materi kuliah bahas ainggris s2 PTIQ1.ppt

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1. Reading Comprehension
for
PTIQ Students –Jakarta Campus
Postgraduate Program
Module 1
The Paragraph
By Adang Zarkasih
Academic Year: 2023-2024

2. Paragraph vs Essay
PARAGRAPH
topic sentence
A. support
B. support
C. support
concluding Sentence
I. INTRODUCTION
General Statements
Thesis Statements E
II. topic sentence
A. support
B. support S
B C. support
(Concluding Sentence)
O S
III. topic sentence
D A. support
B. support A
Y C. support
(Concluding Sentence)
Y
IV. topic sentence
A. support
B. support
C. support
(Concluding Sentence)
V. CONCLUSION
Restatement or
Summary of the main points
Final comment

3. What is a Paragraph?
The basic unit of a composition that consists of a group
of sentences which develop one central/main idea
There are three parts of a paragraph: a topic sentence,
supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence
The topic sentencestates the main idea of the
paragraph
Supporting sentencesdevelop the topic sentence
The concluding sentencesignals the end of the
paragraph and leaves the important points to
remember

4. Model Paragraph
1
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.
2
First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to
corrosion.
3
Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and
ornamental purposes.
4
Gold never needs to be polished and will
remain beautiful forever.
5
Forexample, a Macedonian coin
remain as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-
three centuries ago.
6
Another important characteristic of gold is
its usefulness to industry and science.
7
Formany years it has
been used in hundreds of industrial applications.
8
Themost
recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits.
9
Astronauts wear gold-
plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship.
10
In
conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for
its utility.

5. Model Paragraph
1
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.
2
First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to
corrosion.
3
Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and
ornamental purposes.
4
Gold never needs to be polished and will
remain beautiful forever.
5
Forexample, a Macedonian coin
remain as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-
three centuries ago.
6
Another important characteristic of gold is
its usefulness to industry and science.
7
For many years it has
been used in hundreds of industrial applications.
8
Themost
recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits.
9
Astronauts wear gold-
plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship.
10
In
conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for
its utility.
Concluding sentence
Supportingsentences
Topic sentence

6. Two additional Elements
of a Paragraph
In addition to three structural parts of a paragraph, a good
paragraph also hasthe elements of unityand coherence.
Unitymeans that only one main idea in a paragraph is discussed.
The main idea is stated in the topic sentence, and then each and
every supporting sentence develops that idea. If, for example, the
topic sentence is about two important characteristics of gold, the
supporting sentences discuss only those, and not anything else
such as the price of gold, the history of gold, or gold mining.
Coherencemeans that the paragraph is easy to read and understand
because (1) the supporting sentences are in some kind of logical
order, and (2) the ideas are connected by the use of appropriate
transition signals.

7. Paragraph Unity
Topic Sentence
Supporting Sentence
Supporting Sentence
Supporting Sentence
Supporting Sentence
Etc.

8. Paragraph Unity
Topic Sentence
Supporting Sentence
Supporting Sentence
Supporting Sentence
Supporting Sentence
Etc.

9. A Paragraph with no Unity
Model Paragraph
1
There are two main reasonswhy I have decided to
attend Bingston Universitynext year.
2
Applying to a
college is a terribly complicated process.
3
Some of
my friends chose colleges for very bad reasons.
4
John has never been to college.
5
I’ve met his
grandfather, and he still has an incredibly sharp mind
of a man of his age.
6
Susan chose a university
because the food in the region was said to be quite
good.
7
Susan is really not too clever, I suppose, so I
shouldn’t criticize her.
8
Actually, I think it was her
father who made the choice for her.

10. A Paragraph Which Lacks Unity
Topic sentence
… twomain reasons …
?
?
(difficulty in applying)
(my friends’ reasons)
(John hasn’t been to college)
(John’s grandfather)
(Susan’s reasons)
(Susan’s stupidity)
(Susan’s father)

11. A Paragraph with Unity
Model Paragraph
1
There are two main reasonswhy I have decided to attend to
Bingston Universitynext year.
2
First of all, there is the question
of money: Bingston’s tuition is reasonable, and I don’t even
have to pay it all at once.
3
This is very important, since my
father is not rich man.
4
With Bingston’s “deferred payment
plan”, my father will be able to pay my tuition without too much
difficulty.
5
The second reasonis the fine education which I feel I
will receive there in agriculture, my chosen field.
6
It is a well-
known fact that Bingston hire only the finest professors in its
Agriculture Department.
7
Moreover, the university requires all
agriculture students to gain practical experience by working on
farms in the area while they are still going to school.

12. A Unified Paragraph
First of all…
(financial considerations)
(reasonable tuition)
(deferred payment)
The second reason …
(quality of education)
(fine teachers)
(practical experience)
… twomain reasons…
Topic Sentence

13. What Makes
a Good Topic Sentence?
Topic Sentence =TOPIC+ LIMITING STATEMENT
e.g.Topic=Soccer
There are so many things to say about soccer to put
into a single paragraph. Therefore, a paragraph
needs to be limited, for example, the paragraph can
discuss the history of soccer, compare it with another
sport, describe its difficulty, or explain the rules of
the game.
Topic sentenceis usually foundin the first sentence of a
paragraph

14. How a Topic in
a Topic Sentence is Limited
There are many ways, but below is a list of the most common:
Topic Statement Which Limits the Topic
Soccer is now played in the United States. (geographical
location)
Soccer has become more popular within the last five years.
(time or period of time)
Soccer is different from rugby. (showing differences)
Soccer and footballhave a great deal in common. (showing similarities)
Soccer is dangerous for several reasons. (cause; reason)
The World Cup Soccer
Games
create interestfrom soccer fans all over the world.
(effect)
A soccer player can receive various kinds of penaltiesduring a game. (a
number of things; a list)
Soccer is a physically demanding sport. (a certain aspect)