Materials Chemhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhistry Master Course.pptx

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1. Advanced Materials Chemistry CHEM 623 Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Sohag University Prof. Dr. Tarek T. Ali 2 nd Floor, Room No. 111, Building 3 3 rd Floor, Applied Materials Science Lab E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://staffsites.sohag-univ.edu.eg/tarek_ali

2. Simple Precautions to Follow in the Class Wear a mask Practice social distancing (at least 6 feet) Clean your hands with hand sanitizer Always keep windows open Leave the first-row empty inside the class

3. Teaching Strategy Face to Face 12 Lecture Group I Group II Group III

4. Ways of Communication Send To [email protected] Name: ……………………….. E-mail: ………………………. Course: CHEM 623

5. Grading Grading Item Mark Quizzes (1 st & 2 nd ), Attendance 20% 30 m Assignments 10% 15 m Final Oral Exam 10% 15 m Final Exam 60 % 90 m Total Marks 150

6. Course Syllabus Advanced Aspects of Modern Materials Chemistry Design, Synthesis and Properties of Materials Applications of Materials Energy Materials Characterization of Materials Magnetic Materials Processing & Molecular – Level Interaction Electronic Materials Polymeric Materials Catalytic Materials Cement Materials Biomaterials Nanomaterials Materials

7. Resources Chapter 1 What Is “Materials Chemistry”? Chapter 3 Metals Chapter 4 Semiconductors Chapter 5 Polymeric Materials Chapter 6 Nanomaterials Chapter 7 Materials Characterization

8. Part I Introduction to Materials Science 1 What is Materials Chemistry? 3 Basic Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry 4 Structure Determination and Special Techniques for Materials Characterization Part II Different Types of Materials 6 Polymers 8 Metals 16 Biomedical Materials 17 Materials in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Resources

9. Chapter 24: Materials chemistry and nanomaterials Synthesis of materials Optical properties of inorganic materials Nanomaterials Nanostructures and properties Resources

10. Definition 1: A branch of science that focuses on materials; interdisciplinary field composed of physics and chemistry. Definition 2: Relationship of material properties to its composition and structure. What is material science? What is a material scientist? A person who uses his/her combined knowledge of physics, chemistry and metallurgy to exploit property-structure combinations for practical use.

11. What is Materials Chemistry? Materials Chemistry is the section of Materials Science and Engineering that investigates the chemical nature of materials. This is a fast-growing and highly interdisciplinary area with very flexible boundaries. The diverse nature of materials arises from their atomic composition and their complex molecular structures, which are organized over many different length scales. The resulting intricate معقد micro- and nanostructures lead to striking لافت للنظر physical properties, such as electrical, optical and mechanical behavior, which are of both scientific and technological importance. Such materials range from the everyday (concrete, glass, aluminum) to those used in aerospace, microelectronics and medicine.

12. Materials Chemistry Performance Synthesis & Processing Properties Structure & Composition Structure and Properties of Solids: An Overview

13. Materials chemistry impacts on a wide range of societal challenges including:  Communications and information technology  Advanced manufacturing  Materials efficiency  Environment and climate change  Healthcare  Biotechnology  Renewable and sustainable energy What is a Materials Chemist? Materials chemists, through understanding how materials work, can create state-of-the-art materials for cutting-edge applications as well as enhance existing materials to boost performance. Materials Chemist can control the structure of a material, from the atomic- to the macro-level, so that properties, such as strength, electrical conduction and optical activity, can be tailored to suit a particular application.

14. A Brief History o f Material s Chemistry Weight: 240 g Battery Lifetime: 20 hours and 18 minutes (talk time) , 1 hr. recharge time Today iPhone 13 , Cost: $ 899 Li-ion battery 1983 DynaTAC ’ Hal f - marathon worl d record (58 minutes) mobile phone Record English Channel swi m (6 hours , 5 7 min) Lance Armstrong s clim b u p Tunitas Creek (20 minutes)

15. Material s chemistr y & batteries 1991 (commercial L i - io n batteries) Weight: 1000 g (2.2 lbs) Battery Lifetime: 30 min (talk time), 1 hr (standby), 10 hr recharge time 1983 DynaTAC Cost: $8800 (2011 dollars) mobile phone Weight: 240 g Battery Lifetime: 20 hours and 18 minutes (talk time) , 1 hr. recharge time Today iPhone 13 , Cost: $ 899 Li-ion battery

16. Material s chemistr y & electroni c storage Weight: 0.5 g Cost: $ 266 Size : 75.18mm x 27mm x 21.02mm 2022 (2 T B) 1980 (20 GB) For d F - 150 (~4500 lbs) Baby grand pian o (~600 lbs) 1 TB hard drive (~3 lbs)

17. 1980 (20 GB) For d F-150 (~$30,000) McLaure n F1 (~ $9 7 , 000) Paul Allen’s yacht (~ $100 m illi o n ) Material s chemistr y & electroni c storage Weight: 0.5 g Cost: $ 266 Size : 75.18mm x 27mm x 21.02mm 2022 (2 T B)

18. 1980 (20 GB) W e i gh t: 2,000,000 g ( 4400 lbs) Cost: $648,000 - $1,137,600 Size: 7 0’’ x 4 4 ’’ x 32’’ (for eac h 2.5 GB cabinet) Material s chemistr y & electroni c storage Weight: 0.5 g Cost: $ 266 Size : 75.18mm x 27mm x 21.02mm 2022 (2 T B)

19. 1 μm 1947: the first transistor Today: Intel quad core i7 processor (~8 billion transistors)

20. No t everythin g is goin g nano 20 year s ago (500 calories) Today (850 calories) 20 years ago (3 inch diameter , 140 calories) Today ( 5- 6 inch diameter , 350 calories)

21. Material s chemistr y & Medical Advances Tissue Engineering Biomedical implants J us t 15 year s ago, Bob L a nger and his colleague J os e p h V aca n t i p ioneered a rema rk a b l e new process - growin g huma n tissue s in th e lab . Back in 1987, Langer and Vacanti couldn' t ge t thei r work published ; journal editor s didn' t se e any practical applications. Today, th e pai r are acknowledged as th e father s of th e fiel d of tissu e engineerin g . Now , Langer, Vacanti a nd hi s brothe r Charles , as wel l as team s o f researchers around th e world , pursu e the da y whe n replacement tissue s and organ s are readi l y available, custom-mad e fo r thos e wh o need them. ( Source: http://www.pbs.org/saf / 1107/features/body.ht m ) A devic e tha t recognizes tongu e movements and translate s the m int o words, serving lik e an articifial laryn x. It fit s into th e mouth using a palatometer, a device typicall y use d in speech therapy . A smal l synthesizer woul d b e wor n in a shirt p ocket t o transmi t the words . (Source: http://gajitz.com/tongue- tech-artifici a l -l a r y nx- t r a ck s - tongue-transit-to-talk/ )

22. What is materials chemistr y (i.e., wha t wil l yo u learn)? Probing and controlling 1) th e relationships between arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules in a material & 2) th e material’s overall bulk properties Theory Predictions using analytic technique s (MO theory , symmetry) Applications energy, biomaterials, medicin e , nanoscience Structure understanding extended imag e from http: // w ww .n p l . co. uk Synthesis solutio n chemistry or Properties characterizing ioni c and molecula r a r rangements (solids and complexes) bottom-up fabrication of basic building blocks molecula r responses/ reactivit y t o forces & fields

23. Egyptians : Cosmetics , Glassmaking , Metallurg y (4000 BCE)

24. Democritus (420 BCE) : Atomi c Hypothesis “The only rea l things are atoms and e m pty space ; all else i s mer e opinion.”

25. Rene-Jus t Hauy (1743-1822) – m ineralogist who discovered crystal planes

26. Lavosier (1777) – discovered mass conservation, H, O; denounced phlogiston theory

27. Sir Humphre y Davy (1778) – inventor of electrochemistry & discoverer of alkal i metals

28. Michae l Faraday : Discovers semiconductor s – n egativ e temperature coefficient of resistance (1833)

29. Johan n Dobereiner (1817) - n otice d relation s between atomic weight s o f similar elements ‘Dobereiner Triads’ Li = 7 Na = 7 + 16 = 23 K = 23 + 16 = 39 Ca = 12 + 8 =20 S r = 20 + 24 = 44 Ba = 4 4 + 24 = 68 S = 32 S e = 32+47= 79 Te = 7 9 + 47 = 126 Also latera l relations were observed: Cl - P = B r - A s = I - S b = 5

30. Mendelee v & Meyer s (1871): ordering accordin g to atomi c weights and simila r properties. The elements , i f arrange d accordin g t o their atomic weight , exhibi t an apparent periodicit y of proper t ies. *Element s whic h ar e simila r i n regards t o their chemica l propertie s hav e atomi c weight s which ar e eithe r o f nearly th e sam e value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) o r whic h increas e regularly ( e . g ., K , R b , Cs). We must expec t th e discover y o f many yet unknow n elements–fo r example , tw o elements, analogous t o Al and S i , whos e atomic weights woul d b e betwee n 65 and 75.

31. Luigi Galvan i (1781): Precursor to the battery with “Animal Electricity.”

32. Cu Zn Cu Zn Alessandr o Volt a (1800) an d Joh n F . Danie l (1836): Th e first batteries . The Danie l cell produced 1.1 V an d powered telegraph s an d telephone s for over 100 years.

33. Russel l Ohl – Th e discovery of the P N Junction (Bell Labs, 1927 – 1 940)

34. Bardeen , Brittain , Shockley – T ransistor (1948)

35. From Zettl group, Science 323 (2009) 0.5 nm 1 st practica l TEM, 1933 Development an d commercialization of electron microscopy (1930-1970)

36. Credit: Alivisatos group , U C Berkeley

37. Recent breakthrough s in materials chemistry http://www.light.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Catalysis Organi c / carbo n - based devices Flexible sola r cells & polymeri c devices Anti-cancer drugs (Gleevec) Battery technology Metama t e rials ( invisibility, ultra-microscopy)

38. Upcomin g materials chemistr y challenges Highly efficient , cost-effective sola r cells Solar-fuel system s and improved battery technology Environmenta l materials engineering (e . g., wate r purification) Advanced computing (optical computing, spin computing) Imaging and visualization (di spl ay technology) Biomedical materials “The important It i s no good getting f urious i f y ou get thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new way s of thinking about them. –William Bragg stuck. What I do is keep thinking about the problem but work on somethin g else. Sometimes it is years before I se e th e way forward. In the case of…black holes, i t was 29 years. - H awking

39. Length Scales of Material Science Atomic – < 10 -10 m Nano – 10 -9 m Micro – 10 -6 m Macro – > 10 -3 m

40. Atomic Structure – 10 -10 m Pertains to atom electron structure and atomic arrangement Atom length scale Includes electron structure – atomic bonding ionic covalent metallic London dispersion forces (Van der Waals) Atomic ordering – long range (metals), short range (glass) 7 lattices – cubic, hexagonal among most prevalent for engineering metals and ceramics Different packed structures include Gives total of 14 different crystalline arrangements (Bravais Lattices). Primitive, body-centered, face-centered

41. Nano Structure – 10 -9 m Length scale that pertains to clusters of atoms that make up small particles or material features Show interesting properties because increase surface area to volume ratio More atoms on surface compared to bulk atoms Optical, magnetic, mechanical and electrical properties change

42. Microstructure – 10 -6 Larger features composed of either nanostructured materials or periodic arrangements of atoms known as crystals Features are visible with high magnification in light microscope. Grains, inclusions other micro-features that make up material These features are traditionally altered to improve material performance

43. Macrostructure – 10 -3 m Macrostructure pertains to collective features on microstructure level Grain flow, cracks, porosity are all examples of macrostructure features

44. What are materials? What do we mean when we say “materials”? Metals - aluminum - copper - steel (iron alloy) - nickel - titanium 2. Ceramics - clay - silica glass - alumina - quartz 3. Polymers - polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - Teflon - various plastics - glue (adhesives) - Kevlar semiconductors (computer chips, etc.) = ceramics, composites nanomaterials = ceramics, metals, polymers, composites 4. Composites - wood - carbon fiber resins - concrete

45. Classes of Materials metals polymers ceramics composites

46. Metals Metals consist of alkaline, alkaline earth, metalloids and transition metals Metal alloys are mixtures of two or more metal and nonmetal elements (for example, aluminum and copper, Cu-Ni alloy, steel) Bonding: Metallic No particular sharing or donating occurs. Electron cloud is formed (that is, free electrons) Strong bonds with no hybridization or directionality Properties: Electrically conductive (free electrons) Thermally conductive High strength – large capacity to carry load over x-section area (stress) Ductile – endure large amounts of deformation before breaking. Magnetic – ferromagnetism, paramagnetic Medium melting point

47. Metal Applications Electrical wire: aluminum, copper, silver Heat transfer fins: aluminum, silver Plumbing: copper Construction beams (bridges, skyscrapers, rebar, etc.): steel (Fe-C alloys) Cars: steel (Fe-C alloys) Consumer goods: soup cans appliances (stainless steel sheet metal) utensils tools Many, many, many more…

48. Advanced Applications Metals Hydrogen-absorbing metal alloys for energy transportation or batteries Electrolyzed hydrogen from water (fuel cell technology) can be stored in tanks fabricated from Hydrogen-absorbing metal alloys (HAMA) Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries use the same principle, but to improve battery self discharge Volume density is significantly higher for gaseous hydrogen; more hydrogen per tank Typical alloys consist of Mn -Ti-V, Mg-Ni, Zr-Mn /Ti/V, Mn -Ni, La-Ni. BCC metals show higher storage and desorption properties Some metals can absorb a gas densities equivalent to liquid hydrogen densities

49. Polymers Polymers consist of various hydro-carbon (organic elements) with select additives to elucidate specific properties Polymers are typically disordered (amorphous) strands of hydrocarbon molecules. Bonding: Covalent-London Dispersion Forces Properties: ductile: can be stretched up to 1000% of original length lightweight: Low densities medium strength: Depending on additives chemical stability: inert to corrosive environments low melting point

50. Polymer Applications Car tires: vulcanized polymer (added sulfur) Ziploc bags Food storage containers Plumbing: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Kevlar Aerospace and energy applications: Teflon Consumer goods: calculator casings TV consuls shoe soles cell phone casings Elmer’s Glue (adhesives) contact lenses Many, many. many more…

51. Advanced Applications Polymers Self-decontaminating polymers medical, military, security and environmental applications current applications: look for attachment to textiles for self toxin cleaning fabrics (that is, chemical scavenging and cleaning clothing) Sulphonated polyether polyetherketone (SPEEK) and polyvnvyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous solutions Excite solutions with light to form strong reducing benzophenyl ketyl (BPK) radicals; helps break down organic toxic chemicals

52. Ceramics Consist of metal and non metal elements Typically a mixture of elements in the form of a chemical compound , for example Al 2 O 3 or glass Three types: composites, monolithic and amorphous ceramics Bonding covalent – ionic Typically covalent. In some cases highly direction covalent bonding Ionic in case of SiO 2 glasses and slags Properties: wear resistant (hard) chemical stability: corrosion resistant high temperature strength: strength retention at very high temperatures high melting points good insulators (dielectrics) adhesives good optical properties

53. Ceramic Applications Window glass: Al 2 O 3 – SiO 2 – MgO – CaO Aerospace, energy and automotive industry heat shield tiles engine components reactor vessel and furnace linings Consumer products: pottery dishes (fine china, plates, bowls) glassware (cups, mugs, etc.) eye glass lenses

54. Composites A mixture of two different materials to create a new material with combined properties Types of composites: Particulate reinforced – discontinuous type with low aspect ratio Whisker/rod reinforced - discontinuous type with high aspect ratio Fiber reinforced - continuous type with high aspect ratio (naturally) Laminated composites - layered structures (surf boards, skate boards) Bonding: depends on type of composite (strong-covalent, medium-solid solution, weak-tertiary phase layer) Properties: Depends on composites High melting points with improved high temperature strength: ceramic-ceramic High strength and ductile with improved wear resistance: metal-ceramic High strength and ductile: polymer-polymer

55. Composites: Applications Wood: naturally occurring biological material consists of very strong fibers imbedded in a soft matrix Plywood: laminated wood for buildings Concrete: basements, bridges, sidewalks Fiberglass: boats Carbon fiber resins: bicycle frames

56. Advanced Applications Ceramics & Composites Aerospace and Defense Applications Structural materials used for missiles, aircraft, space vehicles What type of materials may be used? Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramic-Composites (UHTCs) Metal-nonmetal, Covalent bonded compounds (ZrB 2 – SiC ) High melting point materials; strong materials at temperature; excellent oxidation resistance Why these materials? Service temperatures are in excess of 2000 °C (~1/3 surface temperature of our sun) Materials have high melting points (>3000°C) Excellent strength retention at services temperatures Relative chemical stability at service temperatures Light weight

57. Structural materials for use in hypersonic aircraft Next-generation re-entry vehicles UHTC materials can change the shape of next-generation space planes because of their unique combinations of properties Why is the space shuttle shaping the way it is? To reduce the amount of heat generated upon re-entry. Advanced Applications Ceramics & Composites

58. Other well-known materials Semiconductors – ceramics computer chips memory storage devices solar cells image screens Nanomaterials – ceramics, metals, polymers gold nanoshells quantum dots ferrofluids medical devices

59. Structure and properties of materials Types of solids Mechanical properties of materials Band theory, energy gaps, Fermi function Conductors and superconductors Semiconductors, doping Insulators, piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics

60. How do we test materials? We use mechanical, chemical and optical methods Mechanical testing gives strength, ductility and toughness material information tensile tests bend tests compressive tests fracture testing Chemical testing tells us about composition and chemical stability x-ray diffraction and fluorescence – composition testing corrosion testing Optical testing is more of a way to view atomic, nano and microstructures, and gives us insight to structure property relationships light optical microscope – microstructure scanning electron microscope – microstructure and nano structure transmission electron microscope – nanostucture and atomic structure scanning tunneling electron microscope – atomic structures

61. Chemical Methods x-ray diffraction mass spectroscopy gas chromatography x-ray fluorescence

62. Scanning Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope Atomic Force Microscope Viewing Methods Optical (Light) Microscope