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1. Media and Information Sources Prepared by: Zaira Kimbelry S. Santiago

2. OBJECTIVES You are expected to : demonstrate an ability to examine and compare information from various sources in order to evaluate its reliability, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and bias ;

3. OBJECTIVES determine the accuracy, reliability and value of information by questioning the source of data, limitations of the information gathering tools or strategies, and the rationale of the conclusions ;

4. OBJECTIVES define indigenous media; and contrast indigenous media to the more common sources of information such as library, internet, etc.

5. Learning Task 1: Revisit the news that you submitted in the previous lesson. Cite the source of the news, your background about it and describe the type of information that you got from the source.

6. What similarities and differences have you noticed between the information in each source?

7. Reliability of Information . Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated . It also refers to the trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the reliability of information.

8. Accuracy of Information . Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data. Measurement of accuracy varies, depending on the type of information being evaluated.

9. Ex: Forecasts are said to be accurate if the report is similar to the actual data. Financial information is considered accurate if the values are correct, properly classified, and presented

10. Value of Information . Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making or improving decisions.

11. Authority of the Source . Much of the information we gather daily do not come from a primary source but are passed on through secondary sources such as writers, reporters and the like.

12. Timeliness . Reliability, accuracy and value of information may vary based on the time it was produced or acquired. While a piece of information may have been found accurate, reliable and valuable during the time it was produced, it may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the passing of time (making it less valuable). Other information may be timeless, proven to be the same in reliability, accuracy and value throughout history

13. Other information may be timeless, proven to be the same in reliability, accuracy and value throughout history.

14. Libraries Types of libraries - Libraries are often classified in 4 groups, namely: academic, public, school and special . These libraries may be either digital or physical in form.

15. P ublic L ibrary :  a nonprofit library maintained for public use and usually supported in whole or in part by local taxation .

16. An academic library is a library that is attached to a higher education institution and serves two complementary purposes: to support the curriculum and the research of the university faculty and students. 

17. A school library is a library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of a public or private school have access to a variety of resources.

18. A special library is a library that provides specialized information resources on a particular subject, serves a specialized and limited clientele, and delivers specialized services to that clientele.

19. Skills in accessing information from libraries • the access tool to use • how the information being accessed may be classified the depth of details required (i.e. some libraries provide only an abstract of the topic) • more detailed information requiring membership or some conformity to set rules of the source (e.g. databases)

20. Characteristics of libraries in terms of reliability, accuracy and value Libraries of published books are often considered highly reliable, accurate, and valuable. Books and documents from dominant sources are often peer reviewed. ISSN or ISBN registration ensures that standards were followed in producing these materials.

21. The Internet a. Information found on the internet b. Characteristics of internet information in terms of reliability, accuracy, value, timeliness and authority of the source c. Realities of the Internet d. Information found on the Internet may be quite varied in form and content.

22. I t is more difficult to determine its reliability and accuracy. Accessing information on the internet is easy but requires more discipline to check and validate. Factual and fictitious data are often merged together. Sources always have to be validated.

23. Skills in Determining the Reliability of Information a. Check the author. The author’s willingness to be identified is a good indication of reliability.

24. Skills in Determining the Reliability of Information Check the date of publication or of update. While the information may be true, it may not be reliable if it is outdated and may have lost relevance.

25. Skills in Determining the Reliability of Information Check for citations. Reliable authors have the discipline of citing sources of their information.

26. Skills in Determining the Reliability of Information Check the domain or owner of the site or page. The domains . edu and . gov are reserved for academic institutions and the government, respectively.

27. Skills in Determining the Reliability of Information Information from such sites are presented with caution and are usually well-grounded. Site owners may have an agenda that affects the manner by which information is presented.

28. Skills in Determining the Reliability of Information Check the site design and the writing style. Credible sources take time to make their information accessible and easy to comprehend.

29. Skills in Determining Accurate Information a. Look for facts. b. Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency.

30. Skills in Determining Accurate Information c . Determine the reason for writing and publishing the information. Check if the author is objective or leaning heavily on a certain point of view.

31. Skills in Determining Accurate Information d . Check for advertising. Advertisers may use related information to market their product.

32. Alternative Media

33. Alternative Media are media sources that differ from established or dominant types of media (such as mainstream media or mass media) in terms of their content, production, or distribution .

34. Alternative Media These include social media, blogs and flash mob performances . These alternative forms provide greater freedom and power to ordinary individuals and are a quicker way of distributing information .

35. Alternative Media The downside is that a lot of information being passed around is biased and inaccurate .

36. Indigenous Media

37. Indigenous means native, local, originating or produced naturally in a particular region

38. Indigenous knowledge •is unique to a specific culture or society; it is not written down.

39. Indigenous Communication is the transmission of information through local channels or forms. It is a means by which culture is preserved, handed down and adapted.

40. Indigenous Media and Information refers to the original information created by a local group of people .

41. Indigenous Media and Information This also refers to content about indigenous peoples that may be distributed through dominant forms of media or through forms of communication unique to their people group.

42. Importance of Indigenous Media

43. means native, local, originating or produced naturally in a particular region Importance of Indigenous Media

44. Popular media cannot reach some rural areas. While print, broadcast and new media have a wide reach, there are still areas that these forms of media have not reached. IMPORTANCE OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA

45. Indigenous media and information are highly credible because they are near the source and are seldom circulated for profit. IMPORTANCE OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA

46. Indigenous media are channels for change, education and development because of its direct access to local channels. IMPORTANCE OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA

47. Forms of indigenous media and their local examples: a. folk or traditional media b. gatherings and social organizations c. direct observation d. records (may be written, carved or oral) e. oral instruction

48. Learning Task 5 : Interview your parents or elder siblings. Ask them the questions below. Write their statements in your notebook. 1 . What are your roles in the community? 2. What are the types of information you are responsible for, or the information that you receive and pass on to the community? 3. How is the type of information that you handle helpful to the community? 4. In what ways does passing on this information help the community? 5. How do you know that the information you pass on is true? 6. What difficulties do you face in passing on this information to others? 7. Are these pieces of information available in popular media?