Marine High Voltage Technology - First Edition - 2018
lacronia
13 views
72 slides
Sep 22, 2025
Slide 1 of 72
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
About This Presentation
As the international standards define high voltage as that voltage that is above 1000 V for alternating current and at least 1500 V for direct current, modern ships, particularly container ships, LNG vessels, passenger ships, and special offshore ships, are now built with high-voltage generating pla...
Slide Content
Marine High Voltage
>
Technology
Jagabandhu Majumder
Elstan A. Fernandez
Lakshman Singh Yadav
>
Technology
Jagabandhu Majumder
Elstan A. Fernandez
Lakshman Singh Yadav
About the Authors
Jagabandhu Majumder
+ Chartered Engineer - Institution of Engineers (India)
+ Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India)
+ Certfled Maritime Trainer and Assessor
% Technical Superintendent and Faculty for High Voltage Courses,
International Maritime Training Centre, Mumbai, India.
A total of 44 years of learning, hands-on and teaching experience in this field
Elstan A. Fernandez
Chartered Engineer - Institution of Engineers (India)
Fallow ofthe Institution of Engineers (India)
Member of Leaders Excellence at Harvard Square (USA)
‘Member of The Institution of Engineering and Technology (UK)
Specialist in Marine Control Systems.
Certfled Martime Trainer and Assessor
Founder Member of Indian Authors Association
Webmaster and Founder - Marine-Electriity.com
(CEO and Founder - Xiotas Technologies (xlotas.com)
Electrical Officer and Faculty for ETOS and Electrical Practices for Marine Engineers,
‘Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies, Pune, India
A total of 38 years of learning, hands-on and teaching experience in this field
e
Lakshman Singh Yadav
Bachelor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Chartered Engineer - Institution of Engineers (India)
Fellow ofthe Institution of Engineers (India)
Certified Maritime Trainer and Assessor
Lead Assessor in Quality Management Systems
‘Specialist in Marine High Voltage Engineering and ME Engine Control Systems
CConsutant and Faculty for High Voltage Courses,
Applied Research International, Delhi India.
‘A total of 38 years of learning, hands-on and teaching experience in this field
wee
A
Jagabandhu Majumder
+ Chartered Engineer - Institution of Engineers (India)
+ Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India)
+ Certfled Maritime Trainer and Assessor
% Technical Superintendent and Faculty for High Voltage Courses,
International Maritime Training Centre, Mumbai, India.
A total of 44 years of learning, hands-on and teaching experience in this field
Elstan A. Fernandez
Chartered Engineer - Institution of Engineers (India)
Fallow ofthe Institution of Engineers (India)
Member of Leaders Excellence at Harvard Square (USA)
‘Member of The Institution of Engineering and Technology (UK)
Specialist in Marine Control Systems.
Certfled Martime Trainer and Assessor
Founder Member of Indian Authors Association
Webmaster and Founder - Marine-Electriity.com
(CEO and Founder - Xiotas Technologies (xlotas.com)
Electrical Officer and Faculty for ETOS and Electrical Practices for Marine Engineers,
‘Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies, Pune, India
A total of 38 years of learning, hands-on and teaching experience in this field
e
Lakshman Singh Yadav
Bachelor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Chartered Engineer - Institution of Engineers (India)
Fellow ofthe Institution of Engineers (India)
Certified Maritime Trainer and Assessor
Lead Assessor in Quality Management Systems
‘Specialist in Marine High Voltage Engineering and ME Engine Control Systems
CConsutant and Faculty for High Voltage Courses,
Applied Research International, Delhi India.
‘A total of 38 years of learning, hands-on and teaching experience in this field
wee
A
Marine High Voltage
Technology
Technology
Marine High Voltage
Technology
Jagabandhu Majumder
Elstan A. Fernandez
Lakshman Singh Yadav
a
A SHROFF PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTD.
DIE uumbai Bangalore Kolkata New Delhi
Technology
Jagabandhu Majumder
Elstan A. Fernandez
Lakshman Singh Yadav
a
A SHROFF PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTD.
DIE uumbai Bangalore Kolkata New Delhi
Marine High Voltage Technology
By Jagabandhu Majumder, Elstan A. Fernandez, Lakshman Singh Yadav
Copyright © 2018 Jagabandhu Majumder, Hlstan A. Fernandez, Lakshman Singh
First Bi 2018
Print ISBN: 978-81-7598-179-9
E-book ISBN: 978-93-8588-965-3
All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may
be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, nor exported, without the written permission of the copyright owner or
the publisher.
Published by Shroff Publishers and Distributors Put. Lad. B-103, Railwa
Commercial Complex, Sector 3, Sanpada (E), Navi Mumbai 400705 + TEL: (91 22)
4158 4158 + FAX: (91 22) 4158 4141+ E-mail : [email protected]
Web : wanwshnoffpublishers.com
By Jagabandhu Majumder, Elstan A. Fernandez, Lakshman Singh Yadav
Copyright © 2018 Jagabandhu Majumder, Hlstan A. Fernandez, Lakshman Singh
First Bi 2018
Print ISBN: 978-81-7598-179-9
E-book ISBN: 978-93-8588-965-3
All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may
be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, nor exported, without the written permission of the copyright owner or
the publisher.
Published by Shroff Publishers and Distributors Put. Lad. B-103, Railwa
Commercial Complex, Sector 3, Sanpada (E), Navi Mumbai 400705 + TEL: (91 22)
4158 4158 + FAX: (91 22) 4158 4141+ E-mail : [email protected]
Web : wanwshnoffpublishers.com
Dedicated Ta
LM Electro Technical Oficers
a
And Marine Engineers
LM Electro Technical Oficers
a
And Marine Engineers
Preface
‘The demand for electrical power has increased on many ships, especially those with diesel.
electric propulsion, where the supplied current becomes far too high and it is not efficient or
practical to use the common supply of 440 V onboard a ship. Higher voltage is thus needed to
reduce the current.
Modern ships, particularly container ships, LNG vessels, passenger ships and special
offshore ships are now built with high voltage generating plants; however, the engineer officers
‘onboard, may have only been trained on low voltage systems although the new trend is to
undergo High Voltage training. Also, not every ship has an Electro Technical Officer and the
engineers must often take on the additional responsiblity of operating and maintaining these
systems.
With close to 40 years of first-hand experience by each of us in this mammoth industry, we
have seen systems evolve from designs of the post 21% World War era to those with the most
‘sophisticated components and networks available today. It has indeed been a wonderful
journey through time! These experiences have been our guiding light; they have prompted us
to share our acquired knowledge with our counterparts and students in the International
Maritime industry
Relevant extracts from Regulations and other similar guidelines, have been included with
permission; however, these must be used only for academic purposes. Relevant documents
onboard ships must be referred to, for complying with Classification Societies’ and other
Statutory Requirements,
vi Marine High Voltage Technology
‘The demand for electrical power has increased on many ships, especially those with diesel.
electric propulsion, where the supplied current becomes far too high and it is not efficient or
practical to use the common supply of 440 V onboard a ship. Higher voltage is thus needed to
reduce the current.
Modern ships, particularly container ships, LNG vessels, passenger ships and special
offshore ships are now built with high voltage generating plants; however, the engineer officers
‘onboard, may have only been trained on low voltage systems although the new trend is to
undergo High Voltage training. Also, not every ship has an Electro Technical Officer and the
engineers must often take on the additional responsiblity of operating and maintaining these
systems.
With close to 40 years of first-hand experience by each of us in this mammoth industry, we
have seen systems evolve from designs of the post 21% World War era to those with the most
‘sophisticated components and networks available today. It has indeed been a wonderful
journey through time! These experiences have been our guiding light; they have prompted us
to share our acquired knowledge with our counterparts and students in the International
Maritime industry
Relevant extracts from Regulations and other similar guidelines, have been included with
permission; however, these must be used only for academic purposes. Relevant documents
onboard ships must be referred to, for complying with Classification Societies’ and other
Statutory Requirements,
vi Marine High Voltage Technology
Acknowledgement
We are indebted to numerous learned and distinguished people and to leading world-class
‘organisations for their invaluable support, updated information from thelr websites and related literature
‘Their contributions have undoubtedly enriched the content of his edition,
‘Several publications have also been the main source of our knowledge over the years, apart rom our
‘own experiences at sea, ashore in India and abroad and while teaching this subject.
We would to special thank ou fellow seafarers and associated organisations for thelr continuous
‘support in all our endeavours and for giving us the opportunty to share our acquired knowledge through
the years.
‘And last but in no way the least, we thank our dear families for the patience and support while we
‘spent precious time beyond our hectic work schedules each day, to realise a dream of being the frst to
Publish a book on this subject, for he benef of our seafaring fraternity.
vi Marine High Voltage Technology
We are indebted to numerous learned and distinguished people and to leading world-class
‘organisations for their invaluable support, updated information from thelr websites and related literature
‘Their contributions have undoubtedly enriched the content of his edition,
‘Several publications have also been the main source of our knowledge over the years, apart rom our
‘own experiences at sea, ashore in India and abroad and while teaching this subject.
We would to special thank ou fellow seafarers and associated organisations for thelr continuous
‘support in all our endeavours and for giving us the opportunty to share our acquired knowledge through
the years.
‘And last but in no way the least, we thank our dear families for the patience and support while we
‘spent precious time beyond our hectic work schedules each day, to realise a dream of being the frst to
Publish a book on this subject, for he benef of our seafaring fraternity.
vi Marine High Voltage Technology
Contents
Chapter No.
1
conos on
3
M
Chapters
Title
Marine High Voltage Regulations
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
High Voltage Safe Working Procedures
High Voltage Generation and Distribution
High Voltage Switchgear
High Voltage Protection Systems
Alternate Marine Power (Cold Ironing)
High Voltage Electrical Propulsion Systems
High Voltage Cables and Insulation Testing
Questions and Answers
Page No.
21
47
99
139
171
191
211
253
275
Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter No.
1
conos on
3
M
Chapters
Title
Marine High Voltage Regulations
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
High Voltage Safe Working Procedures
High Voltage Generation and Distribution
High Voltage Switchgear
High Voltage Protection Systems
Alternate Marine Power (Cold Ironing)
High Voltage Electrical Propulsion Systems
High Voltage Cables and Insulation Testing
Questions and Answers
Page No.
21
47
99
139
171
191
211
253
275
Marine High Voltage Technology
Contents
Chapter 1 ~ Marine High Voltage Regulations
Article No. Article Page No.
11 Introduction 1
12 Competency Requirements for Personnel working on High Voltage Systems.
124 ‘STOW Section Balz 3
13 ‘Advantages and Disadvantages of High Votage (HV) Onboard 4
134 Reduction in Curent 4
132 Reduction in Short Circuit Level 5
133 Reduction in Losses 5
134 Disadvantages 5
14 A Typical High Voltage instalation 6
15 Marine / Ofshore Statutory Requirements 7
154 International Organizations for High Votage Electrical Standards 7
1511 IEC Intemational Electrotechnical Commission 7
1512 IEC.60092 Electrical Installations in Ships 7
15.13 ¡EEE 45- nattue of Electrical and Electronics Engineers a
15.14 | NEMA- The Natonal Electneal Manufacturers Associaton 7
15.15 NFPA=NatonalFire Protection Association 7
1516 ANSIHAmerican National Standards Instuto (ANS) A
1517 | OSHA- Occupational Safety and Heath Agency a
1518 CENELEC - European Commitee for Electo Technical Standardization 8
1519 | 8SI- rich Standards Institute e
15410 Muitlateral Environment, Global Adoption A
15 International Associaton of Cassation Societies Requirements for High °
Voltage
17 Pifrnces Between Fgh VohagoSuppY aná Low Votago Supl Orbea 20
ps
x Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter 1 ~ Marine High Voltage Regulations
Article No. Article Page No.
11 Introduction 1
12 Competency Requirements for Personnel working on High Voltage Systems.
124 ‘STOW Section Balz 3
13 ‘Advantages and Disadvantages of High Votage (HV) Onboard 4
134 Reduction in Curent 4
132 Reduction in Short Circuit Level 5
133 Reduction in Losses 5
134 Disadvantages 5
14 A Typical High Voltage instalation 6
15 Marine / Ofshore Statutory Requirements 7
154 International Organizations for High Votage Electrical Standards 7
1511 IEC Intemational Electrotechnical Commission 7
1512 IEC.60092 Electrical Installations in Ships 7
15.13 ¡EEE 45- nattue of Electrical and Electronics Engineers a
15.14 | NEMA- The Natonal Electneal Manufacturers Associaton 7
15.15 NFPA=NatonalFire Protection Association 7
1516 ANSIHAmerican National Standards Instuto (ANS) A
1517 | OSHA- Occupational Safety and Heath Agency a
1518 CENELEC - European Commitee for Electo Technical Standardization 8
1519 | 8SI- rich Standards Institute e
15410 Muitlateral Environment, Global Adoption A
15 International Associaton of Cassation Societies Requirements for High °
Voltage
17 Pifrnces Between Fgh VohagoSuppY aná Low Votago Supl Orbea 20
ps
x Marine High Voltage Technology
Contents
‘Chapter 2 -High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
‘Article No. Article Page No.
24 The Rik o Eletrety 2
22 Electrical Hazards Associated vith High Voltage Systems 2
221 Electo Shock 2
222 Effects of Electrical Shock a
223 ody Resistance wi Increase in Voltage 5
224 ‘Stops to Minimize the Risk ofan Electrical Shock Onboard 2
225 First Ai inthe Event of an Electric Shock El
2251 The Basie Procedure 2
2252 Rescueola Vieim ofEletrk Shock 28
2253 Mouthto-Mouth Resuscitation »
226 Aro Hazard E
227 Electric Are Resulting in an Electrical Arc Blast (Explosion) a
2271 Causes ofan Are Fash 2
2272 Effectofan Ar Flash on the Human Body ES
228 re Flash Regulations and Standards ES
2281 | Waming Labels on Equipment #
2282 Arc Flash Prevention 5
2283 Are Fiash Analysis Input 5
2284 Are Flash Analysis Ouput 3
229 Faut Current Calulation ss
2210 Ineident Energy ES
22101 Incident Energy Caution ”
22.102 | incident Energy and Damage Level E
22103 Hazard Risk Category 7
2211 | Approach/ Protection Boundaries ES
22.1.1 Flash Protection Boundary (Outer Boundary) ES
22112 Limited Approach 3
22413 Restreted Approach ES
241.4 Prohibited Approach (Inner Boundary) =
Marine High Voltage Technology x
‘Chapter 2 -High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
‘Article No. Article Page No.
24 The Rik o Eletrety 2
22 Electrical Hazards Associated vith High Voltage Systems 2
221 Electo Shock 2
222 Effects of Electrical Shock a
223 ody Resistance wi Increase in Voltage 5
224 ‘Stops to Minimize the Risk ofan Electrical Shock Onboard 2
225 First Ai inthe Event of an Electric Shock El
2251 The Basie Procedure 2
2252 Rescueola Vieim ofEletrk Shock 28
2253 Mouthto-Mouth Resuscitation »
226 Aro Hazard E
227 Electric Are Resulting in an Electrical Arc Blast (Explosion) a
2271 Causes ofan Are Fash 2
2272 Effectofan Ar Flash on the Human Body ES
228 re Flash Regulations and Standards ES
2281 | Waming Labels on Equipment #
2282 Arc Flash Prevention 5
2283 Are Fiash Analysis Input 5
2284 Are Flash Analysis Ouput 3
229 Faut Current Calulation ss
2210 Ineident Energy ES
22101 Incident Energy Caution ”
22.102 | incident Energy and Damage Level E
22103 Hazard Risk Category 7
2211 | Approach/ Protection Boundaries ES
22.1.1 Flash Protection Boundary (Outer Boundary) ES
22112 Limited Approach 3
22413 Restreted Approach ES
241.4 Prohibited Approach (Inner Boundary) =
Marine High Voltage Technology x
Contents
Article No,
2212
2213
22181
22132
22133
2214
22141
2215
Ariel No,
34
32
321
322
3221
323
324
33
331
332
333
334
34
341
342
35
351
36
37
‘Chapter 2 - High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment (Continued)
Article
Expected Proximity of Hands and Tools to Live LV Conductors
PPE for Are Flash Hazards
Requirements of PPE
Volage-Rated Gloves
Electrical Insulating Matting (IEC 61111-2008)
‘Ar Flash Detector
‘Wavelength and lurination
‘The Best Way to Proven the Hazards of High Voltage
Chapter 3 - High Voltage Safe Working Procedures.
ticle
Identing the need for Safe Working Procedures
‘The Inherent Dangers and Avoidance of Disastrous Consequences
Risk Assessment
‘Tool Box Meeting
Toolbox Meeting Agenda
High Votage Electrical Risk Assessment Steps
Risk Assessment Forms
Important Terminology Associated vith High Voltage Systoms
Authorized Person (AP)
Responsibly and Authorty ofthe Authorised Person
Competent Person
Permit to Work (PTW)
Permit to Work Procedure
Guidelines forthe Permit Issuer (Authorised Person)
Guidelines forthe Permit Receiver (Competent Person)
Sancton for Test (SFT)
Sancton for Test (SFT) - High Voltage Electrical Equipment
Limitation of Access Form (LOA)
Caution and Danger Notices
age No.
æ
=
El
a
#
“
48
4
Page No.
a
sw
2
2
ss
alaialala
e
e
e
ss
ss
es
or
xi
Marine High Voltage Technology
Article No,
2212
2213
22181
22132
22133
2214
22141
2215
Ariel No,
34
32
321
322
3221
323
324
33
331
332
333
334
34
341
342
35
351
36
37
‘Chapter 2 - High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment (Continued)
Article
Expected Proximity of Hands and Tools to Live LV Conductors
PPE for Are Flash Hazards
Requirements of PPE
Volage-Rated Gloves
Electrical Insulating Matting (IEC 61111-2008)
‘Ar Flash Detector
‘Wavelength and lurination
‘The Best Way to Proven the Hazards of High Voltage
Chapter 3 - High Voltage Safe Working Procedures.
ticle
Identing the need for Safe Working Procedures
‘The Inherent Dangers and Avoidance of Disastrous Consequences
Risk Assessment
‘Tool Box Meeting
Toolbox Meeting Agenda
High Votage Electrical Risk Assessment Steps
Risk Assessment Forms
Important Terminology Associated vith High Voltage Systoms
Authorized Person (AP)
Responsibly and Authorty ofthe Authorised Person
Competent Person
Permit to Work (PTW)
Permit to Work Procedure
Guidelines forthe Permit Issuer (Authorised Person)
Guidelines forthe Permit Receiver (Competent Person)
Sancton for Test (SFT)
Sancton for Test (SFT) - High Voltage Electrical Equipment
Limitation of Access Form (LOA)
Caution and Danger Notices
age No.
æ
=
El
a
#
“
48
4
Page No.
a
sw
2
2
ss
alaialala
e
e
e
ss
ss
es
or
xi
Marine High Voltage Technology
Contents
Article No,
38
381
3811
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
39
30
an
ama
212
ana
ama
ans
ans
an
ans
ano
31.0
ann
am
an
am
315
22
Chapter 3 High Voltage Safe Working Procedures (Continued)
Article
Eating Down
‘Addtional Earth (Portable Ground Earth Rod Set wth Eathing Wire and Clamp)
Grounding Sticks
Bus Bar Eathing
Safety Lock
Key Safe
Dead
Locking ON
Live
Wadrawm Apparatus
Safety Rules Related tothe Code of Safe Working Practices in High Voltage,
Systems
Working on De-Energized High Voltage Power Systems
Safe Working Procedures
Working on High Voltage Apparatus
Working on HV Systems.
(Check of Completed Temporary Earting
Procedure lor ho Use of Earthing Leads
Checking for A Dead Condition and for Proving That a Circuit Is Dead
Entry to Enclosures Containing High Voltage Apparatus
Entry to Enclosures Containing High Voltage Equipment /Intaliations
Precautions Prior to Live Voltage and Phasing Checks (Only in an Emergency)
High Votage Test Enclosures
Working on Transformers
Working on Ring Main Unis.
Working on Bus Bars and Directly Connected Bus Bar Equipment
Working on Bus Bar Spout of Muti-Panel Ssichboards.
Working on High Voltage Cables.
Re-energizing of a High Votage Installation after Work
“Trapped Key and Key Safe Systems
232388
FIRICICIÈTE
2883883383 arm 8
882
®
Page No.
Marine High Voltage Technology
ac
Article No,
38
381
3811
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
39
30
an
ama
212
ana
ama
ans
ans
an
ans
ano
31.0
ann
am
an
am
315
22
Chapter 3 High Voltage Safe Working Procedures (Continued)
Article
Eating Down
‘Addtional Earth (Portable Ground Earth Rod Set wth Eathing Wire and Clamp)
Grounding Sticks
Bus Bar Eathing
Safety Lock
Key Safe
Dead
Locking ON
Live
Wadrawm Apparatus
Safety Rules Related tothe Code of Safe Working Practices in High Voltage,
Systems
Working on De-Energized High Voltage Power Systems
Safe Working Procedures
Working on High Voltage Apparatus
Working on HV Systems.
(Check of Completed Temporary Earting
Procedure lor ho Use of Earthing Leads
Checking for A Dead Condition and for Proving That a Circuit Is Dead
Entry to Enclosures Containing High Voltage Apparatus
Entry to Enclosures Containing High Voltage Equipment /Intaliations
Precautions Prior to Live Voltage and Phasing Checks (Only in an Emergency)
High Votage Test Enclosures
Working on Transformers
Working on Ring Main Unis.
Working on Bus Bars and Directly Connected Bus Bar Equipment
Working on Bus Bar Spout of Muti-Panel Ssichboards.
Working on High Voltage Cables.
Re-energizing of a High Votage Installation after Work
“Trapped Key and Key Safe Systems
232388
FIRICICIÈTE
2883883383 arm 8
882
®
Page No.
Marine High Voltage Technology
ac
Contents
Chapter 3- High Voltage Safe Working Procedures (Continued)
Article No. | Article Page No.
3121 Koy Exchange Systems ss
3.122 Use ofkey Safes es
3123 | Key Interlock fora Generator Cable Compartment El
3124 | Key Inerockfor a Motor Star se
3425 | Key Safe Arangement fora Generator e
3126 | Bus Bar Earhing Koy Safe Interlocking Arrangement El
3127 | VFD Safety Key Exchange System 2
313 Procedure fr Isolation in High Voltage Switch Gear ES
Chapter 4 — High Voltage Generation and Distribution
Article No. | Article Page No.
aa Medium Voltage Aternator e
aaa Generation of Power Supply 100
412 Frequency of Induced EMF 101
413 ‘The Main Rotating Fels 101
42 “The Brushless Alternator (Rotary Exctation System) 103
43 Salient Features ofa Brushless Atemators Major Components 104
434 The Exciter 10
4311 The Exciter Field 105
4312 TheExcterAmature 105
432 The Rotating Rectifier 105
44 The Atemator vith a Soltxeted System 105
441 “The Static Excitaton System 105
442 Do-exctaion ofa Generator 107
45 The Atemator vith a Separately Excited System 108
454 ‘Advantages of PMG Excitation Systems 109
452 De-exctaton Relay mo
453 Restoring Residual Magnetism (Flashing ofthe Fl) 10
4531 | The Effects of Diode Faire 1
46 “The Neutral Point of Supply System 2
xv Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter 3- High Voltage Safe Working Procedures (Continued)
Article No. | Article Page No.
3121 Koy Exchange Systems ss
3.122 Use ofkey Safes es
3123 | Key Interlock fora Generator Cable Compartment El
3124 | Key Inerockfor a Motor Star se
3425 | Key Safe Arangement fora Generator e
3126 | Bus Bar Earhing Koy Safe Interlocking Arrangement El
3127 | VFD Safety Key Exchange System 2
313 Procedure fr Isolation in High Voltage Switch Gear ES
Chapter 4 — High Voltage Generation and Distribution
Article No. | Article Page No.
aa Medium Voltage Aternator e
aaa Generation of Power Supply 100
412 Frequency of Induced EMF 101
413 ‘The Main Rotating Fels 101
42 “The Brushless Alternator (Rotary Exctation System) 103
43 Salient Features ofa Brushless Atemators Major Components 104
434 The Exciter 10
4311 The Exciter Field 105
4312 TheExcterAmature 105
432 The Rotating Rectifier 105
44 The Atemator vith a Soltxeted System 105
441 “The Static Excitaton System 105
442 Do-exctaion ofa Generator 107
45 The Atemator vith a Separately Excited System 108
454 ‘Advantages of PMG Excitation Systems 109
452 De-exctaton Relay mo
453 Restoring Residual Magnetism (Flashing ofthe Fl) 10
4531 | The Effects of Diode Faire 1
46 “The Neutral Point of Supply System 2
xv Marine High Voltage Technology
Contents
Chapter 4 High Voltage Generation and Distribution (Continued)
Article No. Article Page No.
461 IEC Regulations Related to Shipboard Noutral Systems. ns
482 Importance of Neutral Grounding ns
463 Method of Neutral Eating ns
484 {Ungrounded / Neutral Insulated Systems. ns
4641 Advantages 7
4642 Disadvantages “7
a7 Resistance Earthed Systems "7
474 Advantages mo
472 Disadvantages ne
473 Marine and Ofshore NERS 120
474 Monitoring ofthe NER 120
475 NER Monitoring Relay 121
476 Isolation ofthe NER 122
4 Basic features ofa Marine HV Power Supply and Distribution System 123
41 High Votage System fr à Liqueied Natural Gas Carrier 128
4811 Sallnt Features 125
482 High Voltage Supply Generation and Distribution in Gas Tankers 128
483 Radial /Tree-type Electrical Power Distribution System 10
484 Ring Net Topology 194
484.1 Intelocking ofa Creut Breaker for the 6600 / 440 V ransformer 195
‘Chapter 5- High Voltage Switchgear
Article No. Article Page No.
51 Basic Design of Marne High Votage Swichgear and Control Goa 139
511 Safety Features of Metalenclosed Switchgear 141
52 HV Switchgear Panel 142
521 The Bus Bar Compartment as
522 ‘The Circuit Breaker Compartment 144
523 ‘The Cable Compartment 146
524 (Cote Balance Current Transformer (CBCT)/2CT 146
Marine High Voltage Technology ww
Chapter 4 High Voltage Generation and Distribution (Continued)
Article No. Article Page No.
461 IEC Regulations Related to Shipboard Noutral Systems. ns
482 Importance of Neutral Grounding ns
463 Method of Neutral Eating ns
484 {Ungrounded / Neutral Insulated Systems. ns
4641 Advantages 7
4642 Disadvantages “7
a7 Resistance Earthed Systems "7
474 Advantages mo
472 Disadvantages ne
473 Marine and Ofshore NERS 120
474 Monitoring ofthe NER 120
475 NER Monitoring Relay 121
476 Isolation ofthe NER 122
4 Basic features ofa Marine HV Power Supply and Distribution System 123
41 High Votage System fr à Liqueied Natural Gas Carrier 128
4811 Sallnt Features 125
482 High Voltage Supply Generation and Distribution in Gas Tankers 128
483 Radial /Tree-type Electrical Power Distribution System 10
484 Ring Net Topology 194
484.1 Intelocking ofa Creut Breaker for the 6600 / 440 V ransformer 195
‘Chapter 5- High Voltage Switchgear
Article No. Article Page No.
51 Basic Design of Marne High Votage Swichgear and Control Goa 139
511 Safety Features of Metalenclosed Switchgear 141
52 HV Switchgear Panel 142
521 The Bus Bar Compartment as
522 ‘The Circuit Breaker Compartment 144
523 ‘The Cable Compartment 146
524 (Cote Balance Current Transformer (CBCT)/2CT 146
Marine High Voltage Technology ww
Contents
Chapter 5 High Voltage Switchgear (Continued)
Article No. Article Page No.
525 Surge Arestor var
526 Metal Oxide Surge Arresor 148
527 “The Low Votage Compartment 19
53 ‘Ship's High Votage Switch Board 149
531 Access and Lighting 19
54 Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers 150
541 “The Vacuum Interruptor 151
541.1 | Advantages of a Vacuum Circuit Breaker 182
5412 Constuetionota Vacuum interrupter 183
54121 Breaker Contacts 153
5.41.22 | Vapour Condensing Shield or Metalic Shield or Spotter Seta 153
54123 Metalic Below 153
54124 End Flanges 158
54125 Enclsureor Outer Envelope 18
5413 | Operatonota Vacuum Interpter 154
$441.31 | Intemuption Process in a Spiral Contact 155
5414 Vacuum Contactor 156
54141 | Features ola Vacuum Contactor 158
542 Suiphur-hexafluride (SF) Cireut Breakers 159
5421 SF_ Gas Breaker Properties 159
5422 Advantages 162
5423 Disadvantages 18
5.424 | The Gireut Breaker Operating Mechanism 163
55 Routine Test of Vacuum Creu Breakers 166
56 Failure of a Vacuum interrupter 166
551 Dielectric Test 197
562 Vacuum Integty Check 168
563 Contact Erosion Test 169
wm Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter 5 High Voltage Switchgear (Continued)
Article No. Article Page No.
525 Surge Arestor var
526 Metal Oxide Surge Arresor 148
527 “The Low Votage Compartment 19
53 ‘Ship's High Votage Switch Board 149
531 Access and Lighting 19
54 Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers 150
541 “The Vacuum Interruptor 151
541.1 | Advantages of a Vacuum Circuit Breaker 182
5412 Constuetionota Vacuum interrupter 183
54121 Breaker Contacts 153
5.41.22 | Vapour Condensing Shield or Metalic Shield or Spotter Seta 153
54123 Metalic Below 153
54124 End Flanges 158
54125 Enclsureor Outer Envelope 18
5413 | Operatonota Vacuum Interpter 154
$441.31 | Intemuption Process in a Spiral Contact 155
5414 Vacuum Contactor 156
54141 | Features ola Vacuum Contactor 158
542 Suiphur-hexafluride (SF) Cireut Breakers 159
5421 SF_ Gas Breaker Properties 159
5422 Advantages 162
5423 Disadvantages 18
5.424 | The Gireut Breaker Operating Mechanism 163
55 Routine Test of Vacuum Creu Breakers 166
56 Failure of a Vacuum interrupter 166
551 Dielectric Test 197
562 Vacuum Integty Check 168
563 Contact Erosion Test 169
wm Marine High Voltage Technology
Contents
Chapter 6 = High Voltage Protection Systems.
Article No. Article Page No.
61 Basic Requirements of Protection Systems an
62 Types of Faut and their fects m
621 Activo Fauts m
622 Solid Faults 173
623 Inciient aus m
624 Passive Fauts 13
625 Transient Faults m
626 ‘Symmetrical Fouts 174
627 Unsymmetrcal Fauits 174
63 Protection Relays 175
EN Working Principle ofa Protection Relay 175
632 Main Features of a Protection Relay 176
633 State Relays 176
634 Digital / Numerical Type Protection Relays, 7
63.41 | Operaton ofa Digtal/ Numerical Type Protection Relay me
64 {ANSI Standard Device Numbers for Protection Devices a
541 Over Current Protection (50/51 183
642 Unbalanced Curent Protection (46) 103
643 Loss of Excitation Protection (40) 1
644 Reverse Power Protection (32) 18%
645 Under / Over Votage Protecton (27 / 59) 104
646 Under / Over Frequency Protection (81) 184
647 Diferental Protection (87) 194
648 Balances Earth Faut Protection 198
649 Fauty Bus Protection 198
6410 Bus Bar Support insulation Breakdown Protection 187
6.4.11 Transformer Protection 187
Marine High Voltage Technology Xv
Chapter 6 = High Voltage Protection Systems.
Article No. Article Page No.
61 Basic Requirements of Protection Systems an
62 Types of Faut and their fects m
621 Activo Fauts m
622 Solid Faults 173
623 Inciient aus m
624 Passive Fauts 13
625 Transient Faults m
626 ‘Symmetrical Fouts 174
627 Unsymmetrcal Fauits 174
63 Protection Relays 175
EN Working Principle ofa Protection Relay 175
632 Main Features of a Protection Relay 176
633 State Relays 176
634 Digital / Numerical Type Protection Relays, 7
63.41 | Operaton ofa Digtal/ Numerical Type Protection Relay me
64 {ANSI Standard Device Numbers for Protection Devices a
541 Over Current Protection (50/51 183
642 Unbalanced Curent Protection (46) 103
643 Loss of Excitation Protection (40) 1
644 Reverse Power Protection (32) 18%
645 Under / Over Votage Protecton (27 / 59) 104
646 Under / Over Frequency Protection (81) 184
647 Diferental Protection (87) 194
648 Balances Earth Faut Protection 198
649 Fauty Bus Protection 198
6410 Bus Bar Support insulation Breakdown Protection 187
6.4.11 Transformer Protection 187
Marine High Voltage Technology Xv
Contents
Chapter? - Altemate Marine Power (Cold roning)
Article No. | Article age No.
74 Shore Supply or Aternate Marine Power 191
741 Retrofting Existing Vessels 198
72 CContainer-Mourted Type AMP 198
724 Components in the AMP Container 194
722 Cables Connection tothe Shore Side 196
73 Connection of Shore Supply 196
ra Disconnection of Shore Supply 197
75 The Oreut Breaker 198
78 The Cable Management System and Cables 198
17 Shore Connection Swtchboard 199
774 Onboard Receñing Switchboard 19
78 Equipotertal Bonding and Grounding Compatibility 200
79 Circuit Protection Systems 201
740 Characteristics ofthe AMP system 206
am HUSC Emergency Shutdown 208
‘Chapter 8 - High Voltage Electrical Propulsion Systems.
Article No. Article Page No.
sa EtoctricalPropuision zu
82 ‘Advantages of Electrical Propusion 213
821 ‘Space Management inne Engine Room 213
822 Noise and Vibration 214
823 Lower Fuel Consumption and Emissions 214
824 Improved Manoeuvrablity and Station-keeping Abity 214
825 Operating Convenience 214
826 etter Hydrodynamic Efiiency of the Propeller 215
83 Disadvantages of Electrical Propulsion 215
84 AC Induction Motor Dive witha Controllable Pkch Propeler 215
841 Frequency Central forthe Speed of an AC Motor 27
841.1 AC Motor Speed 27
8412 Voltage and Frequency Relationship 27
av Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter? - Altemate Marine Power (Cold roning)
Article No. | Article age No.
74 Shore Supply or Aternate Marine Power 191
741 Retrofting Existing Vessels 198
72 CContainer-Mourted Type AMP 198
724 Components in the AMP Container 194
722 Cables Connection tothe Shore Side 196
73 Connection of Shore Supply 196
ra Disconnection of Shore Supply 197
75 The Oreut Breaker 198
78 The Cable Management System and Cables 198
17 Shore Connection Swtchboard 199
774 Onboard Receñing Switchboard 19
78 Equipotertal Bonding and Grounding Compatibility 200
79 Circuit Protection Systems 201
740 Characteristics ofthe AMP system 206
am HUSC Emergency Shutdown 208
‘Chapter 8 - High Voltage Electrical Propulsion Systems.
Article No. Article Page No.
sa EtoctricalPropuision zu
82 ‘Advantages of Electrical Propusion 213
821 ‘Space Management inne Engine Room 213
822 Noise and Vibration 214
823 Lower Fuel Consumption and Emissions 214
824 Improved Manoeuvrablity and Station-keeping Abity 214
825 Operating Convenience 214
826 etter Hydrodynamic Efiiency of the Propeller 215
83 Disadvantages of Electrical Propulsion 215
84 AC Induction Motor Dive witha Controllable Pkch Propeler 215
841 Frequency Central forthe Speed of an AC Motor 27
841.1 AC Motor Speed 27
8412 Voltage and Frequency Relationship 27
av Marine High Voltage Technology
Contents
Chapter 8 High Voltage Electrical Propulsion Systems (Continued)
Article No. Article Page No.
es CCyclocanverter Meihad of Speed Control 218
854 The Single-phase Oyclocomverter 218
852 Three phase Cycloconverters 219
853 SIMAR Drive withthe Cycioconverter E]
ss Variable Frequency Dive Electreal Propulsion Speed Control 224
861 A 68 KV Electrical Propulsion System 224
862 Variable Frequency Dive Components 2
8621 Supply Transformer 27
8622 | Comertr-Tne Input Reciter Bridges ar
8623 ThyistorCrombar Crcut 228
8624 Snubbercicut 2
8625 di/dtChoke ze
8626 Chargingunt 228
8627 Smooting Capactor ze
8628 Gmundingswteh 2
8629 | IGBT (Inuated Gate Bipolar Transistor) 20
86210 inverter zu
882.11 Method to Change Frequency 231
86212 Method ta Change Voltage 22
86213 | Threephose AC by a Tworleve Inverter 2
87 Harmonie Distortion 237
ara Effects of Harmonie Distortion 237
ss Harmonic Fiters 2e
aaa Passive Fiters ze
882 Operating Principle 2e
89 Fixed-Speed Altemators with Varabe-Spoed Synchronous Motors 23
810 ‘Dual Fuel Diesel Electric Propulsion or LNG Carriers 241
an SIMAR Drive PWM The Drive wth Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors 2
8111 Understandingtne Azipod System 248
8112 | The Steering Gear 250
8413 Advantages ofthe Azipod System 251
8114 | Disadvantages of the Azipod System 252
Marine High Voltage Technology xx
Chapter 8 High Voltage Electrical Propulsion Systems (Continued)
Article No. Article Page No.
es CCyclocanverter Meihad of Speed Control 218
854 The Single-phase Oyclocomverter 218
852 Three phase Cycloconverters 219
853 SIMAR Drive withthe Cycioconverter E]
ss Variable Frequency Dive Electreal Propulsion Speed Control 224
861 A 68 KV Electrical Propulsion System 224
862 Variable Frequency Dive Components 2
8621 Supply Transformer 27
8622 | Comertr-Tne Input Reciter Bridges ar
8623 ThyistorCrombar Crcut 228
8624 Snubbercicut 2
8625 di/dtChoke ze
8626 Chargingunt 228
8627 Smooting Capactor ze
8628 Gmundingswteh 2
8629 | IGBT (Inuated Gate Bipolar Transistor) 20
86210 inverter zu
882.11 Method to Change Frequency 231
86212 Method ta Change Voltage 22
86213 | Threephose AC by a Tworleve Inverter 2
87 Harmonie Distortion 237
ara Effects of Harmonie Distortion 237
ss Harmonic Fiters 2e
aaa Passive Fiters ze
882 Operating Principle 2e
89 Fixed-Speed Altemators with Varabe-Spoed Synchronous Motors 23
810 ‘Dual Fuel Diesel Electric Propulsion or LNG Carriers 241
an SIMAR Drive PWM The Drive wth Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors 2
8111 Understandingtne Azipod System 248
8112 | The Steering Gear 250
8413 Advantages ofthe Azipod System 251
8114 | Disadvantages of the Azipod System 252
Marine High Voltage Technology xx
Contents
Chapter 9 - High Voltage Cables and Insulation Testing
Article No. Article Page No.
EX] Medium / High Votage Power Cables. 253
911 Parts of an MV Cable 254
912 Functions ofa Strand Shiels and Semiconductor Layer 254
913 Functions of Metalic Shiets 255
914 Jacket 256
915 Cable Termination 256
9.151 | Various Parts and Functions of Modem Medium Voltage Cable Termination 257
92 Reasons for Faults in Cable insulation 258
921 Partial Dscharge 258
922 ‘Water Tree Degradation in insulation 200
93 Faults in Cables 261
931 Open-ccut Faut 261
932 Shor-cheut Fault 262
933 Ground or Earth Faut 262
934 Flashing Faut 263
934 Ingress of Moisture 263
9. High Votage Equipment Testing 268
941 IR Value fr Electrical Cable and Wiring 264
942 Megger Testing of an MV Cable 265
95 Safety Precautions wie Carrying out IR Tests for HV Equipment 265
96 Dielectric Tess of Transformers 207
981 Induced Voltage Test ofa Transformer 268
97 Inulation Resistance Test and Polarization Index Test 268
ara ‘The Sigificance ofthe Polarization Index Test 270
972 Interpretation of Polarisation Index Results am
973 Hipot Test 2
Chapter 10- Questions and Answers
Article No. | Article No. Page No.
104 ‘Objective Type Questions ES
102 Flin the Blanks 200
103 Short Answer Questions 285
x Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter 9 - High Voltage Cables and Insulation Testing
Article No. Article Page No.
EX] Medium / High Votage Power Cables. 253
911 Parts of an MV Cable 254
912 Functions ofa Strand Shiels and Semiconductor Layer 254
913 Functions of Metalic Shiets 255
914 Jacket 256
915 Cable Termination 256
9.151 | Various Parts and Functions of Modem Medium Voltage Cable Termination 257
92 Reasons for Faults in Cable insulation 258
921 Partial Dscharge 258
922 ‘Water Tree Degradation in insulation 200
93 Faults in Cables 261
931 Open-ccut Faut 261
932 Shor-cheut Fault 262
933 Ground or Earth Faut 262
934 Flashing Faut 263
934 Ingress of Moisture 263
9. High Votage Equipment Testing 268
941 IR Value fr Electrical Cable and Wiring 264
942 Megger Testing of an MV Cable 265
95 Safety Precautions wie Carrying out IR Tests for HV Equipment 265
96 Dielectric Tess of Transformers 207
981 Induced Voltage Test ofa Transformer 268
97 Inulation Resistance Test and Polarization Index Test 268
ara ‘The Sigificance ofthe Polarization Index Test 270
972 Interpretation of Polarisation Index Results am
973 Hipot Test 2
Chapter 10- Questions and Answers
Article No. | Article No. Page No.
104 ‘Objective Type Questions ES
102 Flin the Blanks 200
103 Short Answer Questions 285
x Marine High Voltage Technology
atm Chapter 1
Marine High Voltage Regulations
[At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
* State STCW High Voltage Competency Requirements
+ Define High Voltage and List the advantages of High Voltage onboard
+ Know various international Organizations for Electrical Standards for High Voltage
+ Enumerate the Regulations and Requirements for AC Systems with High Voltages:
1A Introduction
In recent years, there has been an inereasing use of high voltage systems on board ships,
particularly on large cont
ser ships for greater profitability. The increase in size increases
required, High
voltage supply distribution is commonly utilised in eruise liners, LNG carriers, and specialist
offshore support vessels like dyn
power requirement and therefore high voltage power
ie positioning for electrical propulsion. The numerical
definition of high voltage depends upon two factors namely the possibility of causing an are
in air and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity. The International
Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC 60038 defines high voltage as that voltage which
is above 1000 V for altemating current and at least 1300 V for direct current.
IEC voltage range ac pe Defining risk
High voltage (supply system) > 1000 Vm >1500V electrical arcing
Low voltage (supply system) | 50-1000 Ve 120-1800 V electrical shock
Table 1.1 - Voltage Definitions
As per the Nation trical Code (NEC), 2005 of the United States, high voltage is
considered as any voltage over 600 V (article 490.2), BS 7671:2008 British Standard defines
high volta conductors that is than 1000 V AC or
1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage difference between a conductor and the earth that is
higher than 600 V AC or 900 V ripple-free DC
as any voltage difference betwes
Typical marine high voltage system voltages are 3.3 KV, 6.6 KV and I KV (with a
‘maximum limit of 15 kV).
Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
[At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
* State STCW High Voltage Competency Requirements
+ Define High Voltage and List the advantages of High Voltage onboard
+ Know various international Organizations for Electrical Standards for High Voltage
+ Enumerate the Regulations and Requirements for AC Systems with High Voltages:
1A Introduction
In recent years, there has been an inereasing use of high voltage systems on board ships,
particularly on large cont
ser ships for greater profitability. The increase in size increases
required, High
voltage supply distribution is commonly utilised in eruise liners, LNG carriers, and specialist
offshore support vessels like dyn
power requirement and therefore high voltage power
ie positioning for electrical propulsion. The numerical
definition of high voltage depends upon two factors namely the possibility of causing an are
in air and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity. The International
Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC 60038 defines high voltage as that voltage which
is above 1000 V for altemating current and at least 1300 V for direct current.
IEC voltage range ac pe Defining risk
High voltage (supply system) > 1000 Vm >1500V electrical arcing
Low voltage (supply system) | 50-1000 Ve 120-1800 V electrical shock
Table 1.1 - Voltage Definitions
As per the Nation trical Code (NEC), 2005 of the United States, high voltage is
considered as any voltage over 600 V (article 490.2), BS 7671:2008 British Standard defines
high volta conductors that is than 1000 V AC or
1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage difference between a conductor and the earth that is
higher than 600 V AC or 900 V ripple-free DC
as any voltage difference betwes
Typical marine high voltage system voltages are 3.3 KV, 6.6 KV and I KV (with a
‘maximum limit of 15 kV).
Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter 1
The International safety symbol for “Caution, risk of electric shock” (ISO
3864), also known as high voltage symbol is depicted on the right. Although any
voltage above 1000 V AC is known as High Voltage, any voltage from 1 KV to 52
KV is classified as Medium Voltage for the design and construction of switch gear,
merators, cables, et.
re >
Medium Voltage
1KV<V S52 KV
o ak 52kV Alternating Voltage
Figure 1.1 - Classification of Voltages
1.2 Competency Requirements for Personnel Working on High Voltage Systems
The SICW Convention (Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for
Seafarers), Manila Amendments 2010 state that any competent person requires high voltage
JVI, AHI, AMOS, A-IIV6 and A-1117.
cordance with Tables.
comparo | troie Understand | tema tr emonsralos | Str
‘tnd rotceney Competence cat,
Saewot Ser cand opin at Ascessmetoteéeco | Reagızesan
Eu eheualequpmen mang: sane tomara ere epa ai
Es erlag te
commencing work or repair. - Approved in-service eis
rene ¿rentas ae
Isolation procedures.
= practcaltraining Yoages and hand-
Emergency procedures. eld supose
Different voltages on board tra en ia!
knowledge of the causes of D nn
electric shock and
precautions to be observed to caren and
prevent a shock
2 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
The International safety symbol for “Caution, risk of electric shock” (ISO
3864), also known as high voltage symbol is depicted on the right. Although any
voltage above 1000 V AC is known as High Voltage, any voltage from 1 KV to 52
KV is classified as Medium Voltage for the design and construction of switch gear,
merators, cables, et.
re >
Medium Voltage
1KV<V S52 KV
o ak 52kV Alternating Voltage
Figure 1.1 - Classification of Voltages
1.2 Competency Requirements for Personnel Working on High Voltage Systems
The SICW Convention (Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for
Seafarers), Manila Amendments 2010 state that any competent person requires high voltage
JVI, AHI, AMOS, A-IIV6 and A-1117.
cordance with Tables.
comparo | troie Understand | tema tr emonsralos | Str
‘tnd rotceney Competence cat,
Saewot Ser cand opin at Ascessmetoteéeco | Reagızesan
Eu eheualequpmen mang: sane tomara ere epa ai
Es erlag te
commencing work or repair. - Approved in-service eis
rene ¿rentas ae
Isolation procedures.
= practcaltraining Yoages and hand-
Emergency procedures. eld supose
Different voltages on board tra en ia!
knowledge of the causes of D nn
electric shock and
precautions to be observed to caren and
prevent a shock
2 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
Competence | Knowledge, Understanding | Methods for Demonstrating
and Profeieney Competence
Opera ard Theoretical inode Examinaton and asesonet
man ofevienc one tom
power High voltage technology: ‘one or more of the following:
Systems Safety precautions and vast eae
more an proce po
un Electrical propulsion of the at
ships eecrcalmatersana APP ening
control systems ver
ae one Approved stor
ue training where
Sat operaton and sport
maintenance of high voltage
systems, including knowledge
‘ofthe special technical type of
high voltage systems and the
danger resulting from
‘operation voltage of more
tran 1000 vots
- Approved laboratory
‘equipment training
1.2.1 STCW Section B-111/2
Criteria for
evaluating
competence
Operations are
planned and carried
out in accordance
with operation
manuals,
established rules
and procedures to
ensure safety of
operations.
Guidance regarding training of engineering personnel with management responsibilities
for the operation and safety of an electrical power plant above 1,000 volts must be trained
‘and must possess knowledge in the following topies:
1. Assigning of suitably qualified person
chgear of various types.
lisina HV system,
2. Taking remedial action necessary during
3. Producin
4, Selecting suitable apparatus for isolation and testing of HV equipment.
intenance and repairs of HV
a switching strategy for isolating components of a HV system.
5. Carrying out a switching and isolation procedure on a marine HV system.
6. Performing tests of insulation and resistance on HV equipment
Marine High Voltage Technology
Competence | Knowledge, Understanding | Methods for Demonstrating
and Profeieney Competence
Opera ard Theoretical inode Examinaton and asesonet
man ofevienc one tom
power High voltage technology: ‘one or more of the following:
Systems Safety precautions and vast eae
more an proce po
un Electrical propulsion of the at
ships eecrcalmatersana APP ening
control systems ver
ae one Approved stor
ue training where
Sat operaton and sport
maintenance of high voltage
systems, including knowledge
‘ofthe special technical type of
high voltage systems and the
danger resulting from
‘operation voltage of more
tran 1000 vots
- Approved laboratory
‘equipment training
1.2.1 STCW Section B-111/2
Criteria for
evaluating
competence
Operations are
planned and carried
out in accordance
with operation
manuals,
established rules
and procedures to
ensure safety of
operations.
Guidance regarding training of engineering personnel with management responsibilities
for the operation and safety of an electrical power plant above 1,000 volts must be trained
‘and must possess knowledge in the following topies:
1. Assigning of suitably qualified person
chgear of various types.
lisina HV system,
2. Taking remedial action necessary during
3. Producin
4, Selecting suitable apparatus for isolation and testing of HV equipment.
intenance and repairs of HV
a switching strategy for isolating components of a HV system.
5. Carrying out a switching and isolation procedure on a marine HV system.
6. Performing tests of insulation and resistance on HV equipment
Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter 1
1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of High Voltage (HV) Onboard
ments on board vessels is the foremost reason for
As discussed earlier higher power req
the evolution of high voltage in ships. I is necessary 10 utilize the benefits of a high voltage
installation for ships with a large electrical power demand.
13.1. Reduction in Current
The design benefits relate to the simple power equation P = V x I, that current is reduced
as the voltage is increased for a given power
Let us assume a ship generating 6000 KW of power at 440 V, from 4 diesel-generating sets
of 1500 kW, 08 Cos each.
Full load current (1) = 1500000 (43 * 440 + 08) = 2463 Amps
the voltage is increase to 6600 V for he same power requirement, then
Current (1) = 1500000/ (V3 * 6600 + 0.8) = 164 Amps
Thus, for the same power by increasing the voltage from 440 V to 6600 V, the cument is
reduced is 15 times lower, by utilising high voltage significantly reduces the size of the
current-carrying conductors. Hence the overall size and weight of electrical power equipment
can also be reduced
Conductor
6500 V aaov
HV Cable AV Cable
Figure 1.2 — HV versus LV Conductor Size and Insulation
(Space saving is almost Ys compared toa 440 Volt system)
4 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of High Voltage (HV) Onboard
ments on board vessels is the foremost reason for
As discussed earlier higher power req
the evolution of high voltage in ships. I is necessary 10 utilize the benefits of a high voltage
installation for ships with a large electrical power demand.
13.1. Reduction in Current
The design benefits relate to the simple power equation P = V x I, that current is reduced
as the voltage is increased for a given power
Let us assume a ship generating 6000 KW of power at 440 V, from 4 diesel-generating sets
of 1500 kW, 08 Cos each.
Full load current (1) = 1500000 (43 * 440 + 08) = 2463 Amps
the voltage is increase to 6600 V for he same power requirement, then
Current (1) = 1500000/ (V3 * 6600 + 0.8) = 164 Amps
Thus, for the same power by increasing the voltage from 440 V to 6600 V, the cument is
reduced is 15 times lower, by utilising high voltage significantly reduces the size of the
current-carrying conductors. Hence the overall size and weight of electrical power equipment
can also be reduced
Conductor
6500 V aaov
HV Cable AV Cable
Figure 1.2 — HV versus LV Conductor Size and Insulation
(Space saving is almost Ys compared toa 440 Volt system)
4 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
1.3.2 Reduction in Short Circuit Level
Fault level at any given point of the electric power supply network is the maximum current
that would flow in case of a short circuit fault at that point
The circuit breaker should be capable of breaking and making current as per their ratings
and should also have the rated short-time capacit
So, for proper selection of a circuit breaker
and other switchgear components, knowledge of current during normal and abnormal
conditions is necessary
1500 KA Nominal Rating = 1968 À
440 V3 Phase Breaking Capacity > 19.7 kA
In 1968 À
a 10 xis a thumb rule constant
for fault level breaking capacity
1500 kVA Nominal Rating = 131 A
6600 V3 Phase Breaking Capacity > 1.31 kA
In=13LA
Figure 1.3 - Comparison of Breaking Capacity between Low and High Voltage Circuits
1.33 Reduction in Losses
When large loads are connected to the LV system, the magnitude of current flow becomes
100 large thereby resulting in overheating due to high iron and copper losses.
Copper loss = FR (kW)
It implies that the power loss is reduced by a greater extent if the vollage is stepped up.
transmission of power at a higher voltage thus improves efficiency
1.3.4. Disadvantages
1. Higher insulation class (rating) for cables and equipment used in the system
2. Higher risk factor and the necessity for strict adherence to stringent safety procedures,
Marine High Voltage Technology 5
1.3.2 Reduction in Short Circuit Level
Fault level at any given point of the electric power supply network is the maximum current
that would flow in case of a short circuit fault at that point
The circuit breaker should be capable of breaking and making current as per their ratings
and should also have the rated short-time capacit
So, for proper selection of a circuit breaker
and other switchgear components, knowledge of current during normal and abnormal
conditions is necessary
1500 KA Nominal Rating = 1968 À
440 V3 Phase Breaking Capacity > 19.7 kA
In 1968 À
a 10 xis a thumb rule constant
for fault level breaking capacity
1500 kVA Nominal Rating = 131 A
6600 V3 Phase Breaking Capacity > 1.31 kA
In=13LA
Figure 1.3 - Comparison of Breaking Capacity between Low and High Voltage Circuits
1.33 Reduction in Losses
When large loads are connected to the LV system, the magnitude of current flow becomes
100 large thereby resulting in overheating due to high iron and copper losses.
Copper loss = FR (kW)
It implies that the power loss is reduced by a greater extent if the vollage is stepped up.
transmission of power at a higher voltage thus improves efficiency
1.3.4. Disadvantages
1. Higher insulation class (rating) for cables and equipment used in the system
2. Higher risk factor and the necessity for strict adherence to stringent safety procedures,
Marine High Voltage Technology 5
Chapter 1
1-4 A Typical High Voltage Installation
A typical high voltage installation will incorporate only high voltage equipment for the
following
2) Generating s
b) High voltage cables,
©) High voltage switchboards with associated switchgear, protection devices and
instrumentation.
4) High voltage / low voltage step-down transformers (eg, 6.6 KV / 440 V) to supply low
voltage consumers
Hamon
Be
z
eal]
El
®
[9 O)
e
e
El
®
‘wo Vous
an
Figure 1.4—A Typical High Voltage Installation on Board
e) High voltage / high voltage step-down transformers (typically 6.6 KV / 33 KV) supplying
propulsion converters and motors,
1) High voltage motors for propulsion, thrusters, air conditioning and compressors,
$ ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
1-4 A Typical High Voltage Installation
A typical high voltage installation will incorporate only high voltage equipment for the
following
2) Generating s
b) High voltage cables,
©) High voltage switchboards with associated switchgear, protection devices and
instrumentation.
4) High voltage / low voltage step-down transformers (eg, 6.6 KV / 440 V) to supply low
voltage consumers
Hamon
Be
z
eal]
El
®
[9 O)
e
e
El
®
‘wo Vous
an
Figure 1.4—A Typical High Voltage Installation on Board
e) High voltage / high voltage step-down transformers (typically 6.6 KV / 33 KV) supplying
propulsion converters and motors,
1) High voltage motors for propulsion, thrusters, air conditioning and compressors,
$ ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
1.5. Marine / Offshore Statutory Requirements
1.5.1 International Organizations for High Voltage Electrical Standards
15.1.1. 1EC- International Electrotechnical Commission
IL is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical
committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
‘operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields
To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards,
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and
Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication”)
1.5.1.2 1EC 60092 Electrical Installations in Ships
This standard, forms a series of international standards for electrical installations in
seagoing ships, incorporating good practice and coordinating, as far as possible, existing
rules. The standard, for practical interpretation, is said to form a code of safe working practice
to work in high voltage on board,
1.5.1.3. IEEE 45 - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
It is the recommended standard for electrical installations on-board based on USA practices,
The scope of this standard covers oecangoing vessels and vessels for use on rivers, lak
bays, ete. It is considered an altemative standard to the IEC 60092 standard.
1.5.1.4 NEMA - The National Electrical Manufacturers Association
It is an organization that develops and publishes standards regarding the production and
manufacturing processes for technologies involving the generation, transmission and use of
lect
1.5.1.5. NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
Itis a leader in providing fire, electrical and life safety. NFPA 70E specifies requirements
for safe working practices to protect personnel by reducing exposure to major electrical
hazards and fatalities due to shock, electrocution, are flash and are blast, It specifies Standard
requirements for Are flash PPE.
Marine High Voltage Technology 7
1.5. Marine / Offshore Statutory Requirements
1.5.1 International Organizations for High Voltage Electrical Standards
15.1.1. 1EC- International Electrotechnical Commission
IL is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical
committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
‘operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields
To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards,
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and
Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication”)
1.5.1.2 1EC 60092 Electrical Installations in Ships
This standard, forms a series of international standards for electrical installations in
seagoing ships, incorporating good practice and coordinating, as far as possible, existing
rules. The standard, for practical interpretation, is said to form a code of safe working practice
to work in high voltage on board,
1.5.1.3. IEEE 45 - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
It is the recommended standard for electrical installations on-board based on USA practices,
The scope of this standard covers oecangoing vessels and vessels for use on rivers, lak
bays, ete. It is considered an altemative standard to the IEC 60092 standard.
1.5.1.4 NEMA - The National Electrical Manufacturers Association
It is an organization that develops and publishes standards regarding the production and
manufacturing processes for technologies involving the generation, transmission and use of
lect
1.5.1.5. NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
Itis a leader in providing fire, electrical and life safety. NFPA 70E specifies requirements
for safe working practices to protect personnel by reducing exposure to major electrical
hazards and fatalities due to shock, electrocution, are flash and are blast, It specifies Standard
requirements for Are flash PPE.
Marine High Voltage Technology 7
Chapter 1
Figure 1.5 — Arc Flash Protective Equipment
1.5.1.6 ANSI-American National Standards Institute (ANS)
I is the US
standards and conformity assessment system. In the design of electrical
power systems, ANSI Standard Device Numbers denote what features a protective device
supports ( a relay or circuit breaker), These types of devices protect electrical systems
and components from damage when an unwanted event occurs, such as an electrical fault
1.5.1.7. OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Agency
Under the OSHA Act, employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthy
workplace, OSHA's mission is to assure safe and healthy workplaces by setting and enforcing
standards, and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance
1.5.1.8 CENELEC - European Committee for Electro Technical Standardization
ich
It is responsible for standardization in the
prepares voluntary standards, which help faci
matt, cut complisnoe costs and suppor the development ofa Single European Markt
1.5.1.9 BSI- British Standards Institute
tro technical engineering fied, CENELEC
It is the Natior
1 Standards Body of the UK, responsible for facilitating, drafting,
publishing and marketing British Standards and other guidelines. British Standards provides
UK industry and other stakeholders with their major access lo and influence on
standardization, both in the European arena CENELEC and internationally (with ISO and
IEC). All standard organizations normally follow the guidelines of ILC. Electrical
installations on board ships and offshore units are subjected to and must can endure very
harsh conditions and environmental or chemical hazards = yet continue operating,
15.110 Multilateral Environment, Global Adoption
lectrical installations of ships and of mobile and fixed offshore units, prepares
International Standards for the maritime sector, its SC (Subcommittee) ISA deals specifically
with standards for electric cables.
3 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Figure 1.5 — Arc Flash Protective Equipment
1.5.1.6 ANSI-American National Standards Institute (ANS)
I is the US
standards and conformity assessment system. In the design of electrical
power systems, ANSI Standard Device Numbers denote what features a protective device
supports ( a relay or circuit breaker), These types of devices protect electrical systems
and components from damage when an unwanted event occurs, such as an electrical fault
1.5.1.7. OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Agency
Under the OSHA Act, employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthy
workplace, OSHA's mission is to assure safe and healthy workplaces by setting and enforcing
standards, and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance
1.5.1.8 CENELEC - European Committee for Electro Technical Standardization
ich
It is responsible for standardization in the
prepares voluntary standards, which help faci
matt, cut complisnoe costs and suppor the development ofa Single European Markt
1.5.1.9 BSI- British Standards Institute
tro technical engineering fied, CENELEC
It is the Natior
1 Standards Body of the UK, responsible for facilitating, drafting,
publishing and marketing British Standards and other guidelines. British Standards provides
UK industry and other stakeholders with their major access lo and influence on
standardization, both in the European arena CENELEC and internationally (with ISO and
IEC). All standard organizations normally follow the guidelines of ILC. Electrical
installations on board ships and offshore units are subjected to and must can endure very
harsh conditions and environmental or chemical hazards = yet continue operating,
15.110 Multilateral Environment, Global Adoption
lectrical installations of ships and of mobile and fixed offshore units, prepares
International Standards for the maritime sector, its SC (Subcommittee) ISA deals specifically
with standards for electric cables.
3 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
IEC Technical Committee TC 18 has established a formal relationship with
the IMO (International Maritime Organization) to collaborate in the field of electrical systems
‘on ships and for offshore units. Most of the classification societies rely on TEC’s Intemational
Standards as their preferred choice rather than opting to develop their own standards. The IEC
60092, Electrical installations in ships series is referenced in the IMO's SOLAS (Safety of
Life at Sea) Convention, which applies to all commercial seagoing ships of 500 gross tonnage
and above, thus all the standards in the series are used extensively at a global level. Where
offshore units are concemed, the IEC 61892, Mobile and Fixed Offshore Units - Electrical
Installations series is a referenced document in the IMO MODU Code (Code for the
construction and equipment of mobile offshore drilling units). The IEC standards making
process, like many other standards making processes, is handled by various technical
committees or TCsas they are called. The TCs are the key bodies that drive the
standardization and comprise experts from the national committees and are a completely
Voluntary effort. IEC has more than 11,000 technical experts voluntarily working on
standards. Some examples are as follows:
L TC 17 - Switchgear and control gear
2. SC 17A - High-voltage switehgear and control gar.
3. SC 17C - High-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies.
4. TC 18- Electrical installations of ships and of mobile and fixed offshore units.
5. SC 18A - Electric cables for ships and mobile and fixed offshore units.
1.6 International Association of Classification Societies Requirements for High Voltage
The following requirements apply to altemating current three-phase systems with the
nominal voltage above 1 KV and up to 15 kV, the nominal voltage is the voltage between
phases. If not otherwise stated herein, construction and installation applicable to low voltage
equipment generally apply to high voltage equipment
AL Nominal System Voltage
o fo exceed 15 KV but higher voltages may be accepted by the
Where necessary for special appli
A2 High Voltage, Low Voltage Segregation
‘quipment operating at approximately 1 KV and above is not to be installed in t
enclosure as low voltage equipment, unless segregation or other suitable measures are taken
to ensure that low voltage equipment can be accessed without danger
The system voltage
Soci
Marine High Voltage Technology 9
IEC Technical Committee TC 18 has established a formal relationship with
the IMO (International Maritime Organization) to collaborate in the field of electrical systems
‘on ships and for offshore units. Most of the classification societies rely on TEC’s Intemational
Standards as their preferred choice rather than opting to develop their own standards. The IEC
60092, Electrical installations in ships series is referenced in the IMO's SOLAS (Safety of
Life at Sea) Convention, which applies to all commercial seagoing ships of 500 gross tonnage
and above, thus all the standards in the series are used extensively at a global level. Where
offshore units are concemed, the IEC 61892, Mobile and Fixed Offshore Units - Electrical
Installations series is a referenced document in the IMO MODU Code (Code for the
construction and equipment of mobile offshore drilling units). The IEC standards making
process, like many other standards making processes, is handled by various technical
committees or TCsas they are called. The TCs are the key bodies that drive the
standardization and comprise experts from the national committees and are a completely
Voluntary effort. IEC has more than 11,000 technical experts voluntarily working on
standards. Some examples are as follows:
L TC 17 - Switchgear and control gear
2. SC 17A - High-voltage switehgear and control gar.
3. SC 17C - High-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies.
4. TC 18- Electrical installations of ships and of mobile and fixed offshore units.
5. SC 18A - Electric cables for ships and mobile and fixed offshore units.
1.6 International Association of Classification Societies Requirements for High Voltage
The following requirements apply to altemating current three-phase systems with the
nominal voltage above 1 KV and up to 15 kV, the nominal voltage is the voltage between
phases. If not otherwise stated herein, construction and installation applicable to low voltage
equipment generally apply to high voltage equipment
AL Nominal System Voltage
o fo exceed 15 KV but higher voltages may be accepted by the
Where necessary for special appli
A2 High Voltage, Low Voltage Segregation
‘quipment operating at approximately 1 KV and above is not to be installed in t
enclosure as low voltage equipment, unless segregation or other suitable measures are taken
to ensure that low voltage equipment can be accessed without danger
The system voltage
Soci
Marine High Voltage Technology 9
Chapter 1
B. HV System Distribution Design
BALL Spliting of Switehboards
It must be possible to split the main switchboard into at least two independent sections by
means of at least one circuit breaker or other suitable disconnecting devices, cach supplied by
at least one generator so arranged that duplicated essential services are supplied from separate
switchboard sections. If two separate switchboards are provided and interconnected with
cables, a circuit breaker is to be provided at each end of the cable. Services which are
duplicated are to be divided between the sections.
2.1.2. Earthed Neutral Systems
Distribution systems must be three-phase, 3-wire and may be operated with the neutral ie,
either insulated or grounded.
a. Where the system neutral is insulated, the dielectric strength of all electrical equipment is
to be sufficient to withstand any possible transient over-voltage with respect to the grou
b. Where the system neutral is grounded, the connection tothe ground shall be made through
a resistor which can limit the ground fault current to a value not greater than the full Load
‘current of the largest connected generator and not less than 3 times the minimum current
required to operate any ground fault monitoring or protection device: the neutral
impedance must be chosen so that the transient over voltages caused by a fault are kept 10
¡ding resistor
operate independently
ust be provided for each section of the system tha
de A disconnecting means must be fitted in each generator ground connection to permit
complete isolation of the generator for maintenance purposes,
Extract from ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels - 2018
Part 4 Vessel Systems & Machinery Chapter 8 Electrical Systems, Section 5 Special Systems
Quote
1 Application The provisions of this section apply to (a) high voltage systems; (b) electric
propulsion systems, and (c) three-wire dual-voltage DC systems. Unless stated otherwise, the
applicable requirements of Section 4-8-1 through Section 4-8-4 are also to be complied with,
3 High Voltage Systems
3.1 Application (2014) The requirements in this subsection are applicable to AC systems
with nominal voltage (phase to phase) exceeding 1 KV.
10 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
B. HV System Distribution Design
BALL Spliting of Switehboards
It must be possible to split the main switchboard into at least two independent sections by
means of at least one circuit breaker or other suitable disconnecting devices, cach supplied by
at least one generator so arranged that duplicated essential services are supplied from separate
switchboard sections. If two separate switchboards are provided and interconnected with
cables, a circuit breaker is to be provided at each end of the cable. Services which are
duplicated are to be divided between the sections.
2.1.2. Earthed Neutral Systems
Distribution systems must be three-phase, 3-wire and may be operated with the neutral ie,
either insulated or grounded.
a. Where the system neutral is insulated, the dielectric strength of all electrical equipment is
to be sufficient to withstand any possible transient over-voltage with respect to the grou
b. Where the system neutral is grounded, the connection tothe ground shall be made through
a resistor which can limit the ground fault current to a value not greater than the full Load
‘current of the largest connected generator and not less than 3 times the minimum current
required to operate any ground fault monitoring or protection device: the neutral
impedance must be chosen so that the transient over voltages caused by a fault are kept 10
¡ding resistor
operate independently
ust be provided for each section of the system tha
de A disconnecting means must be fitted in each generator ground connection to permit
complete isolation of the generator for maintenance purposes,
Extract from ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels - 2018
Part 4 Vessel Systems & Machinery Chapter 8 Electrical Systems, Section 5 Special Systems
Quote
1 Application The provisions of this section apply to (a) high voltage systems; (b) electric
propulsion systems, and (c) three-wire dual-voltage DC systems. Unless stated otherwise, the
applicable requirements of Section 4-8-1 through Section 4-8-4 are also to be complied with,
3 High Voltage Systems
3.1 Application (2014) The requirements in this subsection are applicable to AC systems
with nominal voltage (phase to phase) exceeding 1 KV.
10 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
Unless stated otherwise, the applicable requirements of Section 4-8-1, Section 4-8-2, Section
4-8-3 and Section 4-8-4 are also to be complied with. The nominal standard voltage is not to
excel 15 KV. A higher voltage may be considered for special application. 3.3 System
Design (2014) 33.1 Earthed Neutral Systems 3.3.0) Neutral Earthing (2014), The current
in the earth fault condition is to be not in excess of full load current of the largest generator on
the switchboard or relevant switchboard section and in no case less than three times the
minimum current required for operation of any device in the earth fault condition. An earth
connection is to be available when any part of the system is in the energized mode. 33.10)
Equipment (2003), Electrical equipment in directly earthed neutral or other neutral earthed
systems is to be able to withstand the current due to a single phase fault against earth for a
period necessary to trip the protection device. 33.1(c) Neutral Disconnection. Each generator
neutral is to be provided with means for disconnection for maintenance purposes. 3.3.14)
Hull Connection of Farthing Impedance (2003), All earthing impedances are to be connected
10 the hull. The connection to the hull is to be so arranged that any circulating currents in the
earth connections will not interfere with radio, radar, communication and control equipment
In systems with neutral earthed, connection of the neutral to the hull isto be provided
for each generator switchboard section
33 System Design (2014) 33.1 Earthed Neutral Systems 3.3.1(a) Neutral Earthing (2014)
The current in the earth fault condition is to be not in excess of full load current of the largest
generator on the switchboard or relevant switchboard section and in no case less than three
times the minimum current required for operation of any device in the earth fault condition,
‘An earth connection isto be available when any part of the system is in the energized mode,
3.3.1(b) Equipment (2003). Electrical equipment in directly earthed neutral or other neutral
earthed systems isto be able to withstand the current due to a single phase fault against earth
for a period necessary to trip the protection device. 3.3.1(c) Neutral Disconnection. Each
generator neutral is to be provided with means for disconnection for maintenance purposes
3.3.1) Hull Connection of Earthing Impedance (2003). All earthing impedances are to be
connected to the hull. The connection to the hull is to be so arranged that any circulating
‘currents in the earth connections will not interfere with radio, radar, communication and
control equipment circuits. In systems with neutral earthed, connection of the neutral to the
hull is to be provided for each generator switchboard section. 3.3.2 Earth Fault Detection and
Indication (2018) 1) In unearthed or high impedance earthed systems an earth fault is to be
indicated by visual and audible means atthe centralized control station. it) In low impedance
or direct earthed systems, provision is to be made to automatically disconnect the faulty
circuits, Audible and visual indication is to be provided at the centralized control station to
indicate that a ground fault had occurred and has been cleared by ground fault protection, An
audible alarm is to be provided if the ground fault was not successfully cleared
Marine High Voltage Technology "
Unless stated otherwise, the applicable requirements of Section 4-8-1, Section 4-8-2, Section
4-8-3 and Section 4-8-4 are also to be complied with. The nominal standard voltage is not to
excel 15 KV. A higher voltage may be considered for special application. 3.3 System
Design (2014) 33.1 Earthed Neutral Systems 3.3.0) Neutral Earthing (2014), The current
in the earth fault condition is to be not in excess of full load current of the largest generator on
the switchboard or relevant switchboard section and in no case less than three times the
minimum current required for operation of any device in the earth fault condition. An earth
connection is to be available when any part of the system is in the energized mode. 33.10)
Equipment (2003), Electrical equipment in directly earthed neutral or other neutral earthed
systems is to be able to withstand the current due to a single phase fault against earth for a
period necessary to trip the protection device. 33.1(c) Neutral Disconnection. Each generator
neutral is to be provided with means for disconnection for maintenance purposes. 3.3.14)
Hull Connection of Farthing Impedance (2003), All earthing impedances are to be connected
10 the hull. The connection to the hull is to be so arranged that any circulating currents in the
earth connections will not interfere with radio, radar, communication and control equipment
In systems with neutral earthed, connection of the neutral to the hull isto be provided
for each generator switchboard section
33 System Design (2014) 33.1 Earthed Neutral Systems 3.3.1(a) Neutral Earthing (2014)
The current in the earth fault condition is to be not in excess of full load current of the largest
generator on the switchboard or relevant switchboard section and in no case less than three
times the minimum current required for operation of any device in the earth fault condition,
‘An earth connection isto be available when any part of the system is in the energized mode,
3.3.1(b) Equipment (2003). Electrical equipment in directly earthed neutral or other neutral
earthed systems isto be able to withstand the current due to a single phase fault against earth
for a period necessary to trip the protection device. 3.3.1(c) Neutral Disconnection. Each
generator neutral is to be provided with means for disconnection for maintenance purposes
3.3.1) Hull Connection of Earthing Impedance (2003). All earthing impedances are to be
connected to the hull. The connection to the hull is to be so arranged that any circulating
‘currents in the earth connections will not interfere with radio, radar, communication and
control equipment circuits. In systems with neutral earthed, connection of the neutral to the
hull is to be provided for each generator switchboard section. 3.3.2 Earth Fault Detection and
Indication (2018) 1) In unearthed or high impedance earthed systems an earth fault is to be
indicated by visual and audible means atthe centralized control station. it) In low impedance
or direct earthed systems, provision is to be made to automatically disconnect the faulty
circuits, Audible and visual indication is to be provided at the centralized control station to
indicate that a ground fault had occurred and has been cleared by ground fault protection, An
audible alarm is to be provided if the ground fault was not successfully cleared
Marine High Voltage Technology "
Chapter 1
ii) In high impedance earthed systems where, outgoing feeders will not be isolated in case of
an earth fault, the insulation of the equipment is to be designed for the phase to phase voltage.
Unquote
B.13 Hull Connection of Earthing Impedance
All earthing impedances are to be connected to the hull, The connection to the hull is to
be so arranged that any circulating currents in the earth connections do not interfere with
radio, radar, communication and control equipment circuit,
C Degrees of protection (Ingress Protection)
The IP Code, Intemational Protection Marking, IEC standard 60529, sometimes
interpreted as Ingress Protection Marking, classifies and rates the degree of
protection provided against intrusion (body parts such as hands and fingers), dust, accidental
contact, and water by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures.
CI General
Each part of the electrical installation is to be provided with a degree of protection
appropriate to the location, as a minimum the requirements of IEC Publication 60092-201
CI Rotating Machines
‘The degree of ingress protection for enclosures of rotating electrical machines is to be al
least IP 23. The degree of ingress protection of terminals is to be at least IP44. For motors
installed in spaces accessible 10 unqualified personnel, a degree of ingress protection against
approaching or any contact with live or moving parts must be at least IPAX.
C12 Transformers
The degree of protection of enclosures of transformers is to be at least 1P23. For
transformers installed in spaces accessible to unqualified personnel a degree of protection of
at least IPAX is required, Where a transformer is located in a compartment that forms the
enclosure of the transformer, the door of the compartment is to be provided with a means to
prohibit unauthorized access and interlocked with the transformer primary circuit breaker so
that the circuit breaker is tripped when the door is opened and it cannot be closed while the
door is open
C13
Switehgear, Control Gear Assemblies and Converters
The degree of protection of metal enclosed switchgear, control gear assemblies and static
‘convertors is o be atleast IP32, For switehgear, control gear assemblies and static converters
installed in spaces accessible to unqualified personnel, a degree of protection of at leat IP&X.
is required.
12 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
ii) In high impedance earthed systems where, outgoing feeders will not be isolated in case of
an earth fault, the insulation of the equipment is to be designed for the phase to phase voltage.
Unquote
B.13 Hull Connection of Earthing Impedance
All earthing impedances are to be connected to the hull, The connection to the hull is to
be so arranged that any circulating currents in the earth connections do not interfere with
radio, radar, communication and control equipment circuit,
C Degrees of protection (Ingress Protection)
The IP Code, Intemational Protection Marking, IEC standard 60529, sometimes
interpreted as Ingress Protection Marking, classifies and rates the degree of
protection provided against intrusion (body parts such as hands and fingers), dust, accidental
contact, and water by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures.
CI General
Each part of the electrical installation is to be provided with a degree of protection
appropriate to the location, as a minimum the requirements of IEC Publication 60092-201
CI Rotating Machines
‘The degree of ingress protection for enclosures of rotating electrical machines is to be al
least IP 23. The degree of ingress protection of terminals is to be at least IP44. For motors
installed in spaces accessible 10 unqualified personnel, a degree of ingress protection against
approaching or any contact with live or moving parts must be at least IPAX.
C12 Transformers
The degree of protection of enclosures of transformers is to be at least 1P23. For
transformers installed in spaces accessible to unqualified personnel a degree of protection of
at least IPAX is required, Where a transformer is located in a compartment that forms the
enclosure of the transformer, the door of the compartment is to be provided with a means to
prohibit unauthorized access and interlocked with the transformer primary circuit breaker so
that the circuit breaker is tripped when the door is opened and it cannot be closed while the
door is open
C13
Switehgear, Control Gear Assemblies and Converters
The degree of protection of metal enclosed switchgear, control gear assemblies and static
‘convertors is o be atleast IP32, For switehgear, control gear assemblies and static converters
installed in spaces accessible to unqualified personnel, a degree of protection of at leat IP&X.
is required.
12 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
CLA Creepage Distance
Clearance,
ee 11 a
T =
Figure 1.6 - Creepage Distances
Crecpage distances between live parts and earthed metal parts are to be in accordance with
EC 60092.503 for the nominal voltage of the system, the nature of the insulation material
and the transient overvoltage developed by switch and fault conditions,
Icarances between non-insulated
Phase-to-phase air clearances and phase-to-carth air
parts are to be not less than the minimum, as specified in Table 1.2.
Voltage Phase toearthinmm Phase to phase in mm
3300 V 50 mm 55 mm
6800 v 65 mm 20 mm
11000 v 76 mm 127mm
Table 1.2- Minimum Creepage
The minimum approach distance for the Authorized Person is 700 mm - between the
nearest exposed live conductors up to 11 KV and an Authorized or a Competent Person. The
minimum approach distance for a non-competent person is 4 metres.
D Protection
D-1 Faults on the Generator Side of the Circuit Breaker
Protective devices are to be provided against phase-to-phase faults in the cables
‘connecting the generators to the main switchboard and against inter-twining faults within the
generators. The protective devices are to trip the generator circuit breaker and to
automatically de-exeite the generator
D-2 Faults to Earth
Any carth Fault in the system is to be indicated by means of a visual and audible alarm. In
low impedance or direct earthed systems provision is to be made to automatic disconnect the
faulty circuit,
Marine High Voltage Technology 13
CLA Creepage Distance
Clearance,
ee 11 a
T =
Figure 1.6 - Creepage Distances
Crecpage distances between live parts and earthed metal parts are to be in accordance with
EC 60092.503 for the nominal voltage of the system, the nature of the insulation material
and the transient overvoltage developed by switch and fault conditions,
Icarances between non-insulated
Phase-to-phase air clearances and phase-to-carth air
parts are to be not less than the minimum, as specified in Table 1.2.
Voltage Phase toearthinmm Phase to phase in mm
3300 V 50 mm 55 mm
6800 v 65 mm 20 mm
11000 v 76 mm 127mm
Table 1.2- Minimum Creepage
The minimum approach distance for the Authorized Person is 700 mm - between the
nearest exposed live conductors up to 11 KV and an Authorized or a Competent Person. The
minimum approach distance for a non-competent person is 4 metres.
D Protection
D-1 Faults on the Generator Side of the Circuit Breaker
Protective devices are to be provided against phase-to-phase faults in the cables
‘connecting the generators to the main switchboard and against inter-twining faults within the
generators. The protective devices are to trip the generator circuit breaker and to
automatically de-exeite the generator
D-2 Faults to Earth
Any carth Fault in the system is to be indicated by means of a visual and audible alarm. In
low impedance or direct earthed systems provision is to be made to automatic disconnect the
faulty circuit,
Marine High Voltage Technology 13
Chapter 1
In neutral insulated systems, where outgoing feeders will not be isolated in case of an earth,
fault, the insulation of the equipment is to be designed for the phase to phase voltage.
Note: Earthing factor is defined as the ratio between the phase to earth voltage of the healthy
phase and the phase to phase voltage.
A system is defined effectively earthed (low impedance) when this factor is lower than
08. A system is defined non-effectively earthed (high impedance) when this factor is higher
than 08
D-3 Power Transformers
Power transformers are to be provided with overload and short circuit protection. When
transformers are connected in parallel tripping of the protective devices al the primary side
must automatically trip the switch connected at the secondary
D-4 Voltage Transformers for Control and Instrumentation
Voltage transformers are to be provided with overload and short circuit protection on the
secondary side,
DS Fuses
Fuses are not to be used for overload protection.
D-6 Low Voltage Systems
Lower voltage systems supplied through transformers from high voltage systems are to be
protected against overvoltage. This may be achieved by
i) Direct earthing of the lower voltage system.
ii) Appropriate neutral voltage limiters
iii) Earthed screen between the primary and secondary windings of transformers.
E Rotating Machinery
E.1_ Stator Windings of Generators
Generator stator windings are to have all phase ends brought out for the installation of the
differential protection.
E2 Temperature Detectors
Rotating machinery is to be provided with temperature detectors in their stator windings to
actuate a visual and audible alarm in a normally attended position whenever the temperature
‘exceeds the permissible limit. If embedded temperature detectors are used, means are to be
provided to protect the circuit against overvoltage
14 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
In neutral insulated systems, where outgoing feeders will not be isolated in case of an earth,
fault, the insulation of the equipment is to be designed for the phase to phase voltage.
Note: Earthing factor is defined as the ratio between the phase to earth voltage of the healthy
phase and the phase to phase voltage.
A system is defined effectively earthed (low impedance) when this factor is lower than
08. A system is defined non-effectively earthed (high impedance) when this factor is higher
than 08
D-3 Power Transformers
Power transformers are to be provided with overload and short circuit protection. When
transformers are connected in parallel tripping of the protective devices al the primary side
must automatically trip the switch connected at the secondary
D-4 Voltage Transformers for Control and Instrumentation
Voltage transformers are to be provided with overload and short circuit protection on the
secondary side,
DS Fuses
Fuses are not to be used for overload protection.
D-6 Low Voltage Systems
Lower voltage systems supplied through transformers from high voltage systems are to be
protected against overvoltage. This may be achieved by
i) Direct earthing of the lower voltage system.
ii) Appropriate neutral voltage limiters
iii) Earthed screen between the primary and secondary windings of transformers.
E Rotating Machinery
E.1_ Stator Windings of Generators
Generator stator windings are to have all phase ends brought out for the installation of the
differential protection.
E2 Temperature Detectors
Rotating machinery is to be provided with temperature detectors in their stator windings to
actuate a visual and audible alarm in a normally attended position whenever the temperature
‘exceeds the permissible limit. If embedded temperature detectors are used, means are to be
provided to protect the circuit against overvoltage
14 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
ES Tests
In addition to the tests normally required for rotating mac} igh frequency high
voltage test in accordance with IEC Publication 60034-15 is to be carried out on the
ividual coils in order to demonstrate a satisfactory withstand level of the inter-tum
ulation to steep switching surges.
F. Power Transformers
FI
eral
Dry type transformers must comply with IEC Publication 60076-11. Liquid cooled
transformers must comply with IEC Publication 60076. Oil immersed transformers are to be
provided with the following alanns and protections:
= liquid level (Low) - alarm
liquid temperature (High) - alarm
= liquid level (Low) tip or load reduction
- liquid temperature (High) - trip or load reduction
= gas pressure relay (High) «trip
G. Switehgear and Control Gear Assemblies
GI General
wilchgear and control gear assemblies are to be constructed according to the IEC
Publication 6271-200 and the following additional requirements,
G2 Mechanical Construction
Switchgear is lo be of the metal-enclosed type in accordance with IEC Publication 62271
200 or of the insulation-enclosed type in accordance with the IEC Publication 62271-201
G21 Locking Fu
Withdrawable circuit breakers and switches are to be provided with mechanical locking
facilities in both service and disconnected positions. For maintenance purposes, Key locking
of withdrawable circuit breakers and switches and a fixed disconnector is to be possible
Withdrawable circuit breakers are to be located in the service position so that there is no
relative motion between fixed and moving parts
Marine High Voltage Technology 15
ES Tests
In addition to the tests normally required for rotating mac} igh frequency high
voltage test in accordance with IEC Publication 60034-15 is to be carried out on the
ividual coils in order to demonstrate a satisfactory withstand level of the inter-tum
ulation to steep switching surges.
F. Power Transformers
FI
eral
Dry type transformers must comply with IEC Publication 60076-11. Liquid cooled
transformers must comply with IEC Publication 60076. Oil immersed transformers are to be
provided with the following alanns and protections:
= liquid level (Low) - alarm
liquid temperature (High) - alarm
= liquid level (Low) tip or load reduction
- liquid temperature (High) - trip or load reduction
= gas pressure relay (High) «trip
G. Switehgear and Control Gear Assemblies
GI General
wilchgear and control gear assemblies are to be constructed according to the IEC
Publication 6271-200 and the following additional requirements,
G2 Mechanical Construction
Switchgear is lo be of the metal-enclosed type in accordance with IEC Publication 62271
200 or of the insulation-enclosed type in accordance with the IEC Publication 62271-201
G21 Locking Fu
Withdrawable circuit breakers and switches are to be provided with mechanical locking
facilities in both service and disconnected positions. For maintenance purposes, Key locking
of withdrawable circuit breakers and switches and a fixed disconnector is to be possible
Withdrawable circuit breakers are to be located in the service position so that there is no
relative motion between fixed and moving parts
Marine High Voltage Technology 15
Chapter 1
G22 Shutters
The fixed contacts of withdrawable € so arranged that
in the withdrawable position the live contacts are automatically covered. Shutters are to be
clearly marked for incoming and outgoing circuits. This may be achieved with the use of
colours or labels,
6.23 Earthing and Shortcircuiting
For maintenance purposes, an adequate number of earthing and short-cireuiting devices is
to be provided to enable circuits to be worked upon with safety
G25 Internal Are Classification (AC)
witchgear and control gear assemblies shall be intemal are classified (IAC) where
swilchgear and control gear are accessible by authorized personnel only. Type A accessibility
is sufficient (IEC 62271-200; Annex AA; AA 2.2). Accessibility Type B is required if itis
accessible by non-authorised personnel. Installation and location of the switchgear and
control gear shall correspond with its intemal are classification & classified sides (E, L & R)
63 Auxiliary Systems
G31 Source and Capacity of Supply
If electrical energy and / or physical energy is required forthe operation of circuit breakers
and switches, a stored supply of such energy isto be provided for at least two operations of all
the components.
However, the tripping due to overload or short-circuit and under-voltage is to be
independent of any stored electrical energy sources. This does not preclude shunt tripping
provided that alarms are activated upon lack of continuity in the release circuits and power
supply failures,
6.3.2 Number of External Supply Sources
When extemal source of supply is necessary for ausiliary circuits, at least two external
sources of supply are to be provided and so arranged that a failure or loss of one source will
not cause the loss of more than one generator set and / or a set of essential services. Where
necessary, one source of supply is to be from the emergency source of electrical power for the
rt up from a dead ship condition.
GA High voltage Test
A power-frequeney voltage test is to be carried out on any switchgear and control gear
assemblies, The test procedure and voltages are to be according to the IEC Publication 62271-
200 section 7 / routine test.
16 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
G22 Shutters
The fixed contacts of withdrawable € so arranged that
in the withdrawable position the live contacts are automatically covered. Shutters are to be
clearly marked for incoming and outgoing circuits. This may be achieved with the use of
colours or labels,
6.23 Earthing and Shortcircuiting
For maintenance purposes, an adequate number of earthing and short-cireuiting devices is
to be provided to enable circuits to be worked upon with safety
G25 Internal Are Classification (AC)
witchgear and control gear assemblies shall be intemal are classified (IAC) where
swilchgear and control gear are accessible by authorized personnel only. Type A accessibility
is sufficient (IEC 62271-200; Annex AA; AA 2.2). Accessibility Type B is required if itis
accessible by non-authorised personnel. Installation and location of the switchgear and
control gear shall correspond with its intemal are classification & classified sides (E, L & R)
63 Auxiliary Systems
G31 Source and Capacity of Supply
If electrical energy and / or physical energy is required forthe operation of circuit breakers
and switches, a stored supply of such energy isto be provided for at least two operations of all
the components.
However, the tripping due to overload or short-circuit and under-voltage is to be
independent of any stored electrical energy sources. This does not preclude shunt tripping
provided that alarms are activated upon lack of continuity in the release circuits and power
supply failures,
6.3.2 Number of External Supply Sources
When extemal source of supply is necessary for ausiliary circuits, at least two external
sources of supply are to be provided and so arranged that a failure or loss of one source will
not cause the loss of more than one generator set and / or a set of essential services. Where
necessary, one source of supply is to be from the emergency source of electrical power for the
rt up from a dead ship condition.
GA High voltage Test
A power-frequeney voltage test is to be carried out on any switchgear and control gear
assemblies, The test procedure and voltages are to be according to the IEC Publication 62271-
200 section 7 / routine test.
16 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
H Installation
HI Electrical Equipment
Where equipment is not contained in an enclosure but a room forms the enclosure of the
‘equipment, the access doors are to be so interlocked that they cannot be opened until the
supply is isolated and the equipment is earthed down. At the entrance of the spaces where
high-voltage electrical equipment is installed, a suitable marking is to be placed which
indicates the danger of high-voltage. Regarding the high-voltage electrical equipment
installed out-side the spaces, the similar marking is to be provided. An adequate, unobstructed
working space is 10 be left near high voltage equipment to prevent severe injuries to personnel
/ deck head above is to meet the requirements of the Internal Are Classification
according to IEC 6271-200.
HZ Cables
H.2.1 Runs of Cables
In accommodation spaces, high voltage cables are to be run in enclosed cable transit
systems,
H22 Segregation
High voltage cables are to be segregated from cables operating at different voltage ratings:
they are not to be run in the same cable bunch, nor in the same ducts or pipes or in the same
box
High voltage cables are not to be installed on the same cable tray for the cables operating
at the nominal system voltage of 1 KV and less.
H.23 Installation Arrangements
High voltage cables in general, are to be installed on cable trays when they are provided
with a continuous metallic sheath or armour which is effectively bonded to the earth
otherwise they are to be installed for their entire length in metallic castings effectively bonded
to earth
H2A Terminations
Terminations in all conductors of high voltage cables are lo be, as far as practicable,
effectively covered with suitable insulating material. In terminal boxes, if conductors are not
insulated, phases are to be separated from the earth and from each other by substantial barriers
suitable insulating materials.
Marine High Voltage Technology 7
H Installation
HI Electrical Equipment
Where equipment is not contained in an enclosure but a room forms the enclosure of the
‘equipment, the access doors are to be so interlocked that they cannot be opened until the
supply is isolated and the equipment is earthed down. At the entrance of the spaces where
high-voltage electrical equipment is installed, a suitable marking is to be placed which
indicates the danger of high-voltage. Regarding the high-voltage electrical equipment
installed out-side the spaces, the similar marking is to be provided. An adequate, unobstructed
working space is 10 be left near high voltage equipment to prevent severe injuries to personnel
/ deck head above is to meet the requirements of the Internal Are Classification
according to IEC 6271-200.
HZ Cables
H.2.1 Runs of Cables
In accommodation spaces, high voltage cables are to be run in enclosed cable transit
systems,
H22 Segregation
High voltage cables are to be segregated from cables operating at different voltage ratings:
they are not to be run in the same cable bunch, nor in the same ducts or pipes or in the same
box
High voltage cables are not to be installed on the same cable tray for the cables operating
at the nominal system voltage of 1 KV and less.
H.23 Installation Arrangements
High voltage cables in general, are to be installed on cable trays when they are provided
with a continuous metallic sheath or armour which is effectively bonded to the earth
otherwise they are to be installed for their entire length in metallic castings effectively bonded
to earth
H2A Terminations
Terminations in all conductors of high voltage cables are lo be, as far as practicable,
effectively covered with suitable insulating material. In terminal boxes, if conductors are not
insulated, phases are to be separated from the earth and from each other by substantial barriers
suitable insulating materials.
Marine High Voltage Technology 7
Chapter 1
High voltage cables of the radial field type, ie. having a conductive layer to control the
electric field within the insulation, are to have terminations which provide electric stress
control. Terminations are to be of a type compatible with the insulation and jacket material of
the cable and are 10 be provided with means to ground all metallic shielding components.
1.2.5. Marking
High voltage cables are to be readily i
H.2.6 Testing After Installation
Before a new high voltage cable installation, or an addition to an existing installation, is
put into service, a voltage withstand test is to be satisfactorily carried out on each completed
able and its accessories, The test is to be carried out after an insulation resistance test. For
cables with a rated voltage (U0 / U) above 1.8/3 KV (Um = 3.6 kV) an AC voltage withstand
test may be carried out upon advice from high voltage cable manufacturer. One of the
following test methods must be used:
ble by suitable marking
+ Test the cables for 5 min with the phase-to-phase voltage of the
between the conductor and the metallic screen / sheath
‘stem applied
+ Test the cables for 24 hours with the normal operating voltage of the system.
Alternatively, a DC test voltage equal to 4 Uo may be applied for 15 minutes,
© After the completion of the test, the conductors are to be connected to the earth for a
sufficient period to remove any trapped electric charge
+ An insulation resistance testis then repeated.
J HV Insulation Requirements
‘The most dangerous hazards associated with high voltage are an are flash and an are blast
explosion, which are due to a fault in the high voltage system. A fault is an abnormal or
unintended connection of live elements of a system to each other or to the earth. The
impedance of such connections is often very low, resulting in large currents flowing. The
energy contained in fault currents can quickly heat components, create excessive forces and
result in devastating explosions of equipment. Breakdown of insulation is one of the main
reasons of a fault in a high voltage system. The winding arrangements for marine HV
generators and motors are like those at low voltages (1.V) except for the need for much better
insulating materials such as Miealasti or similar materials.
‘The windings of HV transformers are usually
powder compound. This is a non-hazardous mat
resistant and tropicalized
nsulated with an epoxy resin and quartz
al which is maintenance free, humidity
18 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
High voltage cables of the radial field type, ie. having a conductive layer to control the
electric field within the insulation, are to have terminations which provide electric stress
control. Terminations are to be of a type compatible with the insulation and jacket material of
the cable and are 10 be provided with means to ground all metallic shielding components.
1.2.5. Marking
High voltage cables are to be readily i
H.2.6 Testing After Installation
Before a new high voltage cable installation, or an addition to an existing installation, is
put into service, a voltage withstand test is to be satisfactorily carried out on each completed
able and its accessories, The test is to be carried out after an insulation resistance test. For
cables with a rated voltage (U0 / U) above 1.8/3 KV (Um = 3.6 kV) an AC voltage withstand
test may be carried out upon advice from high voltage cable manufacturer. One of the
following test methods must be used:
ble by suitable marking
+ Test the cables for 5 min with the phase-to-phase voltage of the
between the conductor and the metallic screen / sheath
‘stem applied
+ Test the cables for 24 hours with the normal operating voltage of the system.
Alternatively, a DC test voltage equal to 4 Uo may be applied for 15 minutes,
© After the completion of the test, the conductors are to be connected to the earth for a
sufficient period to remove any trapped electric charge
+ An insulation resistance testis then repeated.
J HV Insulation Requirements
‘The most dangerous hazards associated with high voltage are an are flash and an are blast
explosion, which are due to a fault in the high voltage system. A fault is an abnormal or
unintended connection of live elements of a system to each other or to the earth. The
impedance of such connections is often very low, resulting in large currents flowing. The
energy contained in fault currents can quickly heat components, create excessive forces and
result in devastating explosions of equipment. Breakdown of insulation is one of the main
reasons of a fault in a high voltage system. The winding arrangements for marine HV
generators and motors are like those at low voltages (1.V) except for the need for much better
insulating materials such as Miealasti or similar materials.
‘The windings of HV transformers are usually
powder compound. This is a non-hazardous mat
resistant and tropicalized
nsulated with an epoxy resin and quartz
al which is maintenance free, humidity
18 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Marine High Voltage Regulations
Insulation for the HV conductors requires a more complicated design than is necessary for
LV cables. HV cables provide a significant saving in both weight and space, leading to easier
installation and a more compact result, Where air is being used as the insulating medium
between bare copper busbars and terminals, the crecpage and clearance distances between live
parts and the earth are greater for HV systems.
‘The insulation rating is the maximum allowable winding (hot spot) temperature of a
transformer or electrical machine that is operating at an ambient temperature of 40°C.
Insulation systems are thus classified by the temperature rating. The following table
ummarizes the different insulation systems commonly available on-board ships
180
5
155
10
430 | Hotspot Temperature Margin [10
ms
105
Permissible Temperature Rise | 80
40
Maximum Ambient
Temperature “ a bi
o
Insulation ass 8 F ry
[Maximum Winding Temperature 130, 155 180
Figure 1.7 - Common Insulation Systems Onboard Ships
The main reasons for the failure of insulation are rise in temp above the insulation rating,
high voltage surge, ingress of moisture and ageing. In general, a motor / generator /
transformer should not operate at temperatures above the maximum limit, Each 10°C rise
above the rating may reduce the motor lifetime by one half. It is important to be aware that
insulation classes are directly related to a motor’s life. Allowable temperature rises are based
‘upon a reference ambient temperature of 40°C. The operation temperature is the reference
temperature + allowable temperature rise + the allowance for a “hot spot” winding
500
Example - Temperature Tolerance Class F: 40° C + 105°C + 10°C = 1:
Marine High Voltage Technology 19
Insulation for the HV conductors requires a more complicated design than is necessary for
LV cables. HV cables provide a significant saving in both weight and space, leading to easier
installation and a more compact result, Where air is being used as the insulating medium
between bare copper busbars and terminals, the crecpage and clearance distances between live
parts and the earth are greater for HV systems.
‘The insulation rating is the maximum allowable winding (hot spot) temperature of a
transformer or electrical machine that is operating at an ambient temperature of 40°C.
Insulation systems are thus classified by the temperature rating. The following table
ummarizes the different insulation systems commonly available on-board ships
180
5
155
10
430 | Hotspot Temperature Margin [10
ms
105
Permissible Temperature Rise | 80
40
Maximum Ambient
Temperature “ a bi
o
Insulation ass 8 F ry
[Maximum Winding Temperature 130, 155 180
Figure 1.7 - Common Insulation Systems Onboard Ships
The main reasons for the failure of insulation are rise in temp above the insulation rating,
high voltage surge, ingress of moisture and ageing. In general, a motor / generator /
transformer should not operate at temperatures above the maximum limit, Each 10°C rise
above the rating may reduce the motor lifetime by one half. It is important to be aware that
insulation classes are directly related to a motor’s life. Allowable temperature rises are based
‘upon a reference ambient temperature of 40°C. The operation temperature is the reference
temperature + allowable temperature rise + the allowance for a “hot spot” winding
500
Example - Temperature Tolerance Class F: 40° C + 105°C + 10°C = 1:
Marine High Voltage Technology 19
Chapter 1
Example - a motor operating at 180°C will have an estimated life of:
+ Only 300 hours with a Class A insulation
+ 1.800 hours with Class B insulation
+ 8.500 hours with Class F insulation
+ Tens of thousands of hours with Class H insulation
K Work Permit
Safe-to-work permits are to be used when work is carried on high voltage systems. it i
mandatory that all personnel concemed are suitably qualified for the duties they are to
perform. It is necessary that high voltage systems are operated and maintained in accordance
with the laid down safety rules. These rules should lay down speeifie procedures that must be
followed before the work is commenced and include the issue of a “permit to work” oF
‘sanction to test” to the person under whose supervision the work is o be carried out.
L Warning Notice
Permanent legible waming notices are to be attached to high
voltage equipment and at the entrances to compartments where
high voltage equipment is installed; such notices should carry the
wording “DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE” as depicted in Figure 1.8
on the right
Figure 18
A High Voltage Notice
1.7. Differences Between High Voltage Supply and Low Voltage Supply Onboard Ships
major differences are as follows,
1. Risk management must be carried out before commencing any kind of HV work.
2. Mandatory isolation procedures are to be adhered to at all times.
3. Isolated equipment must be earthed down (connected to the ground until the job is
finished).
4. Strict and limited access to high voltage arcas should be ensured at all times,
5. High volt
systems are more extensive with complex networks and connections.
6. Specific high voltage
st probes and instruments must be used,
Diagnostic insulation resistance testing is necessary
7
8_ HV circuit breakers (VCB / SEG) switch gears are to be installed,
20 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Example - a motor operating at 180°C will have an estimated life of:
+ Only 300 hours with a Class A insulation
+ 1.800 hours with Class B insulation
+ 8.500 hours with Class F insulation
+ Tens of thousands of hours with Class H insulation
K Work Permit
Safe-to-work permits are to be used when work is carried on high voltage systems. it i
mandatory that all personnel concemed are suitably qualified for the duties they are to
perform. It is necessary that high voltage systems are operated and maintained in accordance
with the laid down safety rules. These rules should lay down speeifie procedures that must be
followed before the work is commenced and include the issue of a “permit to work” oF
‘sanction to test” to the person under whose supervision the work is o be carried out.
L Warning Notice
Permanent legible waming notices are to be attached to high
voltage equipment and at the entrances to compartments where
high voltage equipment is installed; such notices should carry the
wording “DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE” as depicted in Figure 1.8
on the right
Figure 18
A High Voltage Notice
1.7. Differences Between High Voltage Supply and Low Voltage Supply Onboard Ships
major differences are as follows,
1. Risk management must be carried out before commencing any kind of HV work.
2. Mandatory isolation procedures are to be adhered to at all times.
3. Isolated equipment must be earthed down (connected to the ground until the job is
finished).
4. Strict and limited access to high voltage arcas should be ensured at all times,
5. High volt
systems are more extensive with complex networks and connections.
6. Specific high voltage
st probes and instruments must be used,
Diagnostic insulation resistance testing is necessary
7
8_ HV circuit breakers (VCB / SEG) switch gears are to be installed,
20 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
atm Chapter 2.
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Eq'
‘At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
+ Understand Risks and Hazards involved in High Voltage Applications
+ Know how to avoid electrical accidents by adopting a
quate safely measures,
Render frstaid in the unfortunate event of electrical accidents
+ Understand Incident energy and Approach Boundaries related to Exposed HV lve conductors
+ Understand arc prevention using are sensors
2.1 The Risk of Electricity
Voltage is the electrical pressure which is joules per coulomb (VO), a measure of the
potential energy per unit of charge. Amperes is the unit for the current that passes through an
electrical circuit. lis constituent unit is coulombs per second (Cis), soit is a measure of the
rate at which charge is flowing (1 coulomb is 6.14 x 10% electrons). A high current means a
Jot of charge running through the circuit that is canying a certain amount of energy which
depends upon the voltage.
The amount of current through a body is equal to the amount of voltage applied between
two points on that body, divided by the electrical resistance offered by the body between
those two points. Obviously, the higher the vol lectrons to flow, the
‘easier they will flow through any given amount of resistance: this just follows Ohms law
ADANGER
je available to ca
Figure 2.1 - A High Voltage Sign
Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Eq'
‘At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
+ Understand Risks and Hazards involved in High Voltage Applications
+ Know how to avoid electrical accidents by adopting a
quate safely measures,
Render frstaid in the unfortunate event of electrical accidents
+ Understand Incident energy and Approach Boundaries related to Exposed HV lve conductors
+ Understand arc prevention using are sensors
2.1 The Risk of Electricity
Voltage is the electrical pressure which is joules per coulomb (VO), a measure of the
potential energy per unit of charge. Amperes is the unit for the current that passes through an
electrical circuit. lis constituent unit is coulombs per second (Cis), soit is a measure of the
rate at which charge is flowing (1 coulomb is 6.14 x 10% electrons). A high current means a
Jot of charge running through the circuit that is canying a certain amount of energy which
depends upon the voltage.
The amount of current through a body is equal to the amount of voltage applied between
two points on that body, divided by the electrical resistance offered by the body between
those two points. Obviously, the higher the vol lectrons to flow, the
‘easier they will flow through any given amount of resistance: this just follows Ohms law
ADANGER
je available to ca
Figure 2.1 - A High Voltage Sign
Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter 2
The dangers of electricity are not often realized as we deal with a hidden force. However,
we usually can perceive electrical accidents which will have severe consequences on people
and their environment.
Under the heading of risks, we ean distinguish between the risks to people (from bums,
and electrocution) and the risks to their surroundings (from fire and explosion). People are at
a risk when they come in contact with live material. The effects of this risk, dependent upon
the intensity of the current strength and the potential difference, vary from panic to death
‘The effect of panic cannot be underestimated as it could lead to a fall or some other
injury. Another effect is burning. The seriousness of buming depends upon the voltage and
the time of exposure, Intemal burns are also possible, Sometimes these injuries can take hours
{o come to light, Damage to vital organs, like the heart, and other tissues can also occur.
it causing abnormal
The risk to the surroundings, (due to an overload or short
‘overheating of an apparatus or a circu
loss of equipment
a fire or even an explosion), can result in a substantial
22 Electrical Hazards Associated with High Voltage Systems
Electric shock occurs upon contact of a body part with any source of electri
a sufficient current through the skin and muscles.
iy that causes
‘Are flash is part of an are fault, a type of electrical explosion that results from a low
impedance connection to the ground or another voltage phase in an electrical system
The consequences of a fault are uve Power nas oF
Croat
‘© Electric Shock
+ Are flash bum
+ Areblast >
ESA HE
+ Thermal bums eN SS
ateciesin —
boonses —Equpment
‘Steck Curent Few Shock Cument em
anoto rio and
Figure 2.2 - Consequences of a Fault
2 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
The dangers of electricity are not often realized as we deal with a hidden force. However,
we usually can perceive electrical accidents which will have severe consequences on people
and their environment.
Under the heading of risks, we ean distinguish between the risks to people (from bums,
and electrocution) and the risks to their surroundings (from fire and explosion). People are at
a risk when they come in contact with live material. The effects of this risk, dependent upon
the intensity of the current strength and the potential difference, vary from panic to death
‘The effect of panic cannot be underestimated as it could lead to a fall or some other
injury. Another effect is burning. The seriousness of buming depends upon the voltage and
the time of exposure, Intemal burns are also possible, Sometimes these injuries can take hours
{o come to light, Damage to vital organs, like the heart, and other tissues can also occur.
it causing abnormal
The risk to the surroundings, (due to an overload or short
‘overheating of an apparatus or a circu
loss of equipment
a fire or even an explosion), can result in a substantial
22 Electrical Hazards Associated with High Voltage Systems
Electric shock occurs upon contact of a body part with any source of electri
a sufficient current through the skin and muscles.
iy that causes
‘Are flash is part of an are fault, a type of electrical explosion that results from a low
impedance connection to the ground or another voltage phase in an electrical system
The consequences of a fault are uve Power nas oF
Croat
‘© Electric Shock
+ Are flash bum
+ Areblast >
ESA HE
+ Thermal bums eN SS
ateciesin —
boonses —Equpment
‘Steck Curent Few Shock Cument em
anoto rio and
Figure 2.2 - Consequences of a Fault
2 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
2.21 Electric Shock
Human tissues, such as skin and muscle as well as blood and other body fluids electrical
conductors that may be characterized based upon their conductivity. Electric potential
differences applied across human tissues, or at two locations on the extemal skin surface
generate response currents,
tic shock sation and muscular spasm caused when electric current passes
through the body. Electric shock is often from hand to foot or from hand to hand as shown in
Figure 23. The two conductors may be a hot (live) conductor and the ground or two hot (ive)
conductors as in two phase wires of
hree-phase power distribution system.
The severity ofthe shock also depends upon
+ The voltage applied
‘©The amount of current flowing through the body
+ The path through the body
+ The duration of flow through the body
The extent of injury is determined by the pathway ofthe cument through your body such as
+ Current flowing through the heart causes fibrillation ofthe heart
+ Current flowing through muscles causes contraction ofthe muscles.
‘* Current flowing through the brain causes a loss of consciousness and seizures,
Marine High Voltage Technology 23
2.21 Electric Shock
Human tissues, such as skin and muscle as well as blood and other body fluids electrical
conductors that may be characterized based upon their conductivity. Electric potential
differences applied across human tissues, or at two locations on the extemal skin surface
generate response currents,
tic shock sation and muscular spasm caused when electric current passes
through the body. Electric shock is often from hand to foot or from hand to hand as shown in
Figure 23. The two conductors may be a hot (live) conductor and the ground or two hot (ive)
conductors as in two phase wires of
hree-phase power distribution system.
The severity ofthe shock also depends upon
+ The voltage applied
‘©The amount of current flowing through the body
+ The path through the body
+ The duration of flow through the body
The extent of injury is determined by the pathway ofthe cument through your body such as
+ Current flowing through the heart causes fibrillation ofthe heart
+ Current flowing through muscles causes contraction ofthe muscles.
‘* Current flowing through the brain causes a loss of consciousness and seizures,
Marine High Voltage Technology 23
Chapter 2
Touch potential Step Potential Touch and Step potential Body Resistance
Least body Comparably Its the most common shock
resistance and most higherbodÿ current path but a left hand
vial organ on the resistance ‘shock contact is considered
current path more dangerous as the heart
isin the current path.
Figure 2.3 Current Paths in General and Body Resistance
Sensitivity and potential injury also ine
current source is much more likely to be electrocuted than someone whose reaction removes
them from the cireuit more quickly, The victim who is exposed for only a fraction of a second
is less likely to sustain an injury
s with time. A victim who cannot “Iel-g0” of a
2.2.2 Effects of Electrical Shock
The effects of electric shock based on various current levels is explained in Table 2.1. In
the case of females, these values could be lower by 30% to 35%,
To explain briefly, a shock current as low as 15 mA AC or 50 mA AC may be
about 100 mA (0.1 ampere), the shock is fatal if it lasts for one second or more. Obviously.
the magnitude of shock current is related to the applied voltage and body resistance; however,
the effects widely vary depending upon the person involved. Current from a steady DC
12 through the skin, will tend to cause muscular contraction at the initial
‘contact and as contact is broken, It must be remembered that fibrillation is unlikely to occur if
the current in mA is less than 116/t where t is the shock duration in seconds, thus, even
though the current may be lower it may lead to this unpleasant condition if the victim is
exposed for a longer time.
source, in pas
24 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Touch potential Step Potential Touch and Step potential Body Resistance
Least body Comparably Its the most common shock
resistance and most higherbodÿ current path but a left hand
vial organ on the resistance ‘shock contact is considered
current path more dangerous as the heart
isin the current path.
Figure 2.3 Current Paths in General and Body Resistance
Sensitivity and potential injury also ine
current source is much more likely to be electrocuted than someone whose reaction removes
them from the cireuit more quickly, The victim who is exposed for only a fraction of a second
is less likely to sustain an injury
s with time. A victim who cannot “Iel-g0” of a
2.2.2 Effects of Electrical Shock
The effects of electric shock based on various current levels is explained in Table 2.1. In
the case of females, these values could be lower by 30% to 35%,
To explain briefly, a shock current as low as 15 mA AC or 50 mA AC may be
about 100 mA (0.1 ampere), the shock is fatal if it lasts for one second or more. Obviously.
the magnitude of shock current is related to the applied voltage and body resistance; however,
the effects widely vary depending upon the person involved. Current from a steady DC
12 through the skin, will tend to cause muscular contraction at the initial
‘contact and as contact is broken, It must be remembered that fibrillation is unlikely to occur if
the current in mA is less than 116/t where t is the shock duration in seconds, thus, even
though the current may be lower it may lead to this unpleasant condition if the victim is
exposed for a longer time.
source, in pas
24 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
Current Level Effect on Victim
Ima Sensation that shock is occuring
SmA* Upper imi of safe or harmiess range (painful shock)
1010 20 mar | Let threshold ~ the victim cannot shake loose rom the source of shock and
perapies (onset of muscular contraction and could lead to sever shock)
‘Sustained muscle contraction and cramping = could lead to temporary lung
MAMA Faure too
Extreme pain, physical exhaustion fainting reversible nerve damage:
501070 mA" possibly of ventricular ilation (shocking ofthe heat into a useless futter);
respiratory arest with possible asphyxiation
Certain ventricular ftrilaion (ofthe hear) and death the current passes.
100 mA" through the body trunk
>100 mA | Fibrilaion, amnesia (memory loss), burns, severe electrolysis at contact sites
>5A Lite Ikelhood of survival, could also resul in severe burns.
‘Table 2.1 - Electric Shock Currents and Physiological Effects
igure 2.4 - Electric Shock Injuries - Second Degree Burns after a H V Shock
2.23 Body Resistance with Increase in Voltage
The body resistance goes down
the voltage goes up and skin tissue breaks down, This
means that the shock current is further increased at high voltage levels and is lethal.
Marine High Voltage Technology 25
Current Level Effect on Victim
Ima Sensation that shock is occuring
SmA* Upper imi of safe or harmiess range (painful shock)
1010 20 mar | Let threshold ~ the victim cannot shake loose rom the source of shock and
perapies (onset of muscular contraction and could lead to sever shock)
‘Sustained muscle contraction and cramping = could lead to temporary lung
MAMA Faure too
Extreme pain, physical exhaustion fainting reversible nerve damage:
501070 mA" possibly of ventricular ilation (shocking ofthe heat into a useless futter);
respiratory arest with possible asphyxiation
Certain ventricular ftrilaion (ofthe hear) and death the current passes.
100 mA" through the body trunk
>100 mA | Fibrilaion, amnesia (memory loss), burns, severe electrolysis at contact sites
>5A Lite Ikelhood of survival, could also resul in severe burns.
‘Table 2.1 - Electric Shock Currents and Physiological Effects
igure 2.4 - Electric Shock Injuries - Second Degree Burns after a H V Shock
2.23 Body Resistance with Increase in Voltage
The body resistance goes down
the voltage goes up and skin tissue breaks down, This
means that the shock current is further increased at high voltage levels and is lethal.
Marine High Voltage Technology 25
Chapter 2
AU 500 V or more, high resistance in the outer layer of the skin breaks down. This lowers
the body's resistance 10 current flow greatly. The result is an increase in the amount of current
that flows with a
‘wounds that can be easily overlooked. They are often a sign that a large amount of current
could enter the body. This current can be expected to result in deep tissue injury to the
s, nerves and other structures. This is one reason why there is often significant deep
jury in the way of skin burns with high-voltage injuries. The International Electro
Technical Commission gives the following values forthe total body impedance of a hand 10
hand circuit for dry skin, largo contact areas, 60 Hz AC currents
given voltage. Areas of skin breakdown are sometimes pinhead-sized
Approximate Voltage | Body Resistance
En ana
oo =:
my aa
me ia
Table 2.2 — Voltage versus Body Resistance
224 Soie he kof nicl Shock Od
à Phil a ion
à tna teh
©) Equipment grounding
à stor cies
asi raids
Ys FS
= ==
Figure 2.5 - Causes and Prevention of Electrocution
Grounding is achieved by connecting electrical equipment and wiring systems to the earth
by a wire or any other conductor.
25 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
AU 500 V or more, high resistance in the outer layer of the skin breaks down. This lowers
the body's resistance 10 current flow greatly. The result is an increase in the amount of current
that flows with a
‘wounds that can be easily overlooked. They are often a sign that a large amount of current
could enter the body. This current can be expected to result in deep tissue injury to the
s, nerves and other structures. This is one reason why there is often significant deep
jury in the way of skin burns with high-voltage injuries. The International Electro
Technical Commission gives the following values forthe total body impedance of a hand 10
hand circuit for dry skin, largo contact areas, 60 Hz AC currents
given voltage. Areas of skin breakdown are sometimes pinhead-sized
Approximate Voltage | Body Resistance
En ana
oo =:
my aa
me ia
Table 2.2 — Voltage versus Body Resistance
224 Soie he kof nicl Shock Od
à Phil a ion
à tna teh
©) Equipment grounding
à stor cies
asi raids
Ys FS
= ==
Figure 2.5 - Causes and Prevention of Electrocution
Grounding is achieved by connecting electrical equipment and wiring systems to the earth
by a wire or any other conductor.
25 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
The primary purpose of grounding is o reduce the risk of electric shocks when current
leaks into metal parts of an appliance, power tool or other electrical devices that are not
ulated
In a properly grounded system, such leaking current (called fault current) is carried away
harmlessly. Grounding is also used to prevent the accumulation of hazardous static electricity
440 Y Seconda HR Secondary 440 V Seconsny 11 KY Secondary
Wunang winding Vendes nara,
1
we
ea!
mV
fr oes
125 Y pe u
I D sd
Figure 26 (a)- Shock Voltage Figure 2.6 (b) Shock Voltage
When the motors are not grounded Wien the motors are grounded
2.25 First Aid in the Event of an Electrie Shock
‘Alternating current produces a continuing spasm in the museles through which current
passes, with its change from forward to reverse flow at the rate of 50 or 60 cycles per second.
Alternating current can stimulate nerves directly. It finally results in the unfortunate victim
lightening his / her grip. Most victims of ‘serious shock” will have been in contact with
alternating current circuits. Serious shock results in unconsciousness or worse conditions,
requiring resuscitation and medical care. Every person on board a ship must be trained and
fully aware of first aid and safety procedures related to electric shock as described in the
safety procedures, Posters should be displayed at high-risk areas such as the switchboard to.
generally portray the effects of severe electric shock and the requirement of immediate first
aid for the causality, Serious shock, because of the above, can kill instantly, in so far as
stoppage of the heart and breathing are equated with death, However, with the power shut off
‘or with the person safely removed from contact, the prompt and continuing application of first.
aid such as resus ing requires both heart
massage and artifical respiration to be employed
ation to overcome the loss of heartbeat and breat
Marine High Voltage Technology 27
The primary purpose of grounding is o reduce the risk of electric shocks when current
leaks into metal parts of an appliance, power tool or other electrical devices that are not
ulated
In a properly grounded system, such leaking current (called fault current) is carried away
harmlessly. Grounding is also used to prevent the accumulation of hazardous static electricity
440 Y Seconda HR Secondary 440 V Seconsny 11 KY Secondary
Wunang winding Vendes nara,
1
we
ea!
mV
fr oes
125 Y pe u
I D sd
Figure 26 (a)- Shock Voltage Figure 2.6 (b) Shock Voltage
When the motors are not grounded Wien the motors are grounded
2.25 First Aid in the Event of an Electrie Shock
‘Alternating current produces a continuing spasm in the museles through which current
passes, with its change from forward to reverse flow at the rate of 50 or 60 cycles per second.
Alternating current can stimulate nerves directly. It finally results in the unfortunate victim
lightening his / her grip. Most victims of ‘serious shock” will have been in contact with
alternating current circuits. Serious shock results in unconsciousness or worse conditions,
requiring resuscitation and medical care. Every person on board a ship must be trained and
fully aware of first aid and safety procedures related to electric shock as described in the
safety procedures, Posters should be displayed at high-risk areas such as the switchboard to.
generally portray the effects of severe electric shock and the requirement of immediate first
aid for the causality, Serious shock, because of the above, can kill instantly, in so far as
stoppage of the heart and breathing are equated with death, However, with the power shut off
‘or with the person safely removed from contact, the prompt and continuing application of first.
aid such as resus ing requires both heart
massage and artifical respiration to be employed
ation to overcome the loss of heartbeat and breat
Marine High Voltage Technology 27
Chapter 2
22.5.1 The Basie Procedure
Studies prove that only about 20% of victims survive if there is a delay of up to 3 minutes
in rendering the right aid! The following are the basic steps to be initiated in case of an
electric shock:
1. Act quickly!
2. Survey the situation
3. Develop a plan
4. Assess the vietim’s condition
‘Summon help if needed
6. Administer the required First Aid
2.2.5.2. Reseue of a Victim of Electric Shock
A minimum of two competent persons are required when any high voltage work is carried.
‘out, This ensures that if one person accidentally receives a high voltage shock, the hook can
be used by the other competent person to carry out a rescue operation.
With very high voltages, danger may exist even if
the casually is not actually in contact because the
‘current may jump across the gap (arcing may occur).
In these cases, the rescue should be approached with Li
great caution and the rescuer must keep as far as
possible from any part of the electrical equipment
while removing the casualty from contact with the o
current
Lower the casualty to the Noor taking care not to
damage the head
If the casualty is conscious, make him
‘comfortable
Should the casualty be unconscious but breathing, Figure 2.7
loosen the clothing around the neck and waist and Rescuc Hook to be used
place the casually in the recovery position; keep 2 bya Competent Person
‘constant check on his pulse,
method to keep the victim warm.
mprovise a suitable
28 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
22.5.1 The Basie Procedure
Studies prove that only about 20% of victims survive if there is a delay of up to 3 minutes
in rendering the right aid! The following are the basic steps to be initiated in case of an
electric shock:
1. Act quickly!
2. Survey the situation
3. Develop a plan
4. Assess the vietim’s condition
‘Summon help if needed
6. Administer the required First Aid
2.2.5.2. Reseue of a Victim of Electric Shock
A minimum of two competent persons are required when any high voltage work is carried.
‘out, This ensures that if one person accidentally receives a high voltage shock, the hook can
be used by the other competent person to carry out a rescue operation.
With very high voltages, danger may exist even if
the casually is not actually in contact because the
‘current may jump across the gap (arcing may occur).
In these cases, the rescue should be approached with Li
great caution and the rescuer must keep as far as
possible from any part of the electrical equipment
while removing the casualty from contact with the o
current
Lower the casualty to the Noor taking care not to
damage the head
If the casualty is conscious, make him
‘comfortable
Should the casualty be unconscious but breathing, Figure 2.7
loosen the clothing around the neck and waist and Rescuc Hook to be used
place the casually in the recovery position; keep 2 bya Competent Person
‘constant check on his pulse,
method to keep the victim warm.
mprovise a suitable
28 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
When the casualty is found unconscious, but not breathing take immediate action and
apply emergency resuscitation techniques that one must be aware of
2.2.5.3 Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation
¥ Lay the casualty on his or her back and check the mouth for blockages. If possible, raise
the casualty’s shoulders with a padding of some sort
+ Make sure the head is well back and the air-way is clear
+ Pinch the easualty’s nose, Take a deep breath and seal your lips around the open mouth of
the casualty
Y Blow gently and firmly into the casualty's mouth; the chest should rise slightly as the
lungs fill with air. Repeat this until the casualty shows signs of recovery
Y Place the victim in the recovery position. This will ensure that airway remains clear.
Place the other hand under the side of is / her head.
‘The back of the hand should touch the cheek
Bend the farthest knee at a right angle
+ Perform CPR or rescue breathing
{the victim's breathing has stopped or seems slow
+ Check the vietim’s vital signs
Figure 2.8 - Mouth to Mouth Resuscitation
Marine High Voltage Technology 29
When the casualty is found unconscious, but not breathing take immediate action and
apply emergency resuscitation techniques that one must be aware of
2.2.5.3 Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation
¥ Lay the casualty on his or her back and check the mouth for blockages. If possible, raise
the casualty’s shoulders with a padding of some sort
+ Make sure the head is well back and the air-way is clear
+ Pinch the easualty’s nose, Take a deep breath and seal your lips around the open mouth of
the casualty
Y Blow gently and firmly into the casualty's mouth; the chest should rise slightly as the
lungs fill with air. Repeat this until the casualty shows signs of recovery
Y Place the victim in the recovery position. This will ensure that airway remains clear.
Place the other hand under the side of is / her head.
‘The back of the hand should touch the cheek
Bend the farthest knee at a right angle
+ Perform CPR or rescue breathing
{the victim's breathing has stopped or seems slow
+ Check the vietim’s vital signs
Figure 2.8 - Mouth to Mouth Resuscitation
Marine High Voltage Technology 29
Chapter 2
22.6 Are Hazard
This hazard is beyond shock and electrocution and is a dangerous
condition. It is associated with the release of energy caused by an electric
An electric are is a luminous bridge formed in a gap between two
electrodes or any other two surfaces separated by a small gap and a high
potential difference when the medium in between the contacts becomes
highly ionized,
nterrupting current gets a low resistive path and continues to flow through this path
even after the cont ly separated. During the Mowing of current from one
contact to Ihe other, the path becomes so heated that it glows.
cts are physi
An electr
objects at sufficient voltage. Near high power electrical equipment, such as transformers,
e entrance switchgear or generators, the short=circuit power available is high and
trical are in case of a fault
I are occurs whenever there is a loss of insulation between two conductive
consequently so is the energy associated with thee
The energy released by the arc due to a fault creates a rise in the temperature and pressure
in the surrounding area. This causes mechanical and thermal stress to nearby equipment and
ereates the potential for serious injuries in the vicinity
An arcing fault is the flow of current through the air between phase conductors or between
nd a neutral or ground. The energy that results from an are fault m
are flash, are blast or a combination of the two. The are formation can be described in 4
conductors fests as an
phases
1. Compression phase
The volume of the air where the are develops is overheated due to the release of energy
The remaining volume of air inside the cubicle heats up from convection and radiation.
Initially there are different temperatures and pressures from one zone to another,
2 Expansion phase
AA hole is formed through which the superheated air begin
that the internal pressure rises. The pressure reaches its maximum value and starts to decrease
from the release of hot air
Lo escape from the first instant
30 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
22.6 Are Hazard
This hazard is beyond shock and electrocution and is a dangerous
condition. It is associated with the release of energy caused by an electric
An electric are is a luminous bridge formed in a gap between two
electrodes or any other two surfaces separated by a small gap and a high
potential difference when the medium in between the contacts becomes
highly ionized,
nterrupting current gets a low resistive path and continues to flow through this path
even after the cont ly separated. During the Mowing of current from one
contact to Ihe other, the path becomes so heated that it glows.
cts are physi
An electr
objects at sufficient voltage. Near high power electrical equipment, such as transformers,
e entrance switchgear or generators, the short=circuit power available is high and
trical are in case of a fault
I are occurs whenever there is a loss of insulation between two conductive
consequently so is the energy associated with thee
The energy released by the arc due to a fault creates a rise in the temperature and pressure
in the surrounding area. This causes mechanical and thermal stress to nearby equipment and
ereates the potential for serious injuries in the vicinity
An arcing fault is the flow of current through the air between phase conductors or between
nd a neutral or ground. The energy that results from an are fault m
are flash, are blast or a combination of the two. The are formation can be described in 4
conductors fests as an
phases
1. Compression phase
The volume of the air where the are develops is overheated due to the release of energy
The remaining volume of air inside the cubicle heats up from convection and radiation.
Initially there are different temperatures and pressures from one zone to another,
2 Expansion phase
AA hole is formed through which the superheated air begin
that the internal pressure rises. The pressure reaches its maximum value and starts to decrease
from the release of hot air
Lo escape from the first instant
30 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
3. Emission phase
[Nearly all the superheated air is forced out by an almost constant overpressure due to
continued contribution of energy by the are,
4. Thermal phase
‘The temperature inside the switchgear nears that of the electrical are after the expulsion of
the air. This final phase lasts until the are is quenched, when all the metals and the insulating
materials coming into contact, undergo erosion with the production of gas, fumes and molten
1
22.7 Electric Are Resulting in an Electrical Are Blast (Explosion)
‘Temperatures atthe ae terminals can reach up to 20,000°C or more. The heat and intense
light atthe point of the are is called the “are Nash”, Air surrounding the ae is instantly heated
and the conductors are vapourised thereby causing a pressure wave that is termed as an “are
blast”, which causes a sudden release of large amounts of heat and light energy at Ihe point of
the are, The main sources of his pressure wave coming from an electri
are include:
+ Heating of the air passage of the are through it (similar to lightning).
ansion from melting, boiling and vapourising of the conducting metal.
Copper is known to melt at about 1085°C and expand by a factor of 67,000 times as it
vapourises. This causes expulsion of near-vapourised droplets of molten metal from an are, It
also generates plasma (ionized vapour) that moves outward from the are for distances
proportional to the are energy
The heat, with the addition of molten metal droplets emanating from the are can cause
serious burns to personnel in the vicinity. Nowadays copper-tungsten alloy is also used for the
contacts as it resists erosion due to arcing and the wear and tear is less. Tungsten alone is
brittle but has a high melting point of about 3420° €.
Marine High Voltage Technology 31
3. Emission phase
[Nearly all the superheated air is forced out by an almost constant overpressure due to
continued contribution of energy by the are,
4. Thermal phase
‘The temperature inside the switchgear nears that of the electrical are after the expulsion of
the air. This final phase lasts until the are is quenched, when all the metals and the insulating
materials coming into contact, undergo erosion with the production of gas, fumes and molten
1
22.7 Electric Are Resulting in an Electrical Are Blast (Explosion)
‘Temperatures atthe ae terminals can reach up to 20,000°C or more. The heat and intense
light atthe point of the are is called the “are Nash”, Air surrounding the ae is instantly heated
and the conductors are vapourised thereby causing a pressure wave that is termed as an “are
blast”, which causes a sudden release of large amounts of heat and light energy at Ihe point of
the are, The main sources of his pressure wave coming from an electri
are include:
+ Heating of the air passage of the are through it (similar to lightning).
ansion from melting, boiling and vapourising of the conducting metal.
Copper is known to melt at about 1085°C and expand by a factor of 67,000 times as it
vapourises. This causes expulsion of near-vapourised droplets of molten metal from an are, It
also generates plasma (ionized vapour) that moves outward from the are for distances
proportional to the are energy
The heat, with the addition of molten metal droplets emanating from the are can cause
serious burns to personnel in the vicinity. Nowadays copper-tungsten alloy is also used for the
contacts as it resists erosion due to arcing and the wear and tear is less. Tungsten alone is
brittle but has a high melting point of about 3420° €.
Marine High Voltage Technology 31
Chapter 2
An are flash hazard is
35000°F
based on:
1. Fault current
Molten metal
pP
2. Arcing time
3. Distance
\
Copper Vapour: Intense ight, | mt
Solid to vapour expansion | rot air and =
1567000 times. rapid expansion Pl shrapnel,
Sound and
Pressure waves
Figure 2.9 - Results of an Electric Are
Pre-planning plays an important part in enhancing the safety of skilled personnel at work
22.7.1 Causes of an Arc Flash
2) Improper training
D) Improper work procedures or improper maint
©) Dropped tools
9) Accidental contact with electrical systems
9 Installation failure
D Voltage testing with inappropriate equipment
2) Buildup of dust and / or corrosion on the insulating surfaces
b)
sparks produced during racking of breakers, replacement of fuses and closing of breakers
in faulty lines and circuits,
1) Inattentiveness / overconfidence
32 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
An are flash hazard is
35000°F
based on:
1. Fault current
Molten metal
pP
2. Arcing time
3. Distance
\
Copper Vapour: Intense ight, | mt
Solid to vapour expansion | rot air and =
1567000 times. rapid expansion Pl shrapnel,
Sound and
Pressure waves
Figure 2.9 - Results of an Electric Are
Pre-planning plays an important part in enhancing the safety of skilled personnel at work
22.7.1 Causes of an Arc Flash
2) Improper training
D) Improper work procedures or improper maint
©) Dropped tools
9) Accidental contact with electrical systems
9 Installation failure
D Voltage testing with inappropriate equipment
2) Buildup of dust and / or corrosion on the insulating surfaces
b)
sparks produced during racking of breakers, replacement of fuses and closing of breakers
in faulty lines and circuits,
1) Inattentiveness / overconfidence
32 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
2272 Effect of an Are Flash on the Human Body
1. Sever
2. Broken bones
3. Impaired Vision
4. Loss of hearing
5. Brain damage and / or intemal injuries
6. Punctures and la
tions
7. Death
An electrical arc occurred through the air and entered his body. The current was drawn
10 his armpits because perspiration is highly conductive.
2.28 Are Flash Regulations and Standards
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) work together
to develop regulations and standards that best protect personnel and equipment against
electrical hazards, including an are Mash. Four separate industry standards focus on the
on of are flash incidents
Figure 2.10 - Vietims of an Electric Are Flash
Marine High Voltage Technology 33
2272 Effect of an Are Flash on the Human Body
1. Sever
2. Broken bones
3. Impaired Vision
4. Loss of hearing
5. Brain damage and / or intemal injuries
6. Punctures and la
tions
7. Death
An electrical arc occurred through the air and entered his body. The current was drawn
10 his armpits because perspiration is highly conductive.
2.28 Are Flash Regulations and Standards
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) work together
to develop regulations and standards that best protect personnel and equipment against
electrical hazards, including an are Mash. Four separate industry standards focus on the
on of are flash incidents
Figure 2.10 - Vietims of an Electric Are Flash
Marine High Voltage Technology 33
Chapter 2
Compliance with OSHA involves adherence tothe Following
L.A facility must provide, and be able to demonstrate, a safety program with defined
responsibilities
2. Calculations for the degree of are flash hazard
3. Correct personal protective equipment (PPE) for workers,
4. Training for workers on the hazards of are Nash.
5. Appropriate tools for safe working.
2.2.8.1 Warning Labels on Equipment
The National Electric Code req
protection boundary, its incident energy level and the required personal protective equipment
(PPE)
Arc Flash and Shock Hazard
Appropriate PPE Required
es that the labels contain the equipment’s flash
Shock Protection When
‘Prohibited
‘Restricted
Limited Approach
Equipment ID
Figure 2.11 - A Warning Label
34 Marine High Voltage Technology
Compliance with OSHA involves adherence tothe Following
L.A facility must provide, and be able to demonstrate, a safety program with defined
responsibilities
2. Calculations for the degree of are flash hazard
3. Correct personal protective equipment (PPE) for workers,
4. Training for workers on the hazards of are Nash.
5. Appropriate tools for safe working.
2.2.8.1 Warning Labels on Equipment
The National Electric Code req
protection boundary, its incident energy level and the required personal protective equipment
(PPE)
Arc Flash and Shock Hazard
Appropriate PPE Required
es that the labels contain the equipment’s flash
Shock Protection When
‘Prohibited
‘Restricted
Limited Approach
Equipment ID
Figure 2.11 - A Warning Label
34 Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
2282 Are Flash Prevention
I is important to carry out an are flash hazard analysis to identify the presence and
location of potential hazards. To perform the are Mash hazard analysis, the following details
of the electrical installation are required:
1. The short-eireuit currents are calculated
2. The risk area and the energy released by the are (the formulas are given by NFPA and
IEEE) are calculated these values depend on the tip time of the protection functions and
on the shor-cirouit values,
3. The risk category is defined to determine the minimum requirements for the personal
protective equipment (PPE).
2283 Are Flash Analysis Input
1. Short circuit eurent value for a bolted fault Ik
A protective equipment scheme
2284 Are Flash Analysis Output
1. The flash protection boundary De, the distance from live parts within which a person
could receive a second-degree bum, if an electrical are was to occur,
2. The incident energy E
h
be
Get on Anas, O Cen and
ee Protective boundary
2.29 Fault Current Caleulation
‘The prospective fault current or short circuit current is the highest electric current which
‘can exist in an electrical system under short-eireuit conditio
and impedance of the supply system. The magnitude of the fault current is determined by the
total impedance of the generator, the cable, the transformer and the fault. This heavy current
can damage the components of the electric system if they are not properly rated. If circuit
breakers are not able to interrupt the high short circuit euments in a system, arcing and
explosions may occur. The rating of the components is done based on the maximum short
circuit current
is determined by the voltage
Marine High Voltage Technology 35
2282 Are Flash Prevention
I is important to carry out an are flash hazard analysis to identify the presence and
location of potential hazards. To perform the are Mash hazard analysis, the following details
of the electrical installation are required:
1. The short-eireuit currents are calculated
2. The risk area and the energy released by the are (the formulas are given by NFPA and
IEEE) are calculated these values depend on the tip time of the protection functions and
on the shor-cirouit values,
3. The risk category is defined to determine the minimum requirements for the personal
protective equipment (PPE).
2283 Are Flash Analysis Input
1. Short circuit eurent value for a bolted fault Ik
A protective equipment scheme
2284 Are Flash Analysis Output
1. The flash protection boundary De, the distance from live parts within which a person
could receive a second-degree bum, if an electrical are was to occur,
2. The incident energy E
h
be
Get on Anas, O Cen and
ee Protective boundary
2.29 Fault Current Caleulation
‘The prospective fault current or short circuit current is the highest electric current which
‘can exist in an electrical system under short-eireuit conditio
and impedance of the supply system. The magnitude of the fault current is determined by the
total impedance of the generator, the cable, the transformer and the fault. This heavy current
can damage the components of the electric system if they are not properly rated. If circuit
breakers are not able to interrupt the high short circuit euments in a system, arcing and
explosions may occur. The rating of the components is done based on the maximum short
circuit current
is determined by the voltage
Marine High Voltage Technology 35
Chapter 2
Figure 2.12 - Fault Current Calculati
AL 6500 V 2000 KW 0.8 Cos q, the load current = 2000,000 / (1.73 x 6500 x 0.8) = 222 A
025 +0.010 +0015 = 0.05 2
The total impedance at the fault location
The short circuit fault current
5500 / 0.05 = 130 KA
Similarly, the short circuit fault current at the DB = 6500 / (0.025 + 0.010) = 186 KA
500 /0.025
‘Also, at the MSB the short circuit fault current 60 KA
22.10 Incident Energy
It is the energy per unit area that is received on a surface located at a working distance
away from the are fash location. Incident energy is measured in calories per em? or joules per
e. Incident energy is both radiant and convective. Its inversely proportional to the square
ro and to the
of the working distance. It is directly proportional to the duration of the
available fault current
Very nah,
Inlet Energy
Figure 2.13-— Incident Energy Effects
26 Marine High Voltage Technology
Figure 2.12 - Fault Current Calculati
AL 6500 V 2000 KW 0.8 Cos q, the load current = 2000,000 / (1.73 x 6500 x 0.8) = 222 A
025 +0.010 +0015 = 0.05 2
The total impedance at the fault location
The short circuit fault current
5500 / 0.05 = 130 KA
Similarly, the short circuit fault current at the DB = 6500 / (0.025 + 0.010) = 186 KA
500 /0.025
‘Also, at the MSB the short circuit fault current 60 KA
22.10 Incident Energy
It is the energy per unit area that is received on a surface located at a working distance
away from the are fash location. Incident energy is measured in calories per em? or joules per
e. Incident energy is both radiant and convective. Its inversely proportional to the square
ro and to the
of the working distance. It is directly proportional to the duration of the
available fault current
Very nah,
Inlet Energy
Figure 2.13-— Incident Energy Effects
26 Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
22101 Incident Energy Caleulation
1038.7 D x T[0.0093F
—0.3453F + 59675]
Incident Energy inal /em? Disthe.distanee to the areing point
T is the time to clear the areing fault F is the available short circuit current
22.102 Incident Energy and Damage Level
Incident Energy (cal / cm) Degree of bum
12 2" degree bur to bare skin
4 Ignite a cotton shit
8 31 degree burn to bare skin
Table 2.3 - Incident Energy and Damage levels
2.2103 Hazard Risk Category
Ttis the level of are flash protection clothing a person must wear to protect oneself against
a minimum level of ineident energy and is measured in calories per centimeter squared, The
"NFPA has identified four FR hazardous risk category levels, which are numbered by severity
from | to 4 as mentioned in Table 24.
Incident Energy, Hazard Risk
Level (cal per em’) Category
0012 o
121104 1
4108 2
811025 3
2511040 4
‘Table 2.4 — Hazard Risk Categories
Marine High Voltage Technology 37
22101 Incident Energy Caleulation
1038.7 D x T[0.0093F
—0.3453F + 59675]
Incident Energy inal /em? Disthe.distanee to the areing point
T is the time to clear the areing fault F is the available short circuit current
22.102 Incident Energy and Damage Level
Incident Energy (cal / cm) Degree of bum
12 2" degree bur to bare skin
4 Ignite a cotton shit
8 31 degree burn to bare skin
Table 2.3 - Incident Energy and Damage levels
2.2103 Hazard Risk Category
Ttis the level of are flash protection clothing a person must wear to protect oneself against
a minimum level of ineident energy and is measured in calories per centimeter squared, The
"NFPA has identified four FR hazardous risk category levels, which are numbered by severity
from | to 4 as mentioned in Table 24.
Incident Energy, Hazard Risk
Level (cal per em’) Category
0012 o
121104 1
4108 2
811025 3
2511040 4
‘Table 2.4 — Hazard Risk Categories
Marine High Voltage Technology 37
Chapter 2
22.11 Approach / Protection Boundaries
Anypontonan Nogarsefihe Condionsiobe — Tocossthelimted Tocrssthefach
eue, energised Bodymay enter the erosstneresicted approach
ceca conductor grohltedspce. approach boundary, you must
rerwarpet _ Kospssmuchel boundam: besquifed
thebodroutofthe 1) Quaid person
resitedspaee ss person
posible 2) Documentes
pur
3) Roproprite
protective
(roe)
ot Hi
L ot Li
tetra box Prohibited Resmeted United pproueh Flash protection
stem approach approschbeundany boundary boundam om
bound stone
Figure 2.14 - Approach Boundary related to Exposed HV live Conductor
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed specific approach
boundaries designed to protect employees while working on or near energized equipment
These boundaries are:
22.1.1 Flash Protection Boundary (Outer Boundary)
It ás the farthest established boundary from the energy source. If an are flash occurred,
this boundary is where an employee would be exposed to a curable second-deg
about 1.2 calories /em?, The issue here is thatthe heat generated from a flash results
bum at
22112 Limited Approach
Itis a distance from an exposed live part where a shock hazard exists.
38 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
22.11 Approach / Protection Boundaries
Anypontonan Nogarsefihe Condionsiobe — Tocossthelimted Tocrssthefach
eue, energised Bodymay enter the erosstneresicted approach
ceca conductor grohltedspce. approach boundary, you must
rerwarpet _ Kospssmuchel boundam: besquifed
thebodroutofthe 1) Quaid person
resitedspaee ss person
posible 2) Documentes
pur
3) Roproprite
protective
(roe)
ot Hi
L ot Li
tetra box Prohibited Resmeted United pproueh Flash protection
stem approach approschbeundany boundary boundam om
bound stone
Figure 2.14 - Approach Boundary related to Exposed HV live Conductor
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed specific approach
boundaries designed to protect employees while working on or near energized equipment
These boundaries are:
22.1.1 Flash Protection Boundary (Outer Boundary)
It ás the farthest established boundary from the energy source. If an are flash occurred,
this boundary is where an employee would be exposed to a curable second-deg
about 1.2 calories /em?, The issue here is thatthe heat generated from a flash results
bum at
22112 Limited Approach
Itis a distance from an exposed live part where a shock hazard exists.
38 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
2.2113 Restricted Approach
h
2.2114 Prohibited Approach (Inner Boundary)
1
2.2.12 Expected Praximity of Hands and Tools to Live LV Conductors
sa distance from an exposed live part where there
the distance from an exposed part considered the same as contacting the live part.
closure
J ros
Fash protection Unies | | Restedspace Le @)
caray cone
Foie zur | eed
Ss manne _Zeimenee | Energsed
ira | | come Eee
Sooty rea Pa
rons
Zum Dre
ums pe
au ‘race
en en
Figure 2.15 - Expected Proximity to Live Conductor
Based on Competence and Safe Working Distances
2.2.13 PPE for Are Flash Hazards
Its very important to wear the appropriate are protected personal protective equipment
to prevent a possible are flash
2.2131 Requirements of PPE
+ Layering
— The outer layers must be flame resistant
— The under layers must be non-melting
+ Fit- The clothing must fit properly (loose), with cast interference
+ Coverage - The clothing must cover potentially exposed areas (the wrist and the neck)
+ Care and Maintenance
— Inspect them before and after use
Marine High Voltage Technology 39
2.2113 Restricted Approach
h
2.2114 Prohibited Approach (Inner Boundary)
1
2.2.12 Expected Praximity of Hands and Tools to Live LV Conductors
sa distance from an exposed live part where there
the distance from an exposed part considered the same as contacting the live part.
closure
J ros
Fash protection Unies | | Restedspace Le @)
caray cone
Foie zur | eed
Ss manne _Zeimenee | Energsed
ira | | come Eee
Sooty rea Pa
rons
Zum Dre
ums pe
au ‘race
en en
Figure 2.15 - Expected Proximity to Live Conductor
Based on Competence and Safe Working Distances
2.2.13 PPE for Are Flash Hazards
Its very important to wear the appropriate are protected personal protective equipment
to prevent a possible are flash
2.2131 Requirements of PPE
+ Layering
— The outer layers must be flame resistant
— The under layers must be non-melting
+ Fit- The clothing must fit properly (loose), with cast interference
+ Coverage - The clothing must cover potentially exposed areas (the wrist and the neck)
+ Care and Maintenance
— Inspect them before and after use
Marine High Voltage Technology 39
Chapter 2
Hazard Risk Category 0
00 1.2 cal per em?
Hazard Risk Category 1
121104 cal per em?
st
LS Cr
\ ar
a
a) 100% cotton long sleeve shirt and long
pants
b) Safety glasses
©) Hesring protection
6) Leather and insulated gloves (as
required)
©) Leather work boots
Hazard Risk Category 2
41108 cal per em?
2) 8+ cal long-sleeved shirt
and long pants (or)
coveralls
D) Hardnat
©) Safety glasses
d) Arorated face shield
©) Hearing protection
(inserts)
D Vucansed rubber
gloves
9) Leather gloves
h) Leather work boots
$
a
»
9
a
>
4 cal long sleeve shin &
long pants (or) coveralls
Hard hat
Safety glasses.
Aro rated face shield
Hearing protection
(inserts)
Vulcanised rubber gloves:
Leather gloves
Leather work boots
Hazard Risk Category 3
8.1 1025 cal perem?
8) 25+ cal fash sult with
à hood over a 100%
‘cotton long-sleeved
Shin and long pants
D) Safety glasses
©) Arc-rated face shield
) Hearing protection
(inserts)
©) Vulcanised rubber
gloves
Leather gloves
9) HV Insulated Rubber
work boots
40
Marine High Voltage Technology
Hazard Risk Category 0
00 1.2 cal per em?
Hazard Risk Category 1
121104 cal per em?
st
LS Cr
\ ar
a
a) 100% cotton long sleeve shirt and long
pants
b) Safety glasses
©) Hesring protection
6) Leather and insulated gloves (as
required)
©) Leather work boots
Hazard Risk Category 2
41108 cal per em?
2) 8+ cal long-sleeved shirt
and long pants (or)
coveralls
D) Hardnat
©) Safety glasses
d) Arorated face shield
©) Hearing protection
(inserts)
D Vucansed rubber
gloves
9) Leather gloves
h) Leather work boots
$
a
»
9
a
>
4 cal long sleeve shin &
long pants (or) coveralls
Hard hat
Safety glasses.
Aro rated face shield
Hearing protection
(inserts)
Vulcanised rubber gloves:
Leather gloves
Leather work boots
Hazard Risk Category 3
8.1 1025 cal perem?
8) 25+ cal fash sult with
à hood over a 100%
‘cotton long-sleeved
Shin and long pants
D) Safety glasses
©) Arc-rated face shield
) Hearing protection
(inserts)
©) Vulcanised rubber
gloves
Leather gloves
9) HV Insulated Rubber
work boots
40
Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
Hazard Risk Category 4
25.4 to 40 cal per cm?
DJ
40+ cal fash suit with hood
‘over flame resistant long.
sleeved shit and long pants
Satety glasses
‘Arorated face shield
Heating protection (insets)
Vulcanised rubber gloves,
Leather gloves
HV Insulated Rubber work
boots.
2213.2 Voltage-Rated Gloves
Opening the front door will
change the hazard risk category
Electrical gloves are the firs line of defence against electrical shock. Leather protectors
must be worn over the rubber gloves which will protect them against the thermal effect of
ares as the rubber is vulnerable o cracking due tothe effects of ozone.
Note: Leather protectors must be worn over the rubber gloves
ALWAYS
WEAR
YOUR
GLOVES
Figure 2.16(a) ~ Voltage-rated Gloves
Marine High Voltage Technology a
Hazard Risk Category 4
25.4 to 40 cal per cm?
DJ
40+ cal fash suit with hood
‘over flame resistant long.
sleeved shit and long pants
Satety glasses
‘Arorated face shield
Heating protection (insets)
Vulcanised rubber gloves,
Leather gloves
HV Insulated Rubber work
boots.
2213.2 Voltage-Rated Gloves
Opening the front door will
change the hazard risk category
Electrical gloves are the firs line of defence against electrical shock. Leather protectors
must be worn over the rubber gloves which will protect them against the thermal effect of
ares as the rubber is vulnerable o cracking due tothe effects of ozone.
Note: Leather protectors must be worn over the rubber gloves
ALWAYS
WEAR
YOUR
GLOVES
Figure 2.16(a) ~ Voltage-rated Gloves
Marine High Voltage Technology a
Chapter 2
Electrical Gloves are classified as
Class 00 - up to 500 V AC
Class 0 up to 1000 V AC
Class 1 up 10 7500 V AC
Class 2 - up to 17000 Y
igure 2.16(b) — Types of Electrical Gloves
Class Tag Color Proof Test Voltage AC / Maximum Use Voltage
pc ‘AC/DC
oo Beige 2,800 10,000 5001750
o Red 5,000 / 20,000 1,000/ 1,500
1 10,000/ 40.000 7,500/11,250
2 20.000 / 50,000 17.000 1 25,500
on of Electrical Gloves,
Gloves must be tested before the first issue and consequently every 6 months. If they are
e tested
tested, but not issued for service, the gloves may not be put into service unless they a
within the previous yes
2 Marine High Voltage Technology
Electrical Gloves are classified as
Class 00 - up to 500 V AC
Class 0 up to 1000 V AC
Class 1 up 10 7500 V AC
Class 2 - up to 17000 Y
igure 2.16(b) — Types of Electrical Gloves
Class Tag Color Proof Test Voltage AC / Maximum Use Voltage
pc ‘AC/DC
oo Beige 2,800 10,000 5001750
o Red 5,000 / 20,000 1,000/ 1,500
1 10,000/ 40.000 7,500/11,250
2 20.000 / 50,000 17.000 1 25,500
on of Electrical Gloves,
Gloves must be tested before the first issue and consequently every 6 months. If they are
e tested
tested, but not issued for service, the gloves may not be put into service unless they a
within the previous yes
2 Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
Figure 2.17(a) - Roll-up Test Figure 2.17(b) - Inflator Test Before Use
2.2133 Electrical Insulating Matting (IEC 61111-2009)
Electrical safety mats a
mportant safety equipment, Safety mats protect personnel from
electric shock by providing an insulated surface to Work on.
Figure 2.18 — Electrical Insulating Matting
Class 0
With a working voltage of 1000 V AC, it is 6 mm thick, It has a fine ribbed pattem
Class 1
With a working voltage of 7500 V AC, itis also 6 mm thick and has a fine ribbed special
rubber, non-slip pattem,
Class 2
With a working voltage of 17000 V AC, itis 8 mm thick and has a fine ribbed, and non-
slip patter,
Marine High Voltage Technology 43
Figure 2.17(a) - Roll-up Test Figure 2.17(b) - Inflator Test Before Use
2.2133 Electrical Insulating Matting (IEC 61111-2009)
Electrical safety mats a
mportant safety equipment, Safety mats protect personnel from
electric shock by providing an insulated surface to Work on.
Figure 2.18 — Electrical Insulating Matting
Class 0
With a working voltage of 1000 V AC, it is 6 mm thick, It has a fine ribbed pattem
Class 1
With a working voltage of 7500 V AC, itis also 6 mm thick and has a fine ribbed special
rubber, non-slip pattem,
Class 2
With a working voltage of 17000 V AC, itis 8 mm thick and has a fine ribbed, and non-
slip patter,
Marine High Voltage Technology 43
Chapter 2
2214 Are Flash Detector
In modem protection systems, the need to operate in a few milliseconds is typically met by
detecting the light from an are flash and initiating tripping action via solid-state tripping
‘elements, This approach is recognized in the IEC standard 62271-200, Response time is the
key as an are develops and becomes destructive within milliseconds. Failure to open a circuit
breaker in time can result in enormous losses
m
‘Arc Detection Relay
‘The damage resulting from an arcing accident relates directly 10 the amount of current
flowing through the short and the time duration. However, of the two parameters, time
duration is the more critical. Thus, to maximize protection, both the are flash detector and the
entire switchgear system must have a quick response time,
An are flash detection relay takes advantage of this phenomenon to achieve significantly
faster response times cantly greater protection from damage than the
conventional relay. Thus, are flash detection has become a critical requirement for all
switchgear installations,
thereby affording signi
4 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
2214 Are Flash Detector
In modem protection systems, the need to operate in a few milliseconds is typically met by
detecting the light from an are flash and initiating tripping action via solid-state tripping
‘elements, This approach is recognized in the IEC standard 62271-200, Response time is the
key as an are develops and becomes destructive within milliseconds. Failure to open a circuit
breaker in time can result in enormous losses
m
‘Arc Detection Relay
‘The damage resulting from an arcing accident relates directly 10 the amount of current
flowing through the short and the time duration. However, of the two parameters, time
duration is the more critical. Thus, to maximize protection, both the are flash detector and the
entire switchgear system must have a quick response time,
An are flash detection relay takes advantage of this phenomenon to achieve significantly
faster response times cantly greater protection from damage than the
conventional relay. Thus, are flash detection has become a critical requirement for all
switchgear installations,
thereby affording signi
4 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Hazards and Protective Equipment
However, light is only one of many indications that an are flash has occured. A
microprocessor-based high-speed relay sends trip signal to the breaker upon sensing a light
flash with high speed light sensors installed in the switchgear compartments. The intense light
associated with an are is detected by the are detector. A current sensing unit can be provided
to verily that there is also an areing current.
Figure 2.20 - An Are Detection Unit
Iker to
trip signal to the circuit-b
‘The are monitor will react in around 2 ms, sendin,
clear the are. The breaker clearing time is critical to provide personnel protection which can
be as high as 100 ms. Fibre opties, with its inherent speed and EMI immunity, make it a
perfect medium for an are flash detection system
Marine High Voltage Technology 45
However, light is only one of many indications that an are flash has occured. A
microprocessor-based high-speed relay sends trip signal to the breaker upon sensing a light
flash with high speed light sensors installed in the switchgear compartments. The intense light
associated with an are is detected by the are detector. A current sensing unit can be provided
to verily that there is also an areing current.
Figure 2.20 - An Are Detection Unit
Iker to
trip signal to the circuit-b
‘The are monitor will react in around 2 ms, sendin,
clear the are. The breaker clearing time is critical to provide personnel protection which can
be as high as 100 ms. Fibre opties, with its inherent speed and EMI immunity, make it a
perfect medium for an are flash detection system
Marine High Voltage Technology 45
Chapter 2
Emitter —————
Jacketed
Fibres
Bare
Fibre
Detector
Figure 2.21 - A loop Sensor
The optical detector unit includes an optical emitter and receiver, an optical sensor in the
form of a bare fibre loop and fibre optic cable. The optical sensor collects the flash light and
transfers it via a fibre optic cable to the fibre optic receiver, which converts the optical signal
to an electrical signal that informs the control system when an are Nash is occurring
There are two types of optical sensors commonly used in such systems namely the point
sensor and the loop sensor. The point sensor approach uses a light sensor and an optical
receiver to detect light in each area, while the loop sensor uses a loop of bare fibre positioned.
strategically throughout the equipment as shown in Figure 2.21 above.
22.141. Wavelength and Illumination
Generally, the wavelength range of an are flash is 300-1500 nm compound light
Therefore, a 650-nm or 820-nm fibre opti receiver can be used to detect the are flash ight
‘Two types of fibre optic cables can be used within this wavelength range
‘optical fibre (POF) or a multimode glass fibre cable
A POF cable is best suited for 650 nm since it has the lowest attenuation at this
wavelength. A POF cable is also cheaper and is easier to instal than other types of fibre optic
cables. A multimode glass fibre cable has lower attenuation at 820 nm the POF cable has at
650 nm
22.15 The Best Way to Prevent the Hazards of High Voltage
nely plastic
+ Stop - Before Action
+ Think - Risks / Hazards
® Options - Prove the circuit dead / alive
+ Prot
ion ~ Wear proper PPE
Avoiding energized circuits is the safest way!
46 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Emitter —————
Jacketed
Fibres
Bare
Fibre
Detector
Figure 2.21 - A loop Sensor
The optical detector unit includes an optical emitter and receiver, an optical sensor in the
form of a bare fibre loop and fibre optic cable. The optical sensor collects the flash light and
transfers it via a fibre optic cable to the fibre optic receiver, which converts the optical signal
to an electrical signal that informs the control system when an are Nash is occurring
There are two types of optical sensors commonly used in such systems namely the point
sensor and the loop sensor. The point sensor approach uses a light sensor and an optical
receiver to detect light in each area, while the loop sensor uses a loop of bare fibre positioned.
strategically throughout the equipment as shown in Figure 2.21 above.
22.141. Wavelength and Illumination
Generally, the wavelength range of an are flash is 300-1500 nm compound light
Therefore, a 650-nm or 820-nm fibre opti receiver can be used to detect the are flash ight
‘Two types of fibre optic cables can be used within this wavelength range
‘optical fibre (POF) or a multimode glass fibre cable
A POF cable is best suited for 650 nm since it has the lowest attenuation at this
wavelength. A POF cable is also cheaper and is easier to instal than other types of fibre optic
cables. A multimode glass fibre cable has lower attenuation at 820 nm the POF cable has at
650 nm
22.15 The Best Way to Prevent the Hazards of High Voltage
nely plastic
+ Stop - Before Action
+ Think - Risks / Hazards
® Options - Prove the circuit dead / alive
+ Prot
ion ~ Wear proper PPE
Avoiding energized circuits is the safest way!
46 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
t= Chapter 3m
High Voltage Safe Working Procedures
‘Atthe end of this chapter you should be able to:
% Understand the importance and matrix of risk management for High Voltage work
+ Know the terminology Associated with High Voltage Systems
+ Comply withthe High Voltage Permit to Work and Sanction for Test documents
*_ Demonstrate safe isolation procedures for High Voltage Switch Gear
+ Know Trapped Key and Key Safe Systems
3.1 Identifying the need for Safe Working Procedures
iveryahing in life has some risk. What you have 10 actually learn to do is how to navigate
a”
= Reid Hoffman
All companies concemed with high voltage systems will produce their own set of
electrical safety rules. The rules are to ensure the safety of all personnel who undertake work
on high voltage systems and will form the base for compliance with relevant statutory
regulations. Safe working procedures are defined by International standards, classification
society's rules, lag state administration rules and laws as well as a company’s policy and
rules, The person canying out the work needs to check which procedure is valid in each
working place. One must become familiar with and work according to the company’s rules as
‘mentioned in the respective Safety Management System (SMS). The 2010 amendment to the
ISM code 1.2.2.2 has included the risk assessment explicitly and an excerpt is quoted below
for reference
Quote
‘Safety management objectives of the company should assess all identified risks 10 its
ships, personnel and the environment and establish appropriate safeguards”
Unquote
For each serious accident, there are 10 minor accidents and as many as 600 near-misses
which do not include individual or material damages. The ISM code gives the freedom to
individual shipowners to develop their own Safety Management System (SMS). Risk
management procedures can be a part of the SMS of a ship owner
Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Safe Working Procedures
‘Atthe end of this chapter you should be able to:
% Understand the importance and matrix of risk management for High Voltage work
+ Know the terminology Associated with High Voltage Systems
+ Comply withthe High Voltage Permit to Work and Sanction for Test documents
*_ Demonstrate safe isolation procedures for High Voltage Switch Gear
+ Know Trapped Key and Key Safe Systems
3.1 Identifying the need for Safe Working Procedures
iveryahing in life has some risk. What you have 10 actually learn to do is how to navigate
a”
= Reid Hoffman
All companies concemed with high voltage systems will produce their own set of
electrical safety rules. The rules are to ensure the safety of all personnel who undertake work
on high voltage systems and will form the base for compliance with relevant statutory
regulations. Safe working procedures are defined by International standards, classification
society's rules, lag state administration rules and laws as well as a company’s policy and
rules, The person canying out the work needs to check which procedure is valid in each
working place. One must become familiar with and work according to the company’s rules as
‘mentioned in the respective Safety Management System (SMS). The 2010 amendment to the
ISM code 1.2.2.2 has included the risk assessment explicitly and an excerpt is quoted below
for reference
Quote
‘Safety management objectives of the company should assess all identified risks 10 its
ships, personnel and the environment and establish appropriate safeguards”
Unquote
For each serious accident, there are 10 minor accidents and as many as 600 near-misses
which do not include individual or material damages. The ISM code gives the freedom to
individual shipowners to develop their own Safety Management System (SMS). Risk
management procedures can be a part of the SMS of a ship owner
Marine High Voltage Technology
Chapter 3
Risk assessment is no more an additional voluntary safety tool, The shipping industry is
becoming more and more serious about it. Following any incident, the first question that is
asked is
‘ifthe risk assessment was carried out or not”
Many electrical hazards ean be avoided by followed up safety precautions and procedures
in a correct manner, as most of the electrical accidents occur because people are working on
or near equipment that is
1. Thought to be dead but which is live
2. Known to be live but those involved do not have adequate trait
equipment to prevent any injury, or they have not taken any adequate precautions,
or appropriate
3. Switching on a forgotten system that has an additional earth connection which has not
been removed.
3.2. The Inherent Dangers and Avoidance of Disastrous Consequences
What is risk?
ss risk as: “The combination of the frequency and the severity of the
n the presence of hazards.” (MSC Cire 1023/MEPC Cire 392)
Here, the frequency is the number of occurrences per unt time (e.g. per year
consequence is he outcome of an accident
In other words, risk has two components:
++ Likelihood of occurrence
++ Severity of the consequences.
se harm. Briefly,
A hazard is a substance, sit s the potential 10 c
‘what we are concerned with, therefore, is
+ The identification of hazards
#7 < associated with those hazards
€ assessment of the ri
++ The application of controls to reduce the risks that are deemed intolerable
‘The monitoring of the effectiveness of the controls
4 Marine High Voltage Technology
Risk assessment is no more an additional voluntary safety tool, The shipping industry is
becoming more and more serious about it. Following any incident, the first question that is
asked is
‘ifthe risk assessment was carried out or not”
Many electrical hazards ean be avoided by followed up safety precautions and procedures
in a correct manner, as most of the electrical accidents occur because people are working on
or near equipment that is
1. Thought to be dead but which is live
2. Known to be live but those involved do not have adequate trait
equipment to prevent any injury, or they have not taken any adequate precautions,
or appropriate
3. Switching on a forgotten system that has an additional earth connection which has not
been removed.
3.2. The Inherent Dangers and Avoidance of Disastrous Consequences
What is risk?
ss risk as: “The combination of the frequency and the severity of the
n the presence of hazards.” (MSC Cire 1023/MEPC Cire 392)
Here, the frequency is the number of occurrences per unt time (e.g. per year
consequence is he outcome of an accident
In other words, risk has two components:
++ Likelihood of occurrence
++ Severity of the consequences.
se harm. Briefly,
A hazard is a substance, sit s the potential 10 c
‘what we are concerned with, therefore, is
+ The identification of hazards
#7 < associated with those hazards
€ assessment of the ri
++ The application of controls to reduce the risks that are deemed intolerable
‘The monitoring of the effectiveness of the controls
4 Marine High Voltage Technology
High Voltage Safe Working Procedures
The controls may be applied either to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of an adverse
vent, orto reduce the severity of the consequences.
The risks we are concemed with are those which are reasonably foreseeable and relate to:
1. The health and safety of all those who are directly or indirectly involved in the
activity, or who may be otherwise affected
The property of the company and others
3. The environment
process includes the following elements:
1. Risk assessment
2. Work Permits and Checklist
vol Box Meetings
3.2.1 Risk Assessment
The objective is to provide the ship's management with a tool to identify and control all
risks associated with shipboard operations and take risk control measures to reduce the risk to
an acceptable level or As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) to ereate awareness about
the safety, health and environment issues prior to conducting a tas
A tisk assessment should be performed before the work is started, Risk as
required and should be carri
‘occur and any operations whi
out prior to any act
ty where the following conditi
present risk to people, property and environment including
1, Routine work
Breakdown Maintenance
Maintenance /immobilization of critical equipment
4, When operational conditions change ie, change of equipment, crew, ete
5. After a near-accident or accident to review the eurent controls in place.
“The purpose ofthis procedure is 10
1. Ensure that all tasks are done safely by identifying risks and managing them.
Marine High Voltage Technology 29
The controls may be applied either to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of an adverse
vent, orto reduce the severity of the consequences.
The risks we are concemed with are those which are reasonably foreseeable and relate to:
1. The health and safety of all those who are directly or indirectly involved in the
activity, or who may be otherwise affected
The property of the company and others
3. The environment
process includes the following elements:
1. Risk assessment
2. Work Permits and Checklist
vol Box Meetings
3.2.1 Risk Assessment
The objective is to provide the ship's management with a tool to identify and control all
risks associated with shipboard operations and take risk control measures to reduce the risk to
an acceptable level or As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) to ereate awareness about
the safety, health and environment issues prior to conducting a tas
A tisk assessment should be performed before the work is started, Risk as
required and should be carri
‘occur and any operations whi
out prior to any act
ty where the following conditi
present risk to people, property and environment including
1, Routine work
Breakdown Maintenance
Maintenance /immobilization of critical equipment
4, When operational conditions change ie, change of equipment, crew, ete
5. After a near-accident or accident to review the eurent controls in place.
“The purpose ofthis procedure is 10
1. Ensure that all tasks are done safely by identifying risks and managing them.
Marine High Voltage Technology 29
Chapter 3
2. Be compliant with ISM Chapter 1.2.2.2 that the company should assess all identified risks
in its ships, for its personnel and the environment and establish appropriate safeguards,
At the outset, it is worth reproducing an excerpt from “A Guide to Risk Assessment in
Ship Operations” (Published by the International Association of Classification Societies
(ACS) - Dated: 26/03/2004 - Revision: 0)
Quote
“The best safeguard against accidents is a genuine safety culture - awareness and
constant vigilance on the part of all those involved, and the establishment of safety as a
permanent and natural feature of organizational decision-making”
Unquote
The process is carried out by carrying out Ihe following steps:
1. Identifying and analysing potential hazards and the assessment of risk.
2. Action plan listing accident prevention and risk reducing measures in order or priority
3. Execution of plan,
4
Evaluation of results,
50 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
2. Be compliant with ISM Chapter 1.2.2.2 that the company should assess all identified risks
in its ships, for its personnel and the environment and establish appropriate safeguards,
At the outset, it is worth reproducing an excerpt from “A Guide to Risk Assessment in
Ship Operations” (Published by the International Association of Classification Societies
(ACS) - Dated: 26/03/2004 - Revision: 0)
Quote
“The best safeguard against accidents is a genuine safety culture - awareness and
constant vigilance on the part of all those involved, and the establishment of safety as a
permanent and natural feature of organizational decision-making”
Unquote
The process is carried out by carrying out Ihe following steps:
1. Identifying and analysing potential hazards and the assessment of risk.
2. Action plan listing accident prevention and risk reducing measures in order or priority
3. Execution of plan,
4
Evaluation of results,
50 ‘Marine High Voltage Technology
Tags
Download
Download Slideshow Get the original presentation fileQuick Actions
Statistics
- Views 13
- Slides 72
- Age 70 days
Related Slideshows
11
8-top-ai-courses-for-customer-support-representatives-in-2025.pptx
JeroenErne2
44 views
10
7-essential-ai-courses-for-call-center-supervisors-in-2025.pptx
JeroenErne2
45 views
13
25-essential-ai-courses-for-user-support-specialists-in-2025.pptx
JeroenErne2
36 views
11
8-essential-ai-courses-for-insurance-customer-service-representatives-in-2025.pptx
JeroenErne2
33 views
21
Know for Certain
DaveSinNM
19 views
17
PPT OPD LES 3ertt4t4tqqqe23e3e3rq2qq232.pptx
novasedanayoga46
23 views