil mainly in the form of cations (Ca2+) that are adsorbed onto clay and
lorganic matter particles.
(Calcium availability in soil depends on various factors, including
[organic matter content, High soil pH can reduce the availabi
[cause calcium to react with other minerals and form insoluble compounds. On the other
hand, acidic soils can lead to leaching of calcium, reducing its availability to plants.
Plants absorb calcium through their roots in a process similar to cation exchange.
(Calcium ions are attracted to negatively charged sites on the surface of root cells and are
taken up into the plant. Once inside the plant, calcium is involved in many functions,
including the activation of enzymes involve‘ al transduction and stress response,
the regulation of ion transport, and the maintenance of cell wall integrity.
(Calcium fertilizers are often used to replenish calcium in soil and improve plant growth
land yield. However, excessive use of calcium fertilizers can lead to imbalances in soil
nutrient levels, which can affect plant growth and can have negative environmental
[consequences, such as soil acidification.
loverall, calcium is an essential plant nutrient that plays a vital role in plant growth and
(development. Its availability in soil depends on various factors, and careful management
[of calcium fertilization is necessary to maintain optimal soil nutrient levels and minimize|
[environmental impacts.
¡Saa ys orar dl ea À où rent rr, AR ARA A A RR ARA
fé ares aaa fn Pr &ı fe Pr wae a +) BT
og ar oh Pr Se var 5 avi fie A e
fourneau A e are or are ware ah ata A A a
Ea À Sue À aa et e, a e a wT
[Gs ra ra rr a A A a a À 1 TAA OR,
aa dare, a gee a A E
[dr ts a A A os wed Bi ferry
[ara ag ARA A RAR A A aa TARA
RN arras eter à, a Ra ra sk cara a À
md a, are far et ARA site et dar een RR ET À
Ser ca ud rae Pgh fan A OA
ere 3 for fan ren er, eat aÑos Tach RE thes ql A
reget ee à, da Rear a mar re are MA A A EEE
eh fear re 1
[gaara ra ras de des aa Ÿ où & Far otk Pere a rege fr
[rra q Fe arte ft ee or per PA à de à er a
ada oe & fae beurette or aug wae rar
lorganic matter particles.
(Calcium availability in soil depends on various factors, including
[organic matter content, High soil pH can reduce the availabi
[cause calcium to react with other minerals and form insoluble compounds. On the other
hand, acidic soils can lead to leaching of calcium, reducing its availability to plants.
Plants absorb calcium through their roots in a process similar to cation exchange.
(Calcium ions are attracted to negatively charged sites on the surface of root cells and are
taken up into the plant. Once inside the plant, calcium is involved in many functions,
including the activation of enzymes involve‘ al transduction and stress response,
the regulation of ion transport, and the maintenance of cell wall integrity.
(Calcium fertilizers are often used to replenish calcium in soil and improve plant growth
land yield. However, excessive use of calcium fertilizers can lead to imbalances in soil
nutrient levels, which can affect plant growth and can have negative environmental
[consequences, such as soil acidification.
loverall, calcium is an essential plant nutrient that plays a vital role in plant growth and
(development. Its availability in soil depends on various factors, and careful management
[of calcium fertilization is necessary to maintain optimal soil nutrient levels and minimize|
[environmental impacts.
¡Saa ys orar dl ea À où rent rr, AR ARA A A RR ARA
fé ares aaa fn Pr &ı fe Pr wae a +) BT
og ar oh Pr Se var 5 avi fie A e
fourneau A e are or are ware ah ata A A a
Ea À Sue À aa et e, a e a wT
[Gs ra ra rr a A A a a À 1 TAA OR,
aa dare, a gee a A E
[dr ts a A A os wed Bi ferry
[ara ag ARA A RAR A A aa TARA
RN arras eter à, a Ra ra sk cara a À
md a, are far et ARA site et dar een RR ET À
Ser ca ud rae Pgh fan A OA
ere 3 for fan ren er, eat aÑos Tach RE thes ql A
reget ee à, da Rear a mar re are MA A A EEE
eh fear re 1
[gaara ra ras de des aa Ÿ où & Far otk Pere a rege fr
[rra q Fe arte ft ee or per PA à de à er a
ada oe & fae beurette or aug wae rar
Chemistry of Magnesium
Magnesium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and is involved in many
physiological processes, including chlorophyll synthesis, enzyme activation, and protein
synthesis. Magnesium exists in soil mainly in the form of cations (Mg2+) that are
ladsorbed onto clay and organic matter particles.
[Magnesium availability in soil depends on various factors, including soil pH, texture, and
[organic matter content. High soil pH can reduce the availability of magnesium, as it can
[cause magnesium to react with other minerals and form insoluble compounds. On the
[other hand, acidic soils can increase the solubility of magnesium, leading to leaching and
reduced availability to plants.
Plants absorb magnesium through their roots in a process similar to cation exchange.
[Magnesium ions are attracted to negatively charged sites on the surface of root cells and
[are taken up into the plant. Once inside the plant, magnesium is involved in many
including the activation of enzymes involved in photosynthesis, respiration,
[Magnesium fertilizers are commonly used to replenish magnesium in soil and improve
plant growth and yield. However, excessive use of magnesium fertilizers can lead to
Imbalances in soil nutrient levels, which can affect plant growth and can have negative
[environmental consequences, such as soil acidification.
loverall, magnesium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development, and
its availability in soil depends on various factors. Proper management of magnesium
fertilization is necessary to maintain optimal soil nutrient levels and minimize
[environmental impacts.
Pre 3 Pre Rs ores 2 ote aioe af ste
ét arr fer res trl ee ere qe A FE (Mg) à
ue re eel yap RA 1
AA cra fil as mr otk ordre werd arnt alga ita RR
taa
at > are otra ra rn aa eq SI,
sete eee erat ee re fe Be ra
fer 1
(ANS dears Garett & ra A O a e
[IRAN RRA al a or ara eae AR AA A à STE
TR a ang corel A a ae, A o a, RÍA
er efter cr a a $
PA fra ac oe dd aH ae or au GU
er Fr Pen men eres, an scat à aren den À PA 5 dr ad er À
ge ee & à errs tr ere SR PA à ru SR RTE
ea fear re 1
Magnesium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and is involved in many
physiological processes, including chlorophyll synthesis, enzyme activation, and protein
synthesis. Magnesium exists in soil mainly in the form of cations (Mg2+) that are
ladsorbed onto clay and organic matter particles.
[Magnesium availability in soil depends on various factors, including soil pH, texture, and
[organic matter content. High soil pH can reduce the availability of magnesium, as it can
[cause magnesium to react with other minerals and form insoluble compounds. On the
[other hand, acidic soils can increase the solubility of magnesium, leading to leaching and
reduced availability to plants.
Plants absorb magnesium through their roots in a process similar to cation exchange.
[Magnesium ions are attracted to negatively charged sites on the surface of root cells and
[are taken up into the plant. Once inside the plant, magnesium is involved in many
including the activation of enzymes involved in photosynthesis, respiration,
[Magnesium fertilizers are commonly used to replenish magnesium in soil and improve
plant growth and yield. However, excessive use of magnesium fertilizers can lead to
Imbalances in soil nutrient levels, which can affect plant growth and can have negative
[environmental consequences, such as soil acidification.
loverall, magnesium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development, and
its availability in soil depends on various factors. Proper management of magnesium
fertilization is necessary to maintain optimal soil nutrient levels and minimize
[environmental impacts.
Pre 3 Pre Rs ores 2 ote aioe af ste
ét arr fer res trl ee ere qe A FE (Mg) à
ue re eel yap RA 1
AA cra fil as mr otk ordre werd arnt alga ita RR
taa
at > are otra ra rn aa eq SI,
sete eee erat ee re fe Be ra
fer 1
(ANS dears Garett & ra A O a e
[IRAN RRA al a or ara eae AR AA A à STE
TR a ang corel A a ae, A o a, RÍA
er efter cr a a $
PA fra ac oe dd aH ae or au GU
er Fr Pen men eres, an scat à aren den À PA 5 dr ad er À
ge ee & à errs tr ere SR PA à ru SR RTE
ea fear re 1
qa EL AA
Sc Ae we D mac à gue IO a deca ec rd
rat a & fer A Fates ar fard re $1
Chemistry of Sulphur
Sulphur is an essential plant nutrient that plays a vital role in protein synthesis and the
formation of certain amino acids, vitamins, and enzymes. Sulphur exists in soil mainly in
the form of sulphate ions ($042>) that are adsorbed onto clay and organic matter
particles.
Sulphur availability in soil depends on various factors, including soil pH, texture, and
‘matter content. Sulphur is more readily avai cidic soils than in
oils. Organic matter and sulphur-containing fertilizers, s ammonium
sulphate and potassium sulphate, can also contribute to soil sulphur lev
Plants absorb sulphur through their roots in a process similar to cation exchange.
fons are attracted to negatively charged sites on the surface of root cells and
up into the plant. Once inside the plant, sulphur is involved in many functions,
the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins, the synthesis of cysteine and
ine amino acids, and the regulation of plant metabolism.
Sulphur deficiency can limit plant growth and development, resulting in reduced yields
[and lower quality crops. However, excessive use of sulphur-containing fertilizers can lead |
to soil acidification and negative environmental impacts, such as groundwater
loverall, sulphur is an essential plant nutrient that plays a crucial role in many
physiological processes. ends on various factors, and proper
management of sulphur fe sarÿ to maintain optimal soil nutrient levels
[and minimize environmental impacts.
rege snare ah he ge a es ash go set Ar ae eet
avn Pre à re PENA peu à etre SA (Te 42.) 3 sg
endl ett wet wre wore oer VV
Ar ornare a dar oh ere eel are Ra Aa PR
EHRE Pa gag of or à guet IE med
Jot ome qua Tae,
eae
Mar oars weet wen ra wea Bi whe a
¡FARSA gare qe ere BU à are Tel gH A PARAS sre ae
erga arch he, mee a ere Bena eta Esa
rt af fi fr ro he ra pr Fe 1
SES
Sc Ae we D mac à gue IO a deca ec rd
rat a & fer A Fates ar fard re $1
Chemistry of Sulphur
Sulphur is an essential plant nutrient that plays a vital role in protein synthesis and the
formation of certain amino acids, vitamins, and enzymes. Sulphur exists in soil mainly in
the form of sulphate ions ($042>) that are adsorbed onto clay and organic matter
particles.
Sulphur availability in soil depends on various factors, including soil pH, texture, and
‘matter content. Sulphur is more readily avai cidic soils than in
oils. Organic matter and sulphur-containing fertilizers, s ammonium
sulphate and potassium sulphate, can also contribute to soil sulphur lev
Plants absorb sulphur through their roots in a process similar to cation exchange.
fons are attracted to negatively charged sites on the surface of root cells and
up into the plant. Once inside the plant, sulphur is involved in many functions,
the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins, the synthesis of cysteine and
ine amino acids, and the regulation of plant metabolism.
Sulphur deficiency can limit plant growth and development, resulting in reduced yields
[and lower quality crops. However, excessive use of sulphur-containing fertilizers can lead |
to soil acidification and negative environmental impacts, such as groundwater
loverall, sulphur is an essential plant nutrient that plays a crucial role in many
physiological processes. ends on various factors, and proper
management of sulphur fe sarÿ to maintain optimal soil nutrient levels
[and minimize environmental impacts.
rege snare ah he ge a es ash go set Ar ae eet
avn Pre à re PENA peu à etre SA (Te 42.) 3 sg
endl ett wet wre wore oer VV
Ar ornare a dar oh ere eel are Ra Aa PR
EHRE Pa gag of or à guet IE med
Jot ome qua Tae,
eae
Mar oars weet wen ra wea Bi whe a
¡FARSA gare qe ere BU à are Tel gH A PARAS sre ae
erga arch he, mee a ere Bena eta Esa
rt af fi fr ro he ra pr Fe 1
SES
[fess rated woe ehh pels were geal ra guard ad onen
a gre igure ra wat pa e wea 1
an er ore en en de li xfer Poet
A a Pa rent eu Pt a 8, or pe PE à AUS ES RAR
Rara cra & PO ewe A wr Sa watt aa E
‘Chemistry of Micronutrients
Micronutrients are essential plant nutrients that are required in small amounts for plant
[growth and development. These include iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron,
molybdenum, and chlorine. These micronutrients are often referred to as trace elements,
las they are required in very small quantities.
Micronutrient availability in soil depends on various factors, including soil pH, organic
matter content, and soil texture. Soil pH plays a crucial role in micronutrient availability,
[as it can affect the solubility of micronutrient compounds. Organic matter can also affect
micronutrient availability, as it can form complexes with micronutrients, making them
less available to plants.
Plants absorb micronutrients through their roots in a process similar to cation exchange.
However, the uptake of micronutrients is often more complex than that of
/macronutrients, as micronutrients can exist in various forms in soil and can be
influenced by many factors, including other nutrients.
Micronutrient deficiencies can limit plant growth and development, resulting in reduced
Iyields and lower quality crops. However, excessive use of micronutrient-containing
fertilizers can lead to soil and groundwater contamination, affecting both plant and
human health.
gr aa rere de ea oc aR otk a a 1
(Si Ara an gn, dar he ewer ee eer ea hee Fa
eu a an, à aga a er a BI
Pha grrr alt at racer Pt avs A ere atta A
farce Pate ew qe esa aaa he ecg yen FEAT
sees ae ae es eal a gra ma er avs Ven qa ds Ta a
af ata oe wee & aH ee ar au cr aa, AA
et & Ryan ae a aera BI
árida ora RR
eres, et ces rl ear RARA ge af ee len BF er es
arate fan oa À oe cer et ea ne ae na A 91
rm RO ar? a ROME tera
tomara ee eB ety, qe ew qe q eke Omen QU À
gh SR are Ru a, de terra eave AR ET 8
a gre igure ra wat pa e wea 1
an er ore en en de li xfer Poet
A a Pa rent eu Pt a 8, or pe PE à AUS ES RAR
Rara cra & PO ewe A wr Sa watt aa E
‘Chemistry of Micronutrients
Micronutrients are essential plant nutrients that are required in small amounts for plant
[growth and development. These include iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron,
molybdenum, and chlorine. These micronutrients are often referred to as trace elements,
las they are required in very small quantities.
Micronutrient availability in soil depends on various factors, including soil pH, organic
matter content, and soil texture. Soil pH plays a crucial role in micronutrient availability,
[as it can affect the solubility of micronutrient compounds. Organic matter can also affect
micronutrient availability, as it can form complexes with micronutrients, making them
less available to plants.
Plants absorb micronutrients through their roots in a process similar to cation exchange.
However, the uptake of micronutrients is often more complex than that of
/macronutrients, as micronutrients can exist in various forms in soil and can be
influenced by many factors, including other nutrients.
Micronutrient deficiencies can limit plant growth and development, resulting in reduced
Iyields and lower quality crops. However, excessive use of micronutrient-containing
fertilizers can lead to soil and groundwater contamination, affecting both plant and
human health.
gr aa rere de ea oc aR otk a a 1
(Si Ara an gn, dar he ewer ee eer ea hee Fa
eu a an, à aga a er a BI
Pha grrr alt at racer Pt avs A ere atta A
farce Pate ew qe esa aaa he ecg yen FEAT
sees ae ae es eal a gra ma er avs Ven qa ds Ta a
af ata oe wee & aH ee ar au cr aa, AA
et & Ryan ae a aera BI
árida ora RR
eres, et ces rl ear RARA ge af ee len BF er es
arate fan oa À oe cer et ea ne ae na A 91
rm RO ar? a ROME tera
tomara ee eB ety, qe ew qe q eke Omen QU À
gh SR are Ru a, de terra eave AR ET 8
SOIL FERTILITY EVALUATION
Soil fertility evaluation is a critical aspect of soil management in agriculture. Soil
{fertility refers to the capacity of the soil to support plant growth and development by
providing essential nutrients, water, and air. Soil fertility evaluation is the process of
lassessing the nutrient status of the soil and its capacity to support plant growth and
[development. It is an essential aspect of soil management that helps in developing
proper nutrient management plans, optimizing crop yields, and minimizing
[environmental impacts.
[Soil fertility is influenced by several factors, including soil texture, organic matter
[content, pH, and nutrient availability. Soil texture refers to the size and distribution of
soil particles, which affects the water-holding capacity and aeration of the soil. Organic
matter content influences soil structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient cycling.
[Soil pH affects nutrient availability, as it can influence the solubility and availability of
nutrients in the soil.
Nutrient availability in soil isa critical aspect of soil fertility evaluation. The most
important nutrients for plant growth and development are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
land potassium (K), often referred to as macronutrients. However, plants also require
[other essential nutrients, such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (5), iron (Fe),
Imanganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), and chlorine (Ch
[often referred to as micronutrients. The availability of these nutrients in the soil depends
[on various factors, including soil texture, pH, organic matter content, and management
practices,
Soil fertility evaluation can be performed using various methods, including soil testing,
[plant tissue analysis, and visual observation. Soil testing involves analysing soil
[samples for various soil nutrients, including macronutrients and micronutrients. Soil
testing can be done using various techniques, such as chemical extraction, biological
lassays, and spectroscopy. Plant tissue analysis involves analysing plant tissues for
nutrient concentrations, which can help identify nutrient deficiencies or excesses. Visual
lobservation involves assessing plant growth and development, leaf colour, and other
[indicators of plant health to identify potential nutrient deficiencies or excesses.
Soil fertility evaluation can help identify nutrient imbalances and deficiencies, which can
[be addressed through various nutrient management practices. These may include
[adjusting fertilizer application rates and timing, using nutrient-rich organic
[amendments, and selecting crops that are well-suited to the soil conditions. The use of
[cover crops, crop rotations, and conservation tillage practices can also help improve soil
fertility by enhancing soil structure and organic matter content.
à at af oi fear an fre Ril ah re e
tar pd SRE bid RCE N
ere er er a fe Be ru nt ca qe
Me
art
Pe ah ker wf eh a a LL ata ra av gered a, ga site dr |
Aaa an RN eh
[ARO SAR TH BAY mare av a rl A RA, TARO
[rr oie de arr mf a 81 AO a Gr ma aa,
[ces ar Pt 2 es ra gra ar uen a ar Hee e
nes 81 Red ah ade or thew RE
sear
Soil fertility evaluation is a critical aspect of soil management in agriculture. Soil
{fertility refers to the capacity of the soil to support plant growth and development by
providing essential nutrients, water, and air. Soil fertility evaluation is the process of
lassessing the nutrient status of the soil and its capacity to support plant growth and
[development. It is an essential aspect of soil management that helps in developing
proper nutrient management plans, optimizing crop yields, and minimizing
[environmental impacts.
[Soil fertility is influenced by several factors, including soil texture, organic matter
[content, pH, and nutrient availability. Soil texture refers to the size and distribution of
soil particles, which affects the water-holding capacity and aeration of the soil. Organic
matter content influences soil structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient cycling.
[Soil pH affects nutrient availability, as it can influence the solubility and availability of
nutrients in the soil.
Nutrient availability in soil isa critical aspect of soil fertility evaluation. The most
important nutrients for plant growth and development are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
land potassium (K), often referred to as macronutrients. However, plants also require
[other essential nutrients, such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (5), iron (Fe),
Imanganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), and chlorine (Ch
[often referred to as micronutrients. The availability of these nutrients in the soil depends
[on various factors, including soil texture, pH, organic matter content, and management
practices,
Soil fertility evaluation can be performed using various methods, including soil testing,
[plant tissue analysis, and visual observation. Soil testing involves analysing soil
[samples for various soil nutrients, including macronutrients and micronutrients. Soil
testing can be done using various techniques, such as chemical extraction, biological
lassays, and spectroscopy. Plant tissue analysis involves analysing plant tissues for
nutrient concentrations, which can help identify nutrient deficiencies or excesses. Visual
lobservation involves assessing plant growth and development, leaf colour, and other
[indicators of plant health to identify potential nutrient deficiencies or excesses.
Soil fertility evaluation can help identify nutrient imbalances and deficiencies, which can
[be addressed through various nutrient management practices. These may include
[adjusting fertilizer application rates and timing, using nutrient-rich organic
[amendments, and selecting crops that are well-suited to the soil conditions. The use of
[cover crops, crop rotations, and conservation tillage practices can also help improve soil
fertility by enhancing soil structure and organic matter content.
à at af oi fear an fre Ril ah re e
tar pd SRE bid RCE N
ere er er a fe Be ru nt ca qe
Me
art
Pe ah ker wf eh a a LL ata ra av gered a, ga site dr |
Aaa an RN eh
[ARO SAR TH BAY mare av a rl A RA, TARO
[rr oie de arr mf a 81 AO a Gr ma aa,
[ces ar Pt 2 es ra gra ar uen a ar Hee e
nes 81 Red ah ade or thew RE
sear
rara ai er ew Heel WEG eI a ga
I rn seer an apc es ce Sega yt Come
A rca
fra EE, TT (ASE, aa Ay, ater AY, MAA ua, oe
IT area MER TER BH Ra A, FOS RR Hen de dl
Reesor ga re cl ca a re, thea, dre werd eee
ee Pr
cn pie Fae ade a na Ron on gran à, Fre A wt, Ma
fe eae rare amer Bi er eur ft oe des al ta RA
gh eras ar fen Pr tr aaa Fgh er ha ar, SS
as Pre, Stes ru she age a such axe fo aT Toe TAN HTT
abs bsos
ef fera ga a À a er ea a A we
I tena at rar 973 A af face, oe RANA E ar
at ar rarer e
sere a ie Ar a A e ce rT A A
aed rue rt rer ate Fer weve 1 ge a al she ma
rifa ca ses ae ag Ps ee a ae AR à RES
feet a a Be Mate Bt Hoa Bi SAL Hae, are Te she ee GTS TSH wT TTA a
A ae er ef a rn ear a TE we A Ae aR 1
SOIL TESTING
[Soil testing is a critical aspect of soil fertility evaluation and nutrient management in
lagriculture. It involves analysing soil samples to determine the levels of various soil
nutrients, including macronutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and
micronutrients (such as iron, zinc, and manganese). Soil testing is essential to ensure
that crops receive the proper amount of nutrients for optimal growth and development
[while minimizing environmental impacts such as nutrient runoff and groundwater
|contamination.
[There are various methods for soil testing, including chemical extraction, biological
lassays, and spectroscopy. Chemical extraction is the most common method used in soil
testing, which involves mixing soil samples with specific chemical solutions to extract
soil nutrients, The extracted solutions are then analysed for nutrient concentrations
[using various analytical techniques, such as colorimetry, titration, or spectrophotometry.
[These methods allow for precise quantification of soil nutrients, making it easier to.
[develop nutrient management plans based on crop requirements.
[Soil testing should be conducted regularly, ideally every one to three years, depending on
the crop type, soil type, and management practices. Soil samples should be collected
from representative arcas of the field, and multiple samples should be taken and
[combined to obtain a representative sample. Soil testing laboratories can provide
[guidance on how to collect and prepare soil samples for testing.
[The results of soil testing provide valuable information on the nutrient status of the soil,
[which can be used to develop nutrient management plans. Nutrient management plans
Imay include adjusting fertilizer application rates and timing, using nutrient-rich organic
[amendments, and selecting crops that are well-suited to the soil conditions. Soil testing,
[can also help identify potential nutrient imbalances and deficiencies, allowing for
[corrective actions to be taken before crop yields are affected.
I rn seer an apc es ce Sega yt Come
A rca
fra EE, TT (ASE, aa Ay, ater AY, MAA ua, oe
IT area MER TER BH Ra A, FOS RR Hen de dl
Reesor ga re cl ca a re, thea, dre werd eee
ee Pr
cn pie Fae ade a na Ron on gran à, Fre A wt, Ma
fe eae rare amer Bi er eur ft oe des al ta RA
gh eras ar fen Pr tr aaa Fgh er ha ar, SS
as Pre, Stes ru she age a such axe fo aT Toe TAN HTT
abs bsos
ef fera ga a À a er ea a A we
I tena at rar 973 A af face, oe RANA E ar
at ar rarer e
sere a ie Ar a A e ce rT A A
aed rue rt rer ate Fer weve 1 ge a al she ma
rifa ca ses ae ag Ps ee a ae AR à RES
feet a a Be Mate Bt Hoa Bi SAL Hae, are Te she ee GTS TSH wT TTA a
A ae er ef a rn ear a TE we A Ae aR 1
SOIL TESTING
[Soil testing is a critical aspect of soil fertility evaluation and nutrient management in
lagriculture. It involves analysing soil samples to determine the levels of various soil
nutrients, including macronutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and
micronutrients (such as iron, zinc, and manganese). Soil testing is essential to ensure
that crops receive the proper amount of nutrients for optimal growth and development
[while minimizing environmental impacts such as nutrient runoff and groundwater
|contamination.
[There are various methods for soil testing, including chemical extraction, biological
lassays, and spectroscopy. Chemical extraction is the most common method used in soil
testing, which involves mixing soil samples with specific chemical solutions to extract
soil nutrients, The extracted solutions are then analysed for nutrient concentrations
[using various analytical techniques, such as colorimetry, titration, or spectrophotometry.
[These methods allow for precise quantification of soil nutrients, making it easier to.
[develop nutrient management plans based on crop requirements.
[Soil testing should be conducted regularly, ideally every one to three years, depending on
the crop type, soil type, and management practices. Soil samples should be collected
from representative arcas of the field, and multiple samples should be taken and
[combined to obtain a representative sample. Soil testing laboratories can provide
[guidance on how to collect and prepare soil samples for testing.
[The results of soil testing provide valuable information on the nutrient status of the soil,
[which can be used to develop nutrient management plans. Nutrient management plans
Imay include adjusting fertilizer application rates and timing, using nutrient-rich organic
[amendments, and selecting crops that are well-suited to the soil conditions. Soil testing,
[can also help identify potential nutrient imbalances and deficiencies, allowing for
[corrective actions to be taken before crop yields are affected.
he ae HU or oe Hee wee ET
ape oh etn eg ON ee ory
pd ei Pe or fe Ph ew oe
rc eer à eel ce ee oa or
oH aa qe de rad Ro el ST a
ae semence
rte ee ao à rar Pr did
a a Per met
Sr, ar RENE en quai a
re a tg Fg fra en & 2 Feat gh sche rt aA ater ra a ee ew
aR aa Reed woe ar Sn he a A Re eT
rer re à
re were, ee fe pr po our PA un Fra SUR eu dr
rer see Po rar nf ah SR da AN ANA x foe a fe se u
fo Pi rte à en
ar ra dora rer à PO fra on a a dt TA
ew ste a cn te de a ro
re ra coe ar aes ae me et re à PE a FR Reger ee eas
alo oes Pine exe ah dar
fi & re guerre réa ton er 81
[CRITICAL LEVELS OF DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS IN THE SOIL
[Critical levels of different nutrients in the soil refer to the minimum levels of nutrients
required for optimal plant growth and yield. These critical levels are used to determine
the sois nutrient status and develop nutrient management plans to ensure that crops.
1e necessary nutrients for optimal growth and productivity
level of a nutrient is determined based on its concentration in the soil and its
[availability to plants. Soil tests are conducted to determine the nutrient content of the
soil and compare the results to established critical levels for each nutrient. The critical
levels for each nutrient may vary depending on the crop type, soil type, and climate
(conditions.
The following are the critical levels for some of the essential nutrients in soil
1. Nitrogem(N): The critical level for nitrogen in the soil ranges from 25 to 30 ppm
For some crops like corn and sorghum, the
40 to 60 ppm.
Phosphorus (P}: The critical level for phosphorus in the soil ranges from 10 to 15
ppm for most crops. For crops that require high amounts of phosphorus, such as
cotton or soybeans, the critical level may be higher.
3. Potassium} The critical level for potassium in the soil ranges from 125 to 200
ppm for most crops. For crops like alfalfa or potatoes, the critical level may be
higher.
4. Calciui(Ca) The critical level for calcium in the soil ranges from 800 to 1500
ppm for most crops,
ape oh etn eg ON ee ory
pd ei Pe or fe Ph ew oe
rc eer à eel ce ee oa or
oH aa qe de rad Ro el ST a
ae semence
rte ee ao à rar Pr did
a a Per met
Sr, ar RENE en quai a
re a tg Fg fra en & 2 Feat gh sche rt aA ater ra a ee ew
aR aa Reed woe ar Sn he a A Re eT
rer re à
re were, ee fe pr po our PA un Fra SUR eu dr
rer see Po rar nf ah SR da AN ANA x foe a fe se u
fo Pi rte à en
ar ra dora rer à PO fra on a a dt TA
ew ste a cn te de a ro
re ra coe ar aes ae me et re à PE a FR Reger ee eas
alo oes Pine exe ah dar
fi & re guerre réa ton er 81
[CRITICAL LEVELS OF DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS IN THE SOIL
[Critical levels of different nutrients in the soil refer to the minimum levels of nutrients
required for optimal plant growth and yield. These critical levels are used to determine
the sois nutrient status and develop nutrient management plans to ensure that crops.
1e necessary nutrients for optimal growth and productivity
level of a nutrient is determined based on its concentration in the soil and its
[availability to plants. Soil tests are conducted to determine the nutrient content of the
soil and compare the results to established critical levels for each nutrient. The critical
levels for each nutrient may vary depending on the crop type, soil type, and climate
(conditions.
The following are the critical levels for some of the essential nutrients in soil
1. Nitrogem(N): The critical level for nitrogen in the soil ranges from 25 to 30 ppm
For some crops like corn and sorghum, the
40 to 60 ppm.
Phosphorus (P}: The critical level for phosphorus in the soil ranges from 10 to 15
ppm for most crops. For crops that require high amounts of phosphorus, such as
cotton or soybeans, the critical level may be higher.
3. Potassium} The critical level for potassium in the soil ranges from 125 to 200
ppm for most crops. For crops like alfalfa or potatoes, the critical level may be
higher.
4. Calciui(Ca) The critical level for calcium in the soil ranges from 800 to 1500
ppm for most crops,
Magnesium (Mg): The critical level for magnesium in the soil ranges from 100 to
200 ppm for most crops.
Sülpkur($); The critical level for sulphur in the soil ranges from 10 to 20 ppm for
most crops.
Micronutriénts! The critical levels for micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and
‘manganese can vary depending on the crop type and soil conditions. Generally, the
critical level for these nutrients ranges from 1 to 10 ppm.
[When the nutrient levels in the soil fall below the critical level, it indicates that the soil is
[deficient in that nutrient, and crops may not be able to grow optimally. In such cases,
[corrective measures need to be taken, such as fertilization or soil amendments, to
increase nutrient levels in the sol.
Rea ew ep a ay ger eo
do dE
ese weer er hee ae fe al
er en 1 re a chr ehh Predera heuer they aa fre ea al et à
ee on PP we ar Poy m he a Fr eT ee
rer à wor, RÉ a reg FRR à nT oe Pra E era E
A gro ra de rt Fre ger er Pre à
Ra re Pr go as À 30 tr a
at zo ad or fi ETT 0 à
cin ae
age ch: esa ret Rn urn ene ae 8 se
dolls Bee Bre oe sie a sore eS Oe
mm: sree en ts ao hese
PURE. Si ee
Stearn co: Son nae re et Sw art nn a 500 hen
pont
Af ar: fra ret ds fer Fgh AA Fe aL ET 100 À 200
da a 81
PA oe: eee AS ere o 0 er
Sera. mr peter he eR IaH TER
PARÁS IR or re 5 MO ae EE EU ee
ng sida
dE a a luchas à A A oe da
a mils D ma ee a à a di Pr à
et xg ee ghee ue ar ear a rara 1
[FORMS OF NUTRIENTS IN SOIL, PLANT ANALYSIS, RAPID
[PLANT TISSUE TESTS
Forms Of Nutrients in Soil
200 ppm for most crops.
Sülpkur($); The critical level for sulphur in the soil ranges from 10 to 20 ppm for
most crops.
Micronutriénts! The critical levels for micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and
‘manganese can vary depending on the crop type and soil conditions. Generally, the
critical level for these nutrients ranges from 1 to 10 ppm.
[When the nutrient levels in the soil fall below the critical level, it indicates that the soil is
[deficient in that nutrient, and crops may not be able to grow optimally. In such cases,
[corrective measures need to be taken, such as fertilization or soil amendments, to
increase nutrient levels in the sol.
Rea ew ep a ay ger eo
do dE
ese weer er hee ae fe al
er en 1 re a chr ehh Predera heuer they aa fre ea al et à
ee on PP we ar Poy m he a Fr eT ee
rer à wor, RÉ a reg FRR à nT oe Pra E era E
A gro ra de rt Fre ger er Pre à
Ra re Pr go as À 30 tr a
at zo ad or fi ETT 0 à
cin ae
age ch: esa ret Rn urn ene ae 8 se
dolls Bee Bre oe sie a sore eS Oe
mm: sree en ts ao hese
PURE. Si ee
Stearn co: Son nae re et Sw art nn a 500 hen
pont
Af ar: fra ret ds fer Fgh AA Fe aL ET 100 À 200
da a 81
PA oe: eee AS ere o 0 er
Sera. mr peter he eR IaH TER
PARÁS IR or re 5 MO ae EE EU ee
ng sida
dE a a luchas à A A oe da
a mils D ma ee a à a di Pr à
et xg ee ghee ue ar ear a rara 1
[FORMS OF NUTRIENTS IN SOIL, PLANT ANALYSIS, RAPID
[PLANT TISSUE TESTS
Forms Of Nutrients in Soil
Nutrients in the soil can exist in various forms, and the form in which they exist can have
a significant impact on their availability to plants. Understanding the different forms of
nutrients in the soil can help growers make informed decisions about fertilization and
soil management practices.
Inorganic forms: Inorganic nutrients in the soil are those that are not bound to
organic molecules. These nutrients are usually in the form of fons, such as
ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), potassium (K+), calcium
(Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+). Inorganic nutrients are readily available to plants
and can be taken up by plant roots.
Organic forms: Organic nutrients in the soil are those that are bound to organic
molecules, such as proteins, amino acids, and sugars. These nutrients must
be mineralized or broken down into inorganic forms by soil microorganisms
before they can be taken up by plants.
Exchangeable forms: Exchangeable nutrients in the soil are those that are loosely
bound to soil particles and can be easily exchanged with other ions in the soil
solution. These nutrients are generally in the form of cations, such as calcium
(Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and potassium (K+).
Nomexchangeable forms: non-exchangeable nutrients in the soil are those that
are strongly bound to soil particles and are not readily available to plants. These
nutrients are usually in the form of minerals, such as iron (Fe), aluminium (AD, and
manganese (Mn).
‘Water-soluble TOR! Water-soluble nutrients in the soil are those that dissolve in
water and can be taken up by plant roots. These nutrients are usually in the form.
of ions, such as nitrate (NO3-) and sulphate ($042-).
Insoluble forms: Insoluble nutrients in the soil are those that do not dissolve in
water and are not readily available to plants. These nutrients are usually in the
form of minerals, such as phosphate (PO43-) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3}.
The availability of nutrients to plants depends on their form in the soil. Inorganic forms
[are generally more available than organic or non-exchangeable forms. However, some
[organic forms of nutrients can be slowly released over time as they are mineralized by
soil microorganisms. The exchangeable form of nutrients can bi replenished
through fertilization, while non-exchangeable forms may require long-term soil
management practices to improve their availability to plants.
igh a tees ara agan Ar sere
hae meet ura ret wena Fgh Era Bir a we PT
A a aera Prof aa Amar Pret wach à
at angel à ad aE dr
SAR Ba a wa E D A +), ARE (EN 3), Yo
499 MR +) eras Gt 2, AA a 2 1e de a et
26 erg sr due a she ha al eat are fe st we 81
wre wu: RELA ordre dre are à Ÿ où ordre ama BAD BAB, DA a, oo
TR ot Fr or See ea hey at Pr ar are rer
a a fer ora QU
Ra RA chew aes à Mia AR à ad ea À |
MEN S mer À rd rr or Pre an A 21 A a oT
ARAU a y, AR Bf (Ca2 +), AÑO (M2 +), Ar TRE AK +)!
a significant impact on their availability to plants. Understanding the different forms of
nutrients in the soil can help growers make informed decisions about fertilization and
soil management practices.
Inorganic forms: Inorganic nutrients in the soil are those that are not bound to
organic molecules. These nutrients are usually in the form of fons, such as
ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), potassium (K+), calcium
(Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+). Inorganic nutrients are readily available to plants
and can be taken up by plant roots.
Organic forms: Organic nutrients in the soil are those that are bound to organic
molecules, such as proteins, amino acids, and sugars. These nutrients must
be mineralized or broken down into inorganic forms by soil microorganisms
before they can be taken up by plants.
Exchangeable forms: Exchangeable nutrients in the soil are those that are loosely
bound to soil particles and can be easily exchanged with other ions in the soil
solution. These nutrients are generally in the form of cations, such as calcium
(Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and potassium (K+).
Nomexchangeable forms: non-exchangeable nutrients in the soil are those that
are strongly bound to soil particles and are not readily available to plants. These
nutrients are usually in the form of minerals, such as iron (Fe), aluminium (AD, and
manganese (Mn).
‘Water-soluble TOR! Water-soluble nutrients in the soil are those that dissolve in
water and can be taken up by plant roots. These nutrients are usually in the form.
of ions, such as nitrate (NO3-) and sulphate ($042-).
Insoluble forms: Insoluble nutrients in the soil are those that do not dissolve in
water and are not readily available to plants. These nutrients are usually in the
form of minerals, such as phosphate (PO43-) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3}.
The availability of nutrients to plants depends on their form in the soil. Inorganic forms
[are generally more available than organic or non-exchangeable forms. However, some
[organic forms of nutrients can be slowly released over time as they are mineralized by
soil microorganisms. The exchangeable form of nutrients can bi replenished
through fertilization, while non-exchangeable forms may require long-term soil
management practices to improve their availability to plants.
igh a tees ara agan Ar sere
hae meet ura ret wena Fgh Era Bir a we PT
A a aera Prof aa Amar Pret wach à
at angel à ad aE dr
SAR Ba a wa E D A +), ARE (EN 3), Yo
499 MR +) eras Gt 2, AA a 2 1e de a et
26 erg sr due a she ha al eat are fe st we 81
wre wu: RELA ordre dre are à Ÿ où ordre ama BAD BAB, DA a, oo
TR ot Fr or See ea hey at Pr ar are rer
a a fer ora QU
Ra RA chew aes à Mia AR à ad ea À |
MEN S mer À rd rr or Pre an A 21 A a oT
ARAU a y, AR Bf (Ca2 +), AÑO (M2 +), Ar TRE AK +)!
art oe, FEN FAP rar à 8 a Hl vi go A aD AR
Aaa Rar Sera AE A aes MTA we EZ Gag, BA
aa eo an es un mt
TEP ord Agena des er ae oe à
rat are arg wea id
serine Magda radar À q E che a he arar
=u m.
Regu a 0 ara are WAITS aA aa e D a de 43.) ok
A ATTA AT SUN ww, AR MERE (NO3 ORT
Be en e Be are Auch rene
Plant analysis
[Plant analysis is a technique used to determine the nutrient status of plants by
[analysing their tissue composition. This involves collecting plant tissue samples and
[analysing them for various nutrient elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and other micronutrients like iron (Fe),
manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B).
[The analysis of plant tissue is important because it can help determine the nutrient
status of the plant and identify nutrient deficiencies or toxicities. By measuring nutrient
[concentrations in plant tissue, growers can evaluate the effectiveness of their
{fertilization practices and adjust their management practices to optimize plant growth
[and yield.
Plant analysis can be done at different stages of plant growth and development,
including at planting, mid-season, and post-harvest. The timing of plant analysis depends|
[on the crop and the specific nutrient being analysed. For example, nitrogen analysis is
typically done at mid-season when the crop is actively growing and has reached a stage
lof rapid uptake.
[There are different methods for plant analysis, including tissue testing and sap
testing. Tissue testing involves collecting plant tissue samples, usually leaves, and
[analysing them for nutrient content. Sap testing involves collecting plant sap from the|
[stem or petiole and analysing it for nutrient content. Both methods have their
[advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends on the specific crop
land the nutrient being analysed.
are rar eo Qt eres E A soe de aA soar vive om feta wees TA
es ra of Fu oh Pres ee Fr far ren Bi ee che wel A FA oA we
RARO ada e, whee Ch, ra Go) fea o, A
Aga et Ree, A ee, TE ASA, ae ey, she
O AS A a 1
a me 8 es we e RAN Pea we he du eel A
ar rar A,
Sr Per oa a BRAGA O RR
at sr are à Fry a wera a rat
a or faxen hd a gf te Pare Ft rc frat era, Re qu m
Fehr nr rrr er Fe a FATE hw a
Aaa Rar Sera AE A aes MTA we EZ Gag, BA
aa eo an es un mt
TEP ord Agena des er ae oe à
rat are arg wea id
serine Magda radar À q E che a he arar
=u m.
Regu a 0 ara are WAITS aA aa e D a de 43.) ok
A ATTA AT SUN ww, AR MERE (NO3 ORT
Be en e Be are Auch rene
Plant analysis
[Plant analysis is a technique used to determine the nutrient status of plants by
[analysing their tissue composition. This involves collecting plant tissue samples and
[analysing them for various nutrient elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and other micronutrients like iron (Fe),
manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B).
[The analysis of plant tissue is important because it can help determine the nutrient
status of the plant and identify nutrient deficiencies or toxicities. By measuring nutrient
[concentrations in plant tissue, growers can evaluate the effectiveness of their
{fertilization practices and adjust their management practices to optimize plant growth
[and yield.
Plant analysis can be done at different stages of plant growth and development,
including at planting, mid-season, and post-harvest. The timing of plant analysis depends|
[on the crop and the specific nutrient being analysed. For example, nitrogen analysis is
typically done at mid-season when the crop is actively growing and has reached a stage
lof rapid uptake.
[There are different methods for plant analysis, including tissue testing and sap
testing. Tissue testing involves collecting plant tissue samples, usually leaves, and
[analysing them for nutrient content. Sap testing involves collecting plant sap from the|
[stem or petiole and analysing it for nutrient content. Both methods have their
[advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends on the specific crop
land the nutrient being analysed.
are rar eo Qt eres E A soe de aA soar vive om feta wees TA
es ra of Fu oh Pres ee Fr far ren Bi ee che wel A FA oA we
RARO ada e, whee Ch, ra Go) fea o, A
Aga et Ree, A ee, TE ASA, ae ey, she
O AS A a 1
a me 8 es we e RAN Pea we he du eel A
ar rar A,
Sr Per oa a BRAGA O RR
at sr are à Fry a wera a rat
a or faxen hd a gf te Pare Ft rc frat era, Re qu m
Fehr nr rrr er Fe a FATE hw a
Ee a hi
Kr cher he da adan ca da ce a à ce
ae ae aera een, ome oy fal, as qe ref % Ferg sre aed we A
FE LA AA BUBEN ABA
error ee enfer 1 rt fa à Se or ARRE RRA ARE PA
tre fat Fy are ar a a Poe ea
Rapid plant tissue tests
[Rapid plant tissue tests are a type of plant analysis that provides a quick and
[convenient method for evaluating the nutrient status of plants. These tests are often
lused in field settings where immediate results are needed to make timely management
(decisions.
[The most common type of rapid plant tissue test is the nitrate quick test, which
[measures the concentration of nitrate in the plant tissue. Nitrate is an important
source of nitrogen for plants and is a key indicator of plant health and productivity. The
nitrate quick test involves crushing a small sample of plant tissue and mixing it with a
test solution that reacts with the nitrate in the tissue to produce a colour change. The
intensity of the colour is proportional to the nitrate concentration in the tissue, and
[can be compared to a colour chart to determine the nitrate level.
[Other rapid plant tissue tests include tests for phosphorus, potassium, and calcium.
[These tests involve different test solutions and procedures, but the basic principle is the
same: a small sample of plant tissue is extracted and mixed with a test solution that
reacts with the nutrient of interest to produce a colour change. The intensity of the
[colour is then compared to a colour chart to determine the nutrient concentration.
Rapid plant tissue tests have several advantages over traditional plant analysis
methods. They are quick and easy to perform, require minimal equipment, and
[provide immediate results. This allows growers to make timely management decisions
[and adjust their fertilization practices as needed to optimize plant growth and yield.
Rapid plant tissue tests are also relatively inexpensive compared to traditional
laboratory analysis methods.
However, rapid plant tissue tests also have some limitations. They are less accurate than
traditional laboratory analysis methods and may not be suitable for all crops and
[growing conditions. Additionally, they may not be able to detect all nutrient deficiencies
lor toxicities, and may need to be supplemented with traditional plant analysis methods
for a more comprehensive evaluation of nutrient status.
ho ee Ue rer a ru at hel cr ae aA a aT TIT wT
bee cater ote al
eer aren & ret ere es Por & forecast ge
Pets tae feu ar wa om ere TER Ro Bee 8, où aha à gra A TRS errar
et za trad Freeh er ew Herel het & re y are SH TEA wT
ob daa A & Goal Uw à A BEF OR EU
ee à em er Be ar a Éd mu HAI
Fe tren eme ote fra af à, fe fala ge 8: OO 5 Saw ae ster a
ere re & re yes re mur ees eran & ra Da A wT
Kr cher he da adan ca da ce a à ce
ae ae aera een, ome oy fal, as qe ref % Ferg sre aed we A
FE LA AA BUBEN ABA
error ee enfer 1 rt fa à Se or ARRE RRA ARE PA
tre fat Fy are ar a a Poe ea
Rapid plant tissue tests
[Rapid plant tissue tests are a type of plant analysis that provides a quick and
[convenient method for evaluating the nutrient status of plants. These tests are often
lused in field settings where immediate results are needed to make timely management
(decisions.
[The most common type of rapid plant tissue test is the nitrate quick test, which
[measures the concentration of nitrate in the plant tissue. Nitrate is an important
source of nitrogen for plants and is a key indicator of plant health and productivity. The
nitrate quick test involves crushing a small sample of plant tissue and mixing it with a
test solution that reacts with the nitrate in the tissue to produce a colour change. The
intensity of the colour is proportional to the nitrate concentration in the tissue, and
[can be compared to a colour chart to determine the nitrate level.
[Other rapid plant tissue tests include tests for phosphorus, potassium, and calcium.
[These tests involve different test solutions and procedures, but the basic principle is the
same: a small sample of plant tissue is extracted and mixed with a test solution that
reacts with the nutrient of interest to produce a colour change. The intensity of the
[colour is then compared to a colour chart to determine the nutrient concentration.
Rapid plant tissue tests have several advantages over traditional plant analysis
methods. They are quick and easy to perform, require minimal equipment, and
[provide immediate results. This allows growers to make timely management decisions
[and adjust their fertilization practices as needed to optimize plant growth and yield.
Rapid plant tissue tests are also relatively inexpensive compared to traditional
laboratory analysis methods.
However, rapid plant tissue tests also have some limitations. They are less accurate than
traditional laboratory analysis methods and may not be suitable for all crops and
[growing conditions. Additionally, they may not be able to detect all nutrient deficiencies
lor toxicities, and may need to be supplemented with traditional plant analysis methods
for a more comprehensive evaluation of nutrient status.
ho ee Ue rer a ru at hel cr ae aA a aT TIT wT
bee cater ote al
eer aren & ret ere es Por & forecast ge
Pets tae feu ar wa om ere TER Ro Bee 8, où aha à gra A TRS errar
et za trad Freeh er ew Herel het & re y are SH TEA wT
ob daa A & Goal Uw à A BEF OR EU
ee à em er Be ar a Éd mu HAI
Fe tren eme ote fra af à, fe fala ge 8: OO 5 Saw ae ster a
ere re & re yes re mur ees eran & ra Da A wT
Bs chr eae wre area ad ah err Fler A rea ae aA
gern rare & at or 1
are chi ch fet oe aa cha seer aaa Bi A wana ad fre wa
atte serre 8, Aa SHON St oran A, A UR Ward Bea Bi TE
| senate oer ete Fría le che ds ra ate at wt fa a ds fer
MRS 3073 Pras mural a Be A AR a ra
[RRA era A dr a aft a $
eee, ft à chi pray leg ah por ey of Bi a were Rte fae at ge À
fer aches À atte a ite argc RS Ferg dt a à ent
ate rat RA ee He ET ao E, A ae RÍA ds of
areas raie & Ferg creates che Ara fafa AR A wt oran Ft act th
INDICATOR PLANTS
lindicator plants are specific plant species that are used to assess the availability of
Inutrients, pH levels, and other soil properties in a given area. These plants are
[carefully selected based on their sensitivity to certain soil conditions and their ability to
[accumulate specific nutrients in their tissues.
[For example, certain plant species are known to thrive in soils that are deficient in
specific nutrients, such as iron or phosphorus. By observing the growth and health of
these plants, soil scientists and agronomists can infer the nutrient status of the soil and
recommend appropriate fertilization practices.
Indicator plants can also be used to assess soil pH levels. Some plant species, such as
[blueberries or azaleas, prefer acidic soils, while others, such as clovers or alfalfa, prefer
neutral or alkaline soils. By observing the growth and health of these plants, it is possible!
to determine the approximate pH level of the soil.
[ANAIS Plants that prefer
lwell-drained soils, such as cacti or succulents, will not grow well in soils that are
lwaterlogged or poorly drained. Conversely, plants that prefer moist soils, such as rice or
hat are too dry,
ator plants is that they can provide a quick and
sive method for assessing soil conditions. By observing the growth and
health of these plants, itis possible to make preliminary assessments of soil properties
[without conducting extensive laboratory tests.
However, the
plants can be i
[and the management practices used in the area. Additionally, some indicator plants may
have limited adaptability and may not grow well in all areas or soi
[rs whet AREA wont rr saat fore feu e À chew ae, ies ee
ARA er amer re à re fa oran 81 gr ge a
rt à er ra or arts er FOR ee ere
[Ur aug q ara Bh
[garegon Fr, aps he a fee A er fry ar ae E RTE ar
[RARE A à Rar aro a, A AR
gern rare & at or 1
are chi ch fet oe aa cha seer aaa Bi A wana ad fre wa
atte serre 8, Aa SHON St oran A, A UR Ward Bea Bi TE
| senate oer ete Fría le che ds ra ate at wt fa a ds fer
MRS 3073 Pras mural a Be A AR a ra
[RRA era A dr a aft a $
eee, ft à chi pray leg ah por ey of Bi a were Rte fae at ge À
fer aches À atte a ite argc RS Ferg dt a à ent
ate rat RA ee He ET ao E, A ae RÍA ds of
areas raie & Ferg creates che Ara fafa AR A wt oran Ft act th
INDICATOR PLANTS
lindicator plants are specific plant species that are used to assess the availability of
Inutrients, pH levels, and other soil properties in a given area. These plants are
[carefully selected based on their sensitivity to certain soil conditions and their ability to
[accumulate specific nutrients in their tissues.
[For example, certain plant species are known to thrive in soils that are deficient in
specific nutrients, such as iron or phosphorus. By observing the growth and health of
these plants, soil scientists and agronomists can infer the nutrient status of the soil and
recommend appropriate fertilization practices.
Indicator plants can also be used to assess soil pH levels. Some plant species, such as
[blueberries or azaleas, prefer acidic soils, while others, such as clovers or alfalfa, prefer
neutral or alkaline soils. By observing the growth and health of these plants, it is possible!
to determine the approximate pH level of the soil.
[ANAIS Plants that prefer
lwell-drained soils, such as cacti or succulents, will not grow well in soils that are
lwaterlogged or poorly drained. Conversely, plants that prefer moist soils, such as rice or
hat are too dry,
ator plants is that they can provide a quick and
sive method for assessing soil conditions. By observing the growth and
health of these plants, itis possible to make preliminary assessments of soil properties
[without conducting extensive laboratory tests.
However, the
plants can be i
[and the management practices used in the area. Additionally, some indicator plants may
have limited adaptability and may not grow well in all areas or soi
[rs whet AREA wont rr saat fore feu e À chew ae, ies ee
ARA er amer re à re fa oran 81 gr ge a
rt à er ra or arts er FOR ee ere
[Ur aug q ara Bh
[garegon Fr, aps he a fee A er fry ar ae E RTE ar
[RARE A à Rar aro a, A AR
A a ae ee aftr Petar seat a Remar ae à
Re thet ar aaa Raph hea eae a are aA dla ora gr da
rsa, at see, or Pr ta va rales ar, Ba ae STE,
gerd Br Por PA rn
en da el
ere eo Pre a revert a Pr Por
ae ge re wea À, aaa or Poe à
gr eu dB LA LE
ges
are dt ar gran à à em ae eed a at re me LE
aera ear ar FARE ar me re BI Ea ches Pee te ae a SC,
ares erat lar fr Fe gore Sr ape ava
er, are er ave ft aw Bi eh aA een ame
eect da far RRA ate aa A god a a eer UT Be
are o ever er rere re Sn al Pt ar oe
ad end
¡Methods of fertilizer recommendations to crops
Fertilizer recommendations are an important aspect of crop management, as they ensure
that crops receive the necessary nutrients to grow and produce a good yield, There are
several methods used to determine fertilizer recommendations for crops, including soil
testing, plant tissue analysis, and yield monitoring.
| Seas Rara a sete or e ere weg, aes à GAR ed À 5 aa ag à oI
TO wee eA a Ferg anne wey cet TT wht ad ery ede Ferhat
a ee AR Saw feat stk sat
Fer rr 8
‘SGINITESEIREE Soil testing is a common method used to determine fertilizer
recommendations for crops. This method involves analysing soil samples to
determine the nutrient content, pH, and other physical and chemical properties of
the soil. Based on the soil test results, fertilizer recommendations can be made to
ensure that crops receive the necessary nutrients to grow and produce a good
yield.
>. BRAS Plant tissue analysis involves analysing the nutrient content
of plant tissues to determine if crops are receiving the necessary nutrients. This
‘method is particularly useful for identifying nutrient deficiencies or toxicities in
‘crops. Based on the tissue analysis results, fertilizer recomme ns can be
made to correct nutrient imbalances and ensure that crops receive the necessary
nutrients,
3. MEMOIRE Yield monitoring involves measuring the y
given area and comparing it to the expected y
Other management practices. If the actual yield is lower than expected,
indicate that the crop is not receiving the necessary nutrients. Based on the yield
Re thet ar aaa Raph hea eae a are aA dla ora gr da
rsa, at see, or Pr ta va rales ar, Ba ae STE,
gerd Br Por PA rn
en da el
ere eo Pre a revert a Pr Por
ae ge re wea À, aaa or Poe à
gr eu dB LA LE
ges
are dt ar gran à à em ae eed a at re me LE
aera ear ar FARE ar me re BI Ea ches Pee te ae a SC,
ares erat lar fr Fe gore Sr ape ava
er, are er ave ft aw Bi eh aA een ame
eect da far RRA ate aa A god a a eer UT Be
are o ever er rere re Sn al Pt ar oe
ad end
¡Methods of fertilizer recommendations to crops
Fertilizer recommendations are an important aspect of crop management, as they ensure
that crops receive the necessary nutrients to grow and produce a good yield, There are
several methods used to determine fertilizer recommendations for crops, including soil
testing, plant tissue analysis, and yield monitoring.
| Seas Rara a sete or e ere weg, aes à GAR ed À 5 aa ag à oI
TO wee eA a Ferg anne wey cet TT wht ad ery ede Ferhat
a ee AR Saw feat stk sat
Fer rr 8
‘SGINITESEIREE Soil testing is a common method used to determine fertilizer
recommendations for crops. This method involves analysing soil samples to
determine the nutrient content, pH, and other physical and chemical properties of
the soil. Based on the soil test results, fertilizer recommendations can be made to
ensure that crops receive the necessary nutrients to grow and produce a good
yield.
>. BRAS Plant tissue analysis involves analysing the nutrient content
of plant tissues to determine if crops are receiving the necessary nutrients. This
‘method is particularly useful for identifying nutrient deficiencies or toxicities in
‘crops. Based on the tissue analysis results, fertilizer recomme ns can be
made to correct nutrient imbalances and ensure that crops receive the necessary
nutrients,
3. MEMOIRE Yield monitoring involves measuring the y
given area and comparing it to the expected y
Other management practices. If the actual yield is lower than expected,
indicate that the crop is not receiving the necessary nutrients. Based on the yield
monitoring results, fertilizer recommendations can be made to ensure that crops
Aero 7a er ge eden Fe ay Peden aed re such a A
des ees hea aan ce a hoe
ag aladas a la ST Fe ea a
Ron Bugs ger fe un sd nea et var eT eA
re rah 23 fe owe the eT
sen ra fre cr a mA rc a
are à aie ay ee fe dd id wer et Fe
Sag fe toe ee ed a rar garter RR en
Sebi E oer share oN we
Pas fie sce AR PA wae a thee a pr a
A rer a rer re ee Aa À wo gt ATT fr et
an Sr aa ru ri à eee Sa à gere af a ar
Sm RS re er EE
ace Pert RA omar re, Schr RA re a a fe aT rec à
a ar er ee À ee rad a TI
everal different approaches used to make fertilizer recommendations based
[on these methods, including the sufficiency level approach, the build-and-maintenance
[approach, and the soil testing calibration approach.
[ARAS Ur ee AA aaa er rd Fra Se à,
[af
o Prin rra efron ote igh O EP E
1. Safficieney Level ADprOACÍ: The sufficiency level approach involves applying
ferulizer to maintain the nutrient level in the soil ator above the level required by
the crop, This approach ensures that crops receive the necessary nutrients to grow
and produce a good yield
ENERGIE The build-and-maintenance approach involves
er to build up the soil nutrient levels to a desired level, and then
nutrient levels over time with regular Fertilization. This approach
is useful for improving soll fertility and ensuring that crops receive the necessary
nutrients.
STE CAEN The soil testing calibration approach involves
<alibratng fertilizer recommendations based on the results of soil testing. This
approach ensures that fertilizer recommendations are tailored to the specific soil
Conditions and min neds of he crop
wegen a ef A are MARS eI NE TT STE
See eo ee aH Reste eet era com gi ont
rowel et ag Sie aah ga OT TE He à ET re er a
Pros er aa
A PQ aaa e, Or o Para er ad a
her et & eae wh aa a Pr a gear A qu da
Pisa Seu ot a oran OMe re
eo abt aa Fr ten fee
Aero 7a er ge eden Fe ay Peden aed re such a A
des ees hea aan ce a hoe
ag aladas a la ST Fe ea a
Ron Bugs ger fe un sd nea et var eT eA
re rah 23 fe owe the eT
sen ra fre cr a mA rc a
are à aie ay ee fe dd id wer et Fe
Sag fe toe ee ed a rar garter RR en
Sebi E oer share oN we
Pas fie sce AR PA wae a thee a pr a
A rer a rer re ee Aa À wo gt ATT fr et
an Sr aa ru ri à eee Sa à gere af a ar
Sm RS re er EE
ace Pert RA omar re, Schr RA re a a fe aT rec à
a ar er ee À ee rad a TI
everal different approaches used to make fertilizer recommendations based
[on these methods, including the sufficiency level approach, the build-and-maintenance
[approach, and the soil testing calibration approach.
[ARAS Ur ee AA aaa er rd Fra Se à,
[af
o Prin rra efron ote igh O EP E
1. Safficieney Level ADprOACÍ: The sufficiency level approach involves applying
ferulizer to maintain the nutrient level in the soil ator above the level required by
the crop, This approach ensures that crops receive the necessary nutrients to grow
and produce a good yield
ENERGIE The build-and-maintenance approach involves
er to build up the soil nutrient levels to a desired level, and then
nutrient levels over time with regular Fertilization. This approach
is useful for improving soll fertility and ensuring that crops receive the necessary
nutrients.
STE CAEN The soil testing calibration approach involves
<alibratng fertilizer recommendations based on the results of soil testing. This
approach ensures that fertilizer recommendations are tailored to the specific soil
Conditions and min neds of he crop
wegen a ef A are MARS eI NE TT STE
See eo ee aH Reste eet era com gi ont
rowel et ag Sie aah ga OT TE He à ET re er a
Pros er aa
A PQ aaa e, Or o Para er ad a
her et & eae wh aa a Pr a gear A qu da
Pisa Seu ot a oran OMe re
eo abt aa Fr ten fee
IFACTORS AFFECTING NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY, METHODS|
|OF APPLICATION UNDER RAINFED AND IRRIGATED]
‘Factor influencing nutrient use efficiency (NUE)
[Methods of the application under rainfed and irrigated conditions.
Fertilizer application methods can vary depending on the type of crop, soil
(characteristics, and the availability of water for irrigation. The two main methods of
fertilizer application are broadcast application and localized app
[Under rainfed conditions, broadcast application is commonly used. This involves
spreading the fertilizer evenly over the entire field using a spreader, The fertilizer is then
incorporated into the soil through tillage or rainfall. The advantage of broadcast
[application is that it covers a large area quickly and is relatively easy to implement.
However, the disadvantage is that it can result in uneven distribution of the fertilizer and
may lead to nutrient leaching or runoff during heavy rainfall
[Under irrigated conditions, localized application is commonly used. This involves
placing the er close to the roots of the plants using various methods such
las banding, side dressing, or fertigation. Banding involves placing the fertilizer in a
[band on the soil surface, either on or below the planting row. Side dressing involves
lapplying the fertilizer in a narrow band alongside the row of plants. Fertigation involves
injecting the fertilizer directly into the irrigation water and applying it through the
irrigation system. The advantage of localized application is that it ensures the fertilizer
is placed where the roots can access it, reducing nutrient losses and increasing
efficiency. However, the disadvantage is that it requires more labour and equipment to
implement.
In addition to these methods, there are other application methods that can be used
lunder specific conditions. For example, deep placement involves placing the fertilizer
[deeper in the soil to improve efficiency and reduce nutrient losses. Foliar
[application involves spraying the fertilizer on the leaves of the plant, which is useful for
micronutrient application or when rapid uptake is required.
¡sd onder & ates rn Pgh at ra RS forg ur at sacra 5 UR
ESE
RARO, weer mrtg we ger Pan oar o a
seer ares GR da waa a ads rer af 1 ces aa Gan en arf TERE A
abs aa Gel BHA ve BR EL,
A Ras, qe Ae À se Rome SÁ SRA Marc
è
ae es Fan on reg Pa rt Sa
ación ut wees gérer à esta vu amer
ANA Ricas, en or a a ee FEN
a eh ft fu à au fo de crews core af ro H dew wa lens à ur
ET ce ae SR ga Ré aaa el MAE BT TH TS à
BRUT CH SA wT Tel LAT TUT HEH a TL UT a TH
|OF APPLICATION UNDER RAINFED AND IRRIGATED]
‘Factor influencing nutrient use efficiency (NUE)
[Methods of the application under rainfed and irrigated conditions.
Fertilizer application methods can vary depending on the type of crop, soil
(characteristics, and the availability of water for irrigation. The two main methods of
fertilizer application are broadcast application and localized app
[Under rainfed conditions, broadcast application is commonly used. This involves
spreading the fertilizer evenly over the entire field using a spreader, The fertilizer is then
incorporated into the soil through tillage or rainfall. The advantage of broadcast
[application is that it covers a large area quickly and is relatively easy to implement.
However, the disadvantage is that it can result in uneven distribution of the fertilizer and
may lead to nutrient leaching or runoff during heavy rainfall
[Under irrigated conditions, localized application is commonly used. This involves
placing the er close to the roots of the plants using various methods such
las banding, side dressing, or fertigation. Banding involves placing the fertilizer in a
[band on the soil surface, either on or below the planting row. Side dressing involves
lapplying the fertilizer in a narrow band alongside the row of plants. Fertigation involves
injecting the fertilizer directly into the irrigation water and applying it through the
irrigation system. The advantage of localized application is that it ensures the fertilizer
is placed where the roots can access it, reducing nutrient losses and increasing
efficiency. However, the disadvantage is that it requires more labour and equipment to
implement.
In addition to these methods, there are other application methods that can be used
lunder specific conditions. For example, deep placement involves placing the fertilizer
[deeper in the soil to improve efficiency and reduce nutrient losses. Foliar
[application involves spraying the fertilizer on the leaves of the plant, which is useful for
micronutrient application or when rapid uptake is required.
¡sd onder & ates rn Pgh at ra RS forg ur at sacra 5 UR
ESE
RARO, weer mrtg we ger Pan oar o a
seer ares GR da waa a ads rer af 1 ces aa Gan en arf TERE A
abs aa Gel BHA ve BR EL,
A Ras, qe Ae À se Rome SÁ SRA Marc
è
ae es Fan on reg Pa rt Sa
ación ut wees gérer à esta vu amer
ANA Ricas, en or a a ee FEN
a eh ft fu à au fo de crews core af ro H dew wa lens à ur
ET ce ae SR ga Ré aaa el MAE BT TH TS à
BRUT CH SA wT Tel LAT TUT HEH a TL UT a TH
Gera agı wort BH, qe er Fr of am
Rara a 8 81
ser Sot Sa it à re gu a a
[ARAÑAS
Ser ry rel Pgh a gu Ad a nd
me rate of aqua à 5
Rara a 8 81
ser Sot Sa it à re gu a a
[ARAÑAS
Ser ry rel Pgh a gu Ad a nd
me rate of aqua à 5
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