Materia Medica Introduction [Autosaved].pptx

homoeopathic materia medica introduction part which gives basic idea about homoeopathic materia medica.

1. Materia M edica Introduction

2. Materia medica According to Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary , “ Materia medica is that branch of medical study which deals with the drugs, their sources, preparation and uses.

3. Homoeopathic materia medica Homoeopathic materia medica is a book or subject which is collection of symptoms recorded during the process of drug proving on healthy human beings of different sexes, different age group and different constitution.

4. Construction of materia medica A real materia medica can be constructed only after testing the drugs on healthy human beings of both sexes, different age groups and various constitutions, by carefully and faithfully recording all altered sensations and functions experienced by the prover and observing all subjective and objective symptoms without any prejudiced.

5. Dr. Hahnemann recorded all such findings in his book “ Materia medica Pura ”. He preferred to keep this name because it consists of the symptoms written in pure language of the provers and admits no misinterpretations with changing medical terminology, altered biological conceptions and newer scientific attitudes.

6. A materia medica can be built in different styles. Dr. Hahnemann followed an anatomical schematic method ( From Head to foot ) for recording the positive drug effects in his materia medica pura, a materia medica can be presented in different types i.e. picture type, Comparative type, Keynote type, therapeutic type etc.

7. Important definitions Synonyms – one of the two words that have the same or very similar meaning. Source – I t is the original matter from which the drug is derived i.e. animal, vegetable, mineral, nosode , sarcode , impondribila etc.

8. Chemical formula - It is an abbreviation according to the nomenclature of chemistry for the full name of an element or a compound. Natural order – In biological classification, the main division under class and superior to family. Habitat – Animal’s or plant’s natural environment where it is naturally found. Prover – The person on whom the drug is proved thoroughly according to the law of drug proving is called prover.

9. The original work represent such records is that of Dr. Hahnemann entitled “ Fragmenta De V iribus Medica Mentorium Positives. ” It is a latin work which was published in L eipsic in 1805 and contains 27 drugs comprising symptoms which Dr. Hahnemann himself observed as effects of poisioning on provings done on him self. He writes in preface: “ I have instituted experiments on my own persons and also on some others whom I knew to be perfectly free from all perceptible diseases. I n those experiments which had been made by myself and my students, every care has been taken to secure the true and full action of medicine. Our provings have been made upon persons living in content and complete ease.

10. When an extraordinary circumstances of any kind viz. sorrow, external injury, fright, excessive enjoyment of any pleasure or some event of great importance interruption during the proving then no other symptom has been recorded after such an event in order to prevent his purious symptoms being noted as genuine. When such circumstances were of slight importance and could hardly be supposed to interfere with action of medicine, symptoms have been placed in brackets for the purpose of informing the reader and they could not be considered decisive and genuine.”

11. After five years of this work appeared Dr. Hahnemann’s “ Materia Medica Pura ” in german language in 6 volumes. He called his book ‘ pura ’ (pure) because as it contained real, pure, reliable symptoms of medicines as observed by proving them on himself or other healthy individuals under his supervision. This book admits no misinterpretations with altered biological conceptions, new scientific attitudes and changing medical terminology.

12. IT Has Three Editions First edition 6 volumes Second Edition 6 volumes Third Edition 2 volumes • I Vol = 1811 •I Vol = 1822 • I Vol = 1830 • II Vol= 1816 • II Vol=1824 • II Vol=1833 • III Vol= 1817 • III Vol= 1825 • IV vol = 1818 • IV vol=1825 • V vol= 1819 • V vol=1826 • Vi vol= 1821 • Vi vol=1827

13. Total Number of drugs • First Edition = 61 + 3 magnets • Second Edition = 64 + 3 Magnets • Third edition = 64 + 3 Magnets

14. Translations of Materia medica pura Dr. Hempel’s translation published in 1846, but according to Richard hughes this work was imperfect because of the following reasons . He has omitted all the names of authorities for the symptoms , which are not in separate paragraphs. There was no uniformity in arrangement. Eighteen medicines of Hahnemann were Omitted Mistranslations , curtailment, Omissions were frequent in preface and notes.

15. Dr.Quin’s translation , only the first Vol of 2 nd edition was translated and printed , but unfortunately the whole impression was destroyed by a fire at the Printer’s. It has no preface or introduction by the translator so we cannot know the intentions with registration to the whole translations . Dr. R.E.Dudgeon translation is the most reliable and authentic work. Dr. Dudgeon compiled the work in two handsome volumes with alphabetical arrangements for easy reference. Richard Hughes assisted him in translation . Proof sheet corrections were made by Dr.Hughes with numerous corrections. Richard Hughes made corrections and explanations of the symptoms in the footnote designated by the small figures 1,2,3…. etc.

16. Specialty of the third edition of Materia Medica Pura In the first and second edition symptoms observed by Dr. H ahnemann and others were separately mentioned. In the third edition the symptoms were arranged in continuous schema. All the symptoms were numbered continuously. The symptoms by Dr.Hahnemann were not demarcated by any name or abbreviation. Those observed by his pupils were marked by abbreviations in italics and the name of the authors of old school were demarcated in capital letters. Many of the symptoms have time of occurrence after taking the medicine, this is indicated in brackets . “m” means Minutes, “h” means hours, “d” means Days.

17. Contents The content of the first volume of the book translated by R.E.Dudgeon . Translator’s preface Preface Spirit of the homoeopathic medical doctrine Preamble (introduction) Aconitum --- Ipecacuanha

18. The content of the second vol of the book translated by R.E. Dudgeon. Nota bene for my reviewers Examination of the source of the common materia medica A reminiscence (Recollection) The medical Observer Small dose of homoeopathic medicines Ledum pal --- Verbascum

19. Preparation of drugs The homoeopathic medicines are prepared from those of other systems. The details of the preparation of the drugs are mentioned in the respective pharmacopoeias. Dose: It is the amount of medicine that is to be prescribed to the patient, which varies from person to person; medicine to medicine and sickness to sickness.

20. Potencies Decimal scale ( X ) Centisimal scale ( C ) Fifty millesimal scale (50M)

21. Mother tincture Mother tincture is the original tincture which is directly prepared from the corresponding source of the raw material which contain all the medicinal properties, alcohol is added in order to preserve them .

22. Routes of administration of remedies Oral administration Olfaction R ubbing on skin

23. Sources of M ateria M edica 1. Drug proving 2. Clinical sources 3. Accidental sources 4. C hemical sources 5. Toxicological sources 6. Proving on plants 7. Empirical sources 8. Doctrine of Signature

24. 1. Drug proving A. Proving on healthy human beings. By proving the drugs on healthy human beings the real and pure effects of the drug substance can be obtained. This is the most scientific and authentic way of collecting knowledge of drugs. Both subjective and objective symptoms are collected.

25. B. Proving on animals . From drug proving on animals collected objective symptoms up to some extent including pathological changes can be observed. In this experiments drugs are administered in varying doses upon lower animals especially the vertebrates to assess their effects on diff. organs .This experiments finding are not regard as of grade one value but they are treated as a common symptoms and they help when other guiding symptoms are not available.

26. 2. Clinical sources During clinical practice when some new symptoms produced by the medicine which have not been observed in the process of drug proving of that medicine such clinical symptoms constitute a good source of materia medica.

27. 3. Accidental sources T here are certain molecules or substances of the medicines are not proved but whose curative action is accidentally discovered so this type of source is called as accidental source of materia medica. E.g. Blatta orientalis in asthma

28. 4. Chemical sources From the knowledge of chemistry of the drugs we can know the physical and chemical properties of drug and we can get some idea of its action on the body. Action produced by drugs in chemical factories, may be different in human being in different quantities.

29. 5. Toxicological sources By the way of toxicological sources we can obtained affects from un natural use and overdosing of drugs taken in crud form. These indicate gross effects of drugs showing changes in anatomy and physiology of tissues which are comparable with pathological morbid changes in disease condition.

30. 6. Proving on plants Drugs act on all living things like animals , plants etc . so some symptoms of drugs can be studied by proving on plants. We can get some idea of pathological changes produced by the drugs by studying the morphological and histological characteristic changes occurring during experiments on plants.

31. 7. Empirical sources It is collected from historical evidences. It is traditional source. This is based on guess work which attempts to expound the general therapeutic value of the drugs. From the time of Dioscorieds (60 A.D.) the medicinal properties were known as diuretics, antispasmodic etc.

32. 8. Doctrine of Signature It is a pseudo rational way of ascertain the curative power of the drug substances in relation between the external physical properties of the drug substance and the signs and symptoms present in patients. E.g. The drug prepared from the yellow flowers of Gelsemium acts well in jaundice. P ulsatilla -flowers are always moving on plants so given to person whose nature and symptoms gets frequently changing.

33. Sources of Homoeopathic materia medica 1 ) Fragmenta de viribus 2 ) Materia medica pura 3 ) Chronic disease 4) Drug proving 5) Clinical sources 6 ) Accidental sources 7) Chemical sources

34. 8) Toxicological sources 9) Proving on plants 10) Empirical sources 11) Doctrine of Signature

35. 1. Fragmenta de viribus Fragmenta de viribus Written by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann in 1805. This book contain total 27 drugs which is written in latin language. The work containing the first collection of remedies which had been proven on healthy human being, deals with the remedies together with a number of symptoms found during proving.

36. 2) Materia Medica Pura Materia medica pura written by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann in 1811 it was published in German language. After publication of Fragmenta de viribus Dr. Hahnemann had done extensive work on drug proving and he spent six years of research as a result he published in six volumes. Materia medica pura contain pure symptoms because proving conducted on healthy human being who are living in good environment and no symptoms had been recorded during any extra ordinary situations.

37. 3) The Chronic Disease The chronic disease published by Dr. Hahnemann in 1828. T he chronic disease also contains new series of medicines. T he chronic disease contains theoretical part and anti psoric medicines with drug pathogenesis which is verified by Richard Huges and made necessary correction and explanation for giving full meaning and value of symptoms. Maximum symptoms in the chronic disease recorded after giving the medicine in 30 th potency.

38. Different types of Homoeopathic Materia medica 1. Source book of materia medica 2. Physiological materia medica 3. Key note type of materia medica 4. Clinical materia medica 5. Lecture type of materia medica 6. Text book type of materia medica

39. 7. Drug picture type of Materia medica 8. Comparative type of materia medica 9. Therapeutic materia medica 10 . Encyclopedia

40. 1. Source book of materia medica This is a book written by Dr. Hahnemann which consist of real, pure and reliable symptoms of about 67 drugs which proved on healthy human beings. Symptoms recorded in word of person acted upon by a drug and admit no misinterpretation to medical terminology. All the proved symptoms of every drug mention in anatomical schematic method means arrangement of symptoms given from head to foot.

41. 2. Physiological materia medica P hysiological type of materia medica contains the physiological action of our drugs together with their characteristic indications. E.g. Physiological Materia Medica by Burt. A Manual of Pharmacodynamics by hughes .

42. 3. Key note type of materia medica In key note type of materia medica only peculiar characteristic symptoms are given. In comparing the symptoms of medicine we find that each medicine present peculiar differences from other medicines. It suggest the remedy in busy practice and make snap prescription when any doctor using key note materia medica then he should have a proper knowledge of whole remedy.

43. E.g. Allen’s Key notes leading remedies of the materia medica by H.C Allen Synoptic key to Materia Medica by C.M. Boger Characteristic Materia Medica by Burt.

44. 4. Clinical materia medica This type of materia medica constructed on the basis of clinical observation by genuine homoeopathic physicians by their day to day practice along with the actions of medicines, relations and other things about the remedies under consideration. E.g. Clinical Materia Medica by E. A. Farrington A Dictionary of practical materia medica by J.H. Clarke Pocket manual of homoeopathic materia medica with repertory by Dr. W. Boericke .

45. 5. Lecture type of materia medica In lecture type of materia medica sign and symptoms of the drug written in continuous running lecture. A s the name suggests in this type of materia medica comprises informative lectures delivered by Dr. K ent in colleges. E.g. Lecture on materia medica By Dr. J. T. Kent

46. 6. Text book type of materia medica Text book type of materia medica is specially designed for the students of homoeopathic filed. In this type of materia medica drugs are described in anatomical schema and lists the characteristic and most prominent symptoms of each remedy. E.g. The guiding symptoms of our materia medica by Dr. Hering . Pocket manual of homoeopathic materia medica with repertory by Dr. W. Boericke .

47. 7. Drug picture type of Materia medica In this type of materia medica the pathogenesis of the drug is presented in picture method. It is to make materia medica more lively and easy to memorize. E.g. Homoeopathic Drug pictures by M.L. Tyler Homoeopathic materia medica of graphical drug pictures by Pulford

48. Abies canadensis [ Abies -c] Craves meat, pickles and other coarse food; has a gnawing sense in the epigastrium and tendency to eat beyond the capacity of digestion; the eating is followed by distension of the stomach and hard beating of the heart; has a pain beneath the right scapula; shivers as if the blood was turning to water, lies with the legs drawn up, irritable, canine hunger; has burning and distension at the stomach and abdomen with palpitation; chills run down the back, as of cold water between the shoulders. Its principal indications seem to be the inordinate appetite and the craving for coarse food. Clinical It is especially useful for women with uterine displacements; has a sore feeling at the fundus, better pressure; thinks the womb soft and feeble. As if the lung and liver were small and hard.

49. 8. Comparative type of materia medica In comparative materia medica there is a comparison of different drug given at different level. E.g. Organ level, disease level, symptom level etc. This type of materia medica is helpful for comparison of medicine when physician is confused between two medicines. E.g. The comparative materia medica by Dr. E. A. Farrington. Comparative materia medica by Gross.

50. 9. Therapeutic materia medica In therapeutic type of materia medica drugs are studied under the heading of different disease conditions. E.g. Homoeopathic therapeutics by Lilienthal. The practical homoeopathic therapeutics by W. A. D ewey.

51. 10. Encyclopedia Encyclopedia written by Dr. T. F. Allen A complete guide to materia medica in 12 comprehensive volumes. T he Biggest work on materia medica in homoeopathy.

52. Different ways of studying materia medica 1. Anatomical schematic way 2. P hysiological way 3. Key note study 4. Comparative study 5. Picture type of study 6. Therapeutic way

53. 7. Psychological way 8. Group study 9. Remedy relationship study 10. Combined method

54. 1. Anatomical schematic way It is a very systematic way of studying Materia medica which is founded by Dr. Hahnemann and studied each drug after the provings on healthy human beings collected and arranged all symptoms in an anatomical schematic way from head to foot. ( like mind, head, eye, nose ear, mouth, throat, abdomen etc.).

55. 2. Physiological way In this way the drug is studied in the manner as to how it acts in the system. T his method of study provides a new vista for homoeopathy to receive a scientific base from physiological and pathological stand point.

56. 3. Key note study The characteristic symptoms of each drug are presented in this type of study. This has been done in order to make the study of materia medica short, synthetic, and comprehensive.

57. 4. Comparative study In comparative study The symptoms of one drug is compared with the symptoms of another drug showing both similar symptoms and dissimilar symptoms, where dissimilar are guides for differentiation to one from another. The comparison can be made at various levels such as: At symptom level – comparison based on various symptoms let us take burning as example. If it is relived by hot application, then it is arsenic album. If it is relived by cold application then it is sulphur.

58. B ) At disease level – Comparison of various drugs indicated for a particular disease condition. A state of collapse the patient wants to be fanned all the time – carbo veg. Craves fresh air, skin felt cold, yet throws off the covers – camphor, sec.cor . cold and bathed in cold perspiration – veretrum alb

59. C) Organ level – Drugs having resemblance to each other in their pathogenesis are compared. E.g. Cina and chamomilla , Hepar sulph and S ilicea , Rhus . tox and B ryonia alba etc. D) Classes level – Comparison according to chemical groups , botanical classification, Reptiles, Insect remedies etc.

60. 5. Picture type of study Here the pathogenesis of the drug is presented into a picture method. It is to make the materia medica more lively and easy to memorise . Picture study provides a larger field of flexibility both for drug pathogenesis and symptom syndrome of sick individuals.

61. 6. Therapeutic way Here the drug symptoms are studied under the heading of different diseases. The drug having the power of curing a particular disease are discussed in different chapters. E .g. Typhoid – various drugs like Bryonia alba, Baptisia ,Acid phos , Gelsemium etc. are discussed. In this type, the holistic approach is lost. This provides a ready made guide to physician at bedside. This type of study can be done only after a full grasp over the pathogenesis of many drugs.

62. 7. Psychological way In psychological way of studying materia medica Mental Symptoms & Psychological spheres are analyzed , Drugs are individualized on basis of Personality, Temperament and Understanding of mental symptoms etc.  Understanding the essence of a remedy and applying it at emotional, mental levels, makes the study of materia medica more enlightening.

63. 8. Group study Drugs  belonging to same family ( vegetable   Kingdom), belonging  to same group (mineral kingdom) and same species ( animals or insects) express many symptoms similar to the other medicine from their own source groups. E.g. Anacardiaceae , solanaceae , Ferrum group, Natrum Group, magnesium group, spiders, Reptiles etc. In this type of study General features of each groups described with their Features   and differentiating  characteristics. Medicines can be remember easily in this way of study

64. 9. Remedy relationship study Remedy relationship is commonly understood as relations between remedies in the form of complementary, antidote, inimical etc . The remedy relationships tables have been used as references, mostly for second prescription, to antidote and to avoid inimical reactions . However, Boenninghausen’s work on Remedy Relationships is elaborate and has a wide range of application. His work on Remedy Relationships appeared as Concordance in his Therapeutic Pocket Book.

65. 10. Combined method In this type we can study a particular drug from various angles at a time by following the above mention methods. This is the best method of studying the materia medica, because we are exposed to various styles of presentation of same drug with different aspects.

66. Remedy relationship Therapeutic actions of homoeopathic remedies are related to each other in many ways. Generally the homoeopathic physician aims at finding the simillimum for treating patients . But the relationships of remedies should also be kept in mind before prescribing any medicine.

67. Antidotes : Remedies that able to control the over-action of any remedy administered. Complementary: When this relationship is very close the two related remedies are said to be complementary to one another. Inimical: some remedies have a very injurious effect on each other’s action when one is given immediately after the other . Compatible : Drugs following well. Incompatible : they must not follow each other without an intervening remedy or considerable time .

68. Scope and limitation of Homoeopathic materia medica Scope Holistic approach - Holistic approach found in homoeopathic materia medica. Treating the person in homoeopathy consider a person as a whole not only consider the symptom of the disease condition.

69. 2 . Drugs Proved on healthy human beings - Symptoms are collected by proving the drugs on  healthy human beings of different ages, both sexes and different constitutions . Medicine is applied on the sick individual on the basis of symptoms similarity. According to law of individualization, no two humans are alike. Susceptibility differ from one person to another. During a process of drug proving we got a wide range of symptoms which can be applied on sick individual in various disease conditions.

70. 3. Collection of subjective symptoms – subjective symptoms are those symptoms which felt by the patient and homoeopathic materia medica having such symptoms after proving on healthy human beings. T he exact sensation, location, modality and concomitants are collected, so that is helpful in choosing the nearest simillimum.   4. Verified and confirmed symptoms – Homoeopathic materia medica filled with the symptoms which are collected from the proving on healthy human beings. Same Symptoms are present in number of provers so confirmed symptoms are there and those symptoms are verified on sick individuals.

71. 5. Large number of medicine and symptoms – Homoeopathic materia medica contains large number of medicines with wide range of symptoms which are helpful in choosing most simillimum medicine. 6. Homoeopathy is very effective in cure diseases from psychological disease to pathological diseases with structural changes also. 7.With understanding of diathesis & disposition of person  through materia medica it helps to find out prophylactic remedy.

72. 8.Study of materia medica helps in understanding relation existing between two or more remedies. 9. Study of materia medica helps in miasmatic evolution of person as well as drug. 10. Study of materia medica helps in formulating questions in case taking because homoeopathic materia medica having wide variety of subjective symptoms with modality.

73. Limitation Every science has some limitations Homoeopathy is not an exception . 1. No pathological changes recorded – During the proving drugs were withdrawn before pathological changes took place. The altered symptomatology recorded are purely functional. But in homoeopathy advance pathological cases like inflammatory bowel disease , tumours , hemiplegia etc. are cure with homoeopathic remedies.

74. 2. Limitation for surgical cases - Homoeopathy having limitation in acute emergency surgical disease and homoeopathy having very little scope in congestive cardiac failure, accidental cases etc. 3. Homoeopathic materia medica contain vast number of medicinal symptoms which are difficult for human brain to recall all the symptoms. E.g . Drug like Apis mellifica has covered 64 pages in Hering’s guiding symptoms, sulphur 99 pages in Allen’s encyclopedia .

75. 4. Lack of objective symptoms – Homoeopathic materia medica is filled with subjective symptoms. In homoeopathy we are not conducting the process of drug proving on animals so lack of few objective symptoms are there. 5. P artially proved remedies – Many homoeopathic medicines in our materia medica are proved partially which are known as rare medicines. Their utilization is difficult due to lack of verified records. 6. No dependable pre operative, post operative or preventive drugs in our homoeopathic materia medica. It has little scope in the field of contraception , drug induced abortion and anesthesia etc.

76. CONSTITUTION According to S tuart close, “ Constitution is that aggregate of hereditary characters, influenced more or less by environment, which determines the individual’s reaction, successful or unsuccessful, to the stress of environment. ” In simple words it means the inherited and acquired physical, emotional and intellectual make up of the person.

77. Constitution means, the physical make up of body including Mode of performance and its functions T he activity of its metabolic processes. The manner and degree of its reaction to stimuli Its power of resistance to the attack of pathogens. In ordinary words, constitution is the inherited qualities cum environment having genetic background. As the gene varies with the individual, so also the constitution. It is because of the individualistic character of constitution that it has been assigned an important role in homoeopathy.

78. Contents of constitution Physical make up Temperament Relation with hot and cold M iasmatic background Diathesis

79. 1. Physical make up : It includes general look or appearance of individual. E.g. Colour of skin and hair, facial expressions, weather person is thin or fat etc. 2. Temperament : It is the constitutional disposition including the persons manner and thinking his/her action, general view about the life as well as his way of reacting to the environmental condition and other circumstances. E.g. Nervous, sanguine, melancholic etc.

80. 3. Relation with hot and cold : It includes the relation of that individual towards hot and cold. Thermal state include either hot, cold or ambithermal. If the patient is aggravated by cold then it is called as chilly patient. If the patient is aggravated by hot then it is called as hot patient. The thermal state of the patient has been collected by asking questions during case taking. E.g. Itching aggravated during summer Aggravation from covering Draft of cold air aggravate

81. 4. Miasmatic background : It is dynamic disease producing power which pollutes the human organism and become the producer of every possible disease condition. E.g. Psora , Sycosis , syphilis 5. Diathesis : It is an unusual predisposition to particular disease condition. The diathesis is an inherited or acquired condition of the organism which make susceptibility to particular disease condition. E.g. Rheumatic, scrofulous etc.

82. Types of constitution Constitution are classified under following two classification. A) Dr. Vannier’s classification Dr. Vannier’s classification is based on main calcium salts entering into the formation of bones. According to this classification, constitutions are classified in following type. C arbonic constitution Phosphoric constitution Fluoric constitution

83. 1.Carbonic constitution T his constitution covers persons who are Mentally and physically upright H aving regular teeth Slight angle between forearm and arm Undemonstrative, responsible and capable P rone to arthritis and eczema Miasm – Psora Remedies – Kali.carb , Mag.carb , Cal.carb etc.

84. 2. Phosphoric constitution This constitution covers person who are H aving scrofulous or tubercular diathesis Tall, thin, delicate and easily tired persons Teeth are long, Yellow but well fitted Susceptible to disease of chest and lung. Miasm – Sycosis Remedies – Cal.Phos , Kali.Phos , Mur.Acid

85. 3. Fluoric constitution This constitution covers person who are Body formation is unbalanced and irregular Having outstretched limbs Teeth are irregular and ill fitted, untidy, cunning Capable of heroism, Sanctity or wickedness Prone to nervous disorder, dislocation and suicidal tendency. Miasm – Syphilis Remedies – Calc.flour , Fluoric acid

86. B) Dr. Von Grauvogl’s classification Grauvogal arranged the morbid constitutions according to excess or deficiency of certain elements in the tissue and blood. For every organ and every tissue breaths, and if the lungs are the gate-way and the blood the carrier it to the tissues which are the ultimate recipients of the oxygen that is breathed. Dr. Von Grauvogal has classified constitution into 1) Hydrogenoid constitution 2) Oxygenoid constitution 3) Carbo - nitrogenoid constitution

87. 1) Hydrogenoid constitution This is characterized by an excess of hydrogen and consequently of water in the blood and tissues. These include all those persons whose complaints are aggravated by moisture and humidity. They are prone to dropsy and anasarca and suffers from tissue growth of benign types. Intermittent fever and periodicity come within its sphere. This constitution corresponds closely to Dr. Hahnemann’s sycosis Remedies – Ars.alb , Dulcamara , Nat.sulph , Rhus.tox etc.

88. 2) Oxygenoid constitution There is accumulation of excess of oxygen and consequently exaggerates breaking down of hydro-carbons, nitrogenoids , and albuminous tissue and bones with the result they are destroyed easily. The person is thin and complain of weight loss inspite of having food, appetite and eating well. They have prominent glands, weak bones and anaemia . Destructive complaints involving genital organs and C.N.S

89. Oxyegenoid are commonly called nervous individuals and are characterized by increased physical and mental activities. Body is prone to ulceration. Oxygenoid constitution corresponds to Dr. Hahnemann’s syphilis. Remedies – Calc.phos , Ferrum.phos , Kali.iod , Syphylinum , Merc . sol etc.

90. 3) Carbo - nitrogenoid constitution This characterized by an excess of carbon and nitrogen or insufficient oxygenation and the complaints are caused by retarded nutrition. Persons with this constitution suffer mostly from disease arising out of functional derangement of body and mind, marked by erratic working of main organs of body such as heart, lung, liver, kidney etc. accounting for disease flowing from their defects.

91. General symptoms are short breath, frequent pulse, constipation or diarrhoea , flatulence, urinary troubles, Gouty pains , Pruritus , Irritability etc. This constitution corresponds to Dr. Hahnemann’s Psora . Remedies – Arsenic, Sulphur, Lycopodium , Nat. mur etc

92. Constitutional remedies (CR) Remedies which are usually employed in chronic diseases that are suited to the constitution of the patient.

93. Types of Temperament The temperament is the constitutional disposition including the person’s manner and thinking, his actions, general view about life as well as his way of reacting with the environmental conditions and other circumstances. In homoeopathy there is frequent mention of temperament and temperament is considered in case taking and prescribing the remedies.

94. 1 ) Nervous temperament 2) Bilious temperament 3) Sanguine temperament 4) Phlegmatic temperament 5 ) Melancholic temperament 6) Irritable temperament 7) Lymphatic temperament

95. 1. NERVOUS TEMPERAMENT: The patient is mentally and physically alert and active, nerves easily excitable. Takes quick decisions and act very rapidly. Impatient , always in hurry, hypochondriac in nature They are weak agitated and apprehensive . They are loquacious, expressive and intellectual beings. Frequent pulse, complaints of GIT and heart commonly found. Example: Chamomilla , Acteae Racemosa , Agaricus Muscurius etc.

96. 2) Bilious temperament The individual having dark complexion Tendency to liver disorders Patient is unstable, extroverted, Active , optimistic , excitable , aggressive Ill humoured persons Generalized pigmentation High blood pressure, Slow pulse Well developed muscles, Strong appetite Example : Aloe Socotrina , Argentum Nitricum , Podophyllum , Nux.vom

97. 3. SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT Name is derived from Latin word “ sangus ” means blood . The individual is quick in action. Patient is optimistic, confident full of vigor. Patient is easy going, talkative, sociable , lively and carefree Blood related diseases and vascular abnormalities are seen . Patient is plethoric hopeful with fair complexion, light hair and eyes, a full pulse and good digestion .  Example: Aconitum napellus , Cactus grandiflorus , Arnica, Silicea etc

98. 4. PHLEGMATIC TEMPERAMENT The individual having Phlegm or mucosal discharges are much present in this temperament Patient is introverted, reliable, peaceful, thoughtful and calm in nature Patient is sluggish, indifferent, calm and very lazy . Pallor of skin, slow shallow respiration Venous stasis are important findings in this type Example: Pulsatilla , Cyclamen Europaeum , Mezereum etc

99. 5) Melancholic temperament Name derived from greek words, “ melan ” means black and “ chole ” means bile. Patient is quite , reserved , pessimistic always thinks about negative sides of things . Silent natured, emaciated, lean body with sad and depressed mentality. Example: Aurum Metallicum, Baryta Carbonica, Colchicum etc.

100. 6. IRRITABLE TEMPERAMENT The individual is more prone to irritation and tendency to get angry easily. Easily vexed person. They are very restless. Very difficult to please , becomes angry easily Example: Apis Mellifica , Aethusa Cynapium , Chamomilla etc.

101. 7. LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT The temperament is result of profuse flow of lymph in the lymphatic system. Sluggish , pale patients with lean , flabby muscles and slow Shallow respiration and inflammation of the skin and lymphatic. T hey are show slowness of digestion, stomach ulcer, constipation, Fistula, piles Complaints related to glandular swelling and lymphatic system are very common. Example : Baptisia , Thuja , Belladonna, Hep . Sulph etc

102. Diathesis The diathesis is an inherited or acquired condition of the organism which make susceptibility to particular disease condition. The disease dispositions arising from the defects of constitution can be called as the diathesis. Due to our individuality, our perceptions, experiences and responses towards external stimuli are unique from each other. This is how our origin of disease, trauma or stress, are filtered through our diathesis.

103. Types of Diathesis 1.Lymphatic Diathesis 2.Dyscratic Diathesis 3.Uric acid (Rheumatic gouty diathesis) 4.Tubercular Diathesis 5.Haemorrhagic Diathesis 6. Scrofulous Diathesis

104. 1.Lymphatic Diathesis This diathesis is caused by malfunction of lymphatic system. This is associated with alter function of thymus gland. Psoric factors lead to the development of a this diathesis in childhood. First involves- S kin, mucosa Finally up the internal organ and system . Skin affections like dermatitis, weeping eczema are often present during the first week of life . They are followed by coryza , bronchitis and repeated colds . Indicated homoeopathic remedies are C al.carb , Baryta.carb , Silicea , Sulphur, Psorinum etc.

105. 2.Dyscratic Diathesis The word Dyscrasia means “ a state of imbalance”. This state facilitates the carcinomatous growth and malignant blood disorders. It may cause degeneration in nervous system. This diathesis is similar to the syphilitic miasm . Indicated homoeopathic remedies are Acid.nit , Plumbum met, Carbo animalis , Syphilinum etc.

106. 3.Uric acid (Rheumatic gouty diathesis) There is impairment of uric acid metabolism in the body associated disturbed fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Symptoms like eating disorders, nervous irritability and tendency to ketoacidosis are commonly observed in the patients with uric acid diathesis. These patients are easily susceptible to gout, arthritis, obesity and type 2 diabetes. C ommon diseases are hypertension, migraine, kidney disease, liver disease. This diathesis is similar to the sycotic miasm . Indicated homoeopathic remedies are Thuja , Bryonia , Actia racemosa , Sarsaparilla etc.

107. 4.Tubercular Diathesis Development of this type of diathesis after infection of mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bad effects from tuberculosis can get passed on to the descendants. Patient with history of whooping cough, Broncho Pneumonia, Bronchitis can develop this type of diathesis. Physically patient may be lean, thin, Emaciated and having extreme weakness, they may get cold very easily. Mentally observed that they are being strong. Indicated homoeopathic medicines are Tuberculinum , Cal.carb , Kali carb etc.

108. 5.Haemorrhagic Diathesis This is an acquired or congenital predisposition towards the bleeding disorders. This is characterized by a tendency to repeated bleeding either may be spontaneous or following minor injuries. A wide range of bleeding severity can be observed. Minor bleeding from skin or mucous membrane to massive hemorrhages from blood vessels. Fatal bleeding also may occur from organs like Gastro intestinal, uterus etc. Indicated homoeopathic remedies are Phosphorus, Hamamelis , Arnica etc.

109. 6. Scrofulous Diathesis Scrofula means a disease with the swelling of the glands. Hardening of the inflamed glands may lead to the formation of the sinus or fistula. Healing of these lesions may produce permanent scar. Development this diathesis are observed to through a combination of psoric and syphilitic miasm . Indicated homoeopathic remedies are Digitalis, Conium.mac, Sulphur, Apis.mel etc

110. What is modality? Describe different type of modality. Modalities are conditions that affects or modifies a particular symptom or the state of patient as a whole. In simple words modalities are conditions that make patient or his symptoms better or worse. In other words, modalities are aggravation or amelioration of particular complaints or the state of the patient as a whole with regard to various factors. Modalities are one of the part of the complete symptom.

111. It comprises of two aspects : Aggravation (< ): Means increase of the intensity or degree of the sufferings. Amelioration (>): Means diminution or relief of the intensity of symptoms.

112. Types of modality: General modalities: Modalities, which are applying to the patient as a whole. E.g. Patient feels better in open air Patient having aggravation from cold. Patient having aggravation in cloudy weather. Particular modalities : Modalities, Which are related to particular organ or system in a body of the patient. E.g. Headache is relived by tight bandaging. Colic relived by bending double. Burning of skin relived by cold application.

113. Besides this there are also other types of modalities like. Time modality: Includes the time period, during which the intensity of the symptoms of the patient aggravates or ameliorates. E.g. Complaints aggravates at morning 4am – Nux vomica Complaints aggravates at 4-9 pm – Colocynthis full moon aggravation – Alumina

114. Bio - chemic system of medicine Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich Schuessler Oldenberg , Germany (1821-1898) Founder of Bio chemic system of medicine in 1873

115. Definition Bio-chemic system of medicine may be defined as, the branch of therapeutics based on the LAW OF DEFICIENCY. i.e. the deficiency of inorganic salts which cause disequilibrium in the harmonious functioning of the organic constituents of the cell, so it must be corrected by supplying the requisite proportion of the inorganic salt .

116. Virchow’s Cellular Pathology:- Dr. Schuessler was greatly influenced by R.Virchow , the founder of cellular pathology. According to Virchow, ‘ The nature of the disease is the disease of the cells.’ Dr.Schuessler agreed with Virchow that the basic cause of all life processes and the changes in organs and tissues was to be found in the sensitivity of the cells. Dr.Schuessler on gaining inspiration from articles formulated a new system of therapeutics. In march 1873 he published his articles ‘An abridged homoeopathic Therapeutics .’

117. Dr.Schuessler , after 15 years of homoeopathic practice, became particularly interested in the important inorganic salts of which the human body is composed of, and in their quantitative relations . 1873 is considered the birth year of biochemistry . In 1874 Dr. S chuessler’s 1 st work appeared. It’s tittle was ‘ an abridged therapy on the basis of physiology and cellular pathology’.

118. Bio chemic therapeutic is based on the physiological fact that structure and vitality of organs of body dependent upon certain necessary quantities and apportionment of its organic constituents. T hese organic constituents are in a very real sense, the material basis of the organs and tissues of the body, and are absolutely essential for their integrity of structure and functional activity. According to Dr. Schussler any disturbance in the molecular motion of these cell salts in living, due to deficiency in the required amount by administering the same mineral salts in small quantity and thus, required equilibrium could be re-established.

119. In simple words, twelve elements constitute mineral basis of cells of the body. A disturbance, deficiency or any abnormality of these salts causes the disease and this disease can be cured or rectified by administering the same mineral salts in small quantity. Two kind of substances are needed in this process of tissue building, ultimately in body organization and both of these are present or found in the blood. Organic Inorganic Organic substances are sugar, fat and albumin substances, which serves physical basis of tissues.

120. Inorganic : Salt and water S alts like : Potash, lime, silica, iron, magnesium and sodium are believed to determine particular kind of cell to build up. In blood these inorganic and organic constituents must be present in sufficient quantity and proper relation. By their presence in the blood all the organs and tissue in the body are formed fixed and made permanent in their functions. Disturbance in their proper quantity disturbed the function in body which constituted the disease.

121. To rectify effects produced by disturbance in molecular motion of tissue salts, Dr. Schussler has introduced following twelve tissue remedies: 1. Calcarea Phosphorica 2. Ferrum phosphoricum 3. Kali Phosphoricum 4. Magnesium phosphoricum 5. Natrum phosphoricum 6. Kali Muraticum

122. 7. Natrum muriaticum 8. Calcarea s ulphuricum 9. Kali sulphuricum 10. Natrum sulphuricum 11. Calcarea fluoricum 12. Silicea

123. DOSE – Bio chemic remedies are administered in minimal doses corresponding in minuteness to the cellular salts in the tissue. POTENCY : Bio chemic medicines are usually prepared in trituration form and in decimal potency mostly 3x & 6x used. REPETITION : I n acute cases a dose every hour or two, in severe painful affections a dose every ten to fifteen minutes, in chronic affection one to four doses daily. EXTERNAL APPLICATION : O n wounds dissolved in water dipped in clothes.