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1. 14-05-2025 1 Mix Design and Performance Assessment Of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen Submitted By Name: Mir Sayed Ekram Roll No: 200101037 Sap ID:100004875 Under The Supervisor Dr. Subhojit Roy Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

2. 14-05-2025 2 CONTENT Mix Design and Performance Assessment Of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen. INTRODUCTION Types of Modified Bitumen What is crumb Rubber Rubber Case Effect of Temperature on Natural Rubber Advantages of Crumb Rubber Desirable Properties of Bituminous Mix Literature Review Objective of Study Selection of Materials 15. Properties of Mix 16. Theoretical Specific of The Mix G t 17. Air Voids Percent Vv 18. Percent Volume of Bitumen V b

3. 19. Voids in mineral aggregate VMA 20. Voids filled with bitumen VFB 21. Experimental Studies 22. Experiment 1. : To determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregate. 23. Experiment 2. : To find out the stripping value of the road aggregates 14-05-2025 3

4. INTRODUCTION India has a road network of over 4,689,842 kilometers in 2013 , and the second largest road network in the world. It has primarily flexible pavement design which constitutes more than 98% of the total road network. India being a very fast country has widely varying climates, terrains, construction materials and mixed traffic conditions both in terms of loads and volumes. Increased traffic factors such as heavier loads, higher traffic volume and higher tyre pressure demand higher performance pavements. So to minimize the damage of pavement surface and increase durability of flexible pavement, the conventional bitumen needs to be improved. 14-05-2025 4

5. There are many modification processes and additives that are currently used in bitumen modifications such as Styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Crumb rubber modifier (CRM). 14-05-2025 5 Types of Modified Bitumen

6. What is crumb Rubber Crumb rubber is the term usually applied to recycled rubber from automotive and truck scrap tires. During the cycling process steel and fluff is removed leaving tire rubber with a granular consistency. And continued processing with a granulator and/or cracker machine, possibly with the help of mechanical means, like reduces the size of the particles From physical and chemical interaction of crumb rubber with conventional bitumen Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) is made it. 14-05-2025 6

7. Crumb Rubber 14-05-2025 7

8. Rubber Rubber is derived from tyre which is a complex and high-tech safety product representing a century of manufacturing innovation, which is still on-going From the material point of view. Tyre is made up of three main components materials: elastomeric compound fabric steel 14-05-2025 8

9. Collecting Rubber From tyre by the help of grinder 14-05-2025 9

10. Effect of Temperature on Natural Rubber At -10 degree C brittle and opaque At 20 degree C soft, resilient and translucent At 50 degree C plastic and sticky At 120 degree C & -160 degree C vulcanized when agents like sulphur are added At 180 degree C break down as in the masticator At 200 degree C decomposes. 14-05-2025 10

11. Advantages of Crumb Rubber Lower susceptibility to daily & seasonal temperature variations Higher resistance to deformation at elevated pavement temperature Better age resistance properties Higher fatigue life of mixes Better adhesion between aggregate & binder Prevention of cracking & reflective cracking Overall improved performance in extreme climatic conditions & under heavy traffic condition. 14-05-2025 11

12. Desirable Properties of Bituminous Mix Adequate stability of the mix to withstand the stresses and deformation due to the repeated application of the wheel loads; this may be achieved by selecting suitable type and gradation of aggregates, appropriate binder and its proportion. Adequate flexibility of the mix to withstand fatigue effects and development of cracks during service life of the pavement to be achieved by the selection of proper mix of aggregates and binder. Adequate resistance to permanent deformation such as rutting due to movement of heavy wheel loads during hot weather; this may be achieved by selection of good quality of aggregates, ensuring its appropriate gradation and densification of the mix during compaction. 14-05-2025 12

13. Literature Review A number of studies are available on topic of –CRUMB ROBBER MODIFIED BITUMEN. Hence a detailed review of research works carried out related to the present study is described as below. Investigations in India and countries abroad have revealed that properties of bitumen and bituminous mixes can be improved to meet requirements of pavement with the incorporation of certain additives or blend of additives. These additives called “MODIFIER BITUMEN” and the bitumen premixed with these modifiers is known as modified bitumen.

14. Modified bitumen is expected to give higher life of surfacing (up to 100%) depending upon degree of modification and type of additives and modification process used. The additive used in our current study is Crumb Rubber and Use of crumb rubber as an additive to the conventional mixes leads to excellent pavement life, driving comfort and low maintenance. So, The rheology of CRMB depends on internal factors such as crumb rubber quantity, type, particle size, source and pure bitumen composition, and external factors such as the mixing time, temperature, and also the mixing process (dry process or wet process). 14-05-2025 14

15. 14-05-2025 15 PROCESS OF CUTTING TYRE BY USING BASIC AVAILABILITIES a) b)

16. 14-05-2025 16 c) d)

17. 14-05-2025 17 MODIFIED CRUMB RUBBER MODIFIED CRUMB RUBBER e)

18. Objective of Study Preparation of Crumb Rubber Modified Bituminous Mix by varying percentage of crumb rubber with bitumen Identifying the optimum crumb-rubber modified bitumen percentage in mix design using Marshall Stability Test 14-05-2025 18

19. Selection of Materials Selection of aggregates Aggregates which possess sufficient strength, hardness, toughness, soundness and polished stone value are chosen, keeping in view the availability. Crushed aggregates and sharp sand produce high stability of the mix when compared with gravel and rounded sands. Selection of aggregate grading The properties of a bituminous mix including the density and stability are very much dependent on the aggregates and their grain size distribution. Most of the engineering organizations have specified the use of dense graded mixes and not open graded mixes. As higher maximum size of aggregates gives higher stability, usually the larger size that can be adopted depends on the compacted thickness of the pavement layer. Maximum aggregate size of 25 to 50 mm are used in the bituminous mixes for base course and 12.5 to 18.7 mm are used for surface course. 14-05-2025 19

20. a) Selection of Crumb Rubber a) Selection of Bitumen 14-05-2025 20 MODIFIED CRUMB RUBBER BITUMEN

21. Calculation test using Marshall Stability Test (As per IS 17127: 2019) 14-05-2025 21

22. 14-05-2025 22 Rubber % Bitumen (gm)   Rubber (gm) 10% 75.6   8.4 20% 67.2   16.8 30% 58.8   25.2 Experiment: 3.5% Binder • Aggregate = 1200 gm per sample • Number of samples = 8 • Normal Bitumen = 84 gm Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen Calculations: Binder Content Calculations (CRMB Mix Design using Marshall Stability Test)   • Total Bitumen = 285.6 gm • Total Rubber = 50.4 gm • Total Aggregate = 9600 gm

23. 14-05-2025 23 Rubber % Bitumen (gm) Rubber (gm) 10% 86.4 9.6 20% 76.8 19.2 30% 67.2 28.8 Experiment: 4.0% Binder • Aggregate = 1200 gm per sample • Number of samples = 8 • Normal Bitumen = 96 gm Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen Calculations: • Total Bitumen = 326.4 gm • Total Rubber = 57.6 gm • Total Aggregate = 9600 gm

24. 14-05-2025 24 Rubber % Bitumen (gm) Rubber (gm) 10% 97.2 10.8 20% 86.4 21.6 30% 75.6 32.4 Experiment: 4.5% Binder • Aggregate = 1200 gm per sample • Number of samples = 8 • Normal Bitumen = 108 gm Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen Calculations: • Total Bitumen = 367.2 gm • Total Rubber = 64.8 gm • Total Aggregate = 9600 gm

25. Theoretical Specific Gravity of the mix (GT): without rubber Formula:   Where, W1= Weight of course aggregate. W2= Weight of filler, dust Wb= Weight of bitumen Specific G1= Specific Gravity course aggregate =2.6 G2= Specific Gravity of filler =2.4 G3= Specific Gravity of bitumen =1.09 14-05-2025 25

26. For 3.5% Binder W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 42 gm = Sample.1 Gt1= 2.42 Sample2 Gt2= 2.42   For 4% Binder Sample.1 Gt1= 2.4 Sample2 Gt2= 2.4   14-05-2025 26

27. 14-05-2025 27 For 4.5% Binder Gt1 ………………………Sample 1 Gt2  

28. 14-05-2025 28 Mixer Asphalt Mixer

29. 14-05-2025 29 Compaction mix design bitumen

30. 14-05-2025 30 A) B)

31. 14-05-2025 31 A) B) C)

32. 14-05-2025 32

33. Marshal stability test report 14-05-2025 33

34. Bulk Specific gravity of mix (Gm): Formula: Where, Wa = w.t of sample in air Ww= w.t of sample in water   For 3.5% Binder =1.39 =1.48   14-05-2025 34

35. For 4% Binder =1.44 =1.53     For 4.5% Binder =1.46 =1.45   14-05-2025 35

36. Bulk Density: Formula: For 3.5% Binder =14.07 KN/m3   For 4% Binder =14.56 KN/m3  For 4.5% Binder =14.27 KN/m3   14-05-2025 36

37. Betumen Content % Bulk Density Gravity Bulk Density Sample 1 Sample 2 Average 3.5% 1.39 1.48 1.435 14.07 4% 1.44 1.53 1.485 14.56 4.5% 1.46 1.45 1.455 14.27 Betumen Content % Bulk Density Gravity Sample 1 Sample 2 Average 3.5% 1.39 1.48 1.435 14.07 4% 1.44 1.53 1.485 14.56 4.5% 1.46 1.45 1.455 14.27 14-05-2025 37 Bulk Density Table:

38. 14-05-2025 38 Bitumen Content Bulk Density

39. Estimation of corrected stability and flow values after applying correction factors. Bitumen Content % Stability ( kN ) Flow (0.25mm) Sample 1 ( kN ) Sample 2 ( kN ) Average ( kN ) Correction Factor Corrected Stability ( kN ) Sample 1 (mm) Sample 2 (mm) Average (mm) 3.5% 19.96 26.93 23.445 1.38 32.35 5.55 4.57 5.06 4% 28.38 30.52 29.45 1.22 35.93 6.9 12.63 9.765 4.5% 27.12 27.62 27.37 1.24 33.94 4.44 6.34 5.39 14-05-2025 39

40. 14-05-2025 40

41. Estimation of percentage of air void: Formula: Where, Gt= Theoretical specific gravity Gt= Bulk specific gravity     For 3.5% Binder Sample1: =42.56% Sample2: =38.01%   14-05-2025 41

42. For 4% Binder Sample1: =40%  Sample2: =38.25%       For 4.5% Binder Sample1: =38.91% Sample2: =37.33%     14-05-2025 42

43. Estimation percentage of air voids Bitumen Content % Specific gravity Gt Bulk specific gravity Gm Air voids Pa (%) 3.5% 2.42 14.64 40.285 % 4% 2.4 1.485 39.125 % 4.5% 2.39 1.455 38.12 % 14-05-2025 43

44. Air Voids (%) vs Bitumen Content (%) 14-05-2025 44 Bitumen Content Air Voids (in %)

45. Theoretical Specific Gravity of mix normal betumen+rubber (Gt): Formula: Where, W1= Weight of course aggregate. W2= Weight of filler, dust Wb= Weight of bitumen Specific   G1= Specific Gravity course aggregate =2.6 G2= Specific Gravity of filler =2.4 G3= Specific Gravity of bitumen =1.09 Gr= Specific Gravity of rubber= 1.38 wR = Weight of rubber 14-05-2025 45

46. For 3.5% Binder (Bitumen 90% + Rubber 10%) W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 37.2 gm wR = 4.2 gm     = Gt1= 2.42………Sample1 Gt2= 2.4………Sample2   14-05-2025 46

47. For 3.5% Binder (Bitumen 80% + Rubber 20%) W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 33.6 gm wR = 8.4 gm   = Gt1= 2.42………Sample1 Gt2= 2.42…………Sample2   14-05-2025 47

48. For 3.5% Binder (Bitumen 70% + Rubber 30%) W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 29.4 gm wR = 12.6 gm     = Gt1= 2.31……Sample1 Gt2= 2.31……Sample2   14-05-2025 48

49. For 4% Binder (Bitumen 90% + Rubber 10%) W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 43.2 gm wR = 4.8 gm     = Gt1= 2.40………Sample1 Gt2= 2.40………Sample2   14-05-2025 49

50. For 4% Binder (Bitumen 80% + Rubber 20%) W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 38.4 gm wR = 9.6 gm     = Gt1= 2.41…………Sample1 Gt2= 2.41…………Sample2   14-05-2025 50

51. For 4% Binder (Bitumen 70% + Rubber 30%) W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 33.6 gm wR = 14.4 gm     = Gt1= 2.41………Sample1 Gt2= 2.41………Sample2   14-05-2025 51

52. For 4.5% Binder (Bitumen 90% + Rubber 10%) W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 48.6 gm wR = 5.4 gm     = Gt1= 1.82…………Sample1 Gt2= 1.82………Sample2   14-05-2025 52

53. For 4.5% Binder (Bitumen 80% + Rubber 20%) W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 43.2 gm wR = 10.8 gm     = Gt1= 2.40……………Sample1 Gt2= 2.40……………Sample2   14-05-2025 53

54. For 4.5% Binder (Bitumen 70% + Rubber 30%) W1= 264+276+240 =780 gm W2= 420 gm Wb= 37.8 gm wR = 16.2 gm     = Gt1= 2.40………Sample1 Gt2= 2.40………Sample2   14-05-2025 54

55. Ru bber+Betumen 14-05-2025 55

56. 14-05-2025 56

57. 14-05-2025 57

58. 14-05-2025 58

59. Experimental Studies AIM: To determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregate. AIM: To find out the stripping value of the road aggregates. 14-05-2025 59

60. Experiment.1 AIM: To determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregate. Apparatus: A wire basket of not more than 6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of convenient size with thin wire hangers for suspending it from the balance. A thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature of 100°c to 110°c. A container for filling water and suspending the basket. An airtight container of capacity similar to that of the basket. A balance of capacity about 5 kg. to weigh accurate to 0.5 g. and of such a type and shape as to permit weighing of the sample container when suspended in water. A shallow tray and two dry absorbent clothes, each not less than 750 X 450 mm. 14-05-2025 60

61. Procedure About 2 kg of the aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22°c to 32°c with a cover of at least 50 mm of water above the top of the basket. Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the basket containing it 25nn above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25 times at the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and the aggregate should remain completely immersed in water for a period of 24 hours afterwards. The basket and the sample are then weighed while suspended in water at a temperature of 22°c to 32°c. in case it is necessary to transfer the basket and the sample to a different tank for weighing, they should be jolted 25 times as described above in the new tank to remove air before weighing. This weight is noted while suspended in water w1 gram. The basket and the aggregate are then removed from water and allowed to drain for a few minutes, after which the aggregate are transferred to one of the dry absorbent clothes. The empty basket is than return to the tank of water, jolted 25 times and weight in water w2 g. 14-05-2025 61

62. The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture could be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the second dry cloth spread in a single layer, covered and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are completely surface dry. 10 to 60 minutes drying may be needed. The aggregates should not be exposed to the atmosphere, direct sunlight or any other source of heat while surface drying. A gentle current of unheated air may be used during the first ten minutes to accelerate the drying of aggregate surface. The surface dried aggregate is maintained at a temperature of 110 degree Celsius for 24 hours. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in airtight container and weighed W4 g. At least two tests should be carried out, but not concurrently. 14-05-2025 62

63. Calculation W1 weight of aggregate in air W1=2002.5 gram W2 weight of basket in water W2=1291.5 gram W3 weight of aggregate plus basket in water W3= 2509 gram 14-05-2025 63

64. W4 dry weight of aggregate W4=1977.5 WS weight of aggregate WS=W3-W2 Ws =2509-1291.5 =1217.5 gram 14-05-2025 64 Weight of aggregate

65. Specific Gravity: Formula:   a)      b)     14-05-2025 65

66. Water observation= Formula:       Limits: The specific gravity of aggregate ranges from 2.5 to 3.0 The water observation of aggregate ranges from 0.1 to 2.0     14-05-2025 66

67. Sieving of Aggregate 14-05-2025 67 Weight of aggregate 2 kg Aggregate sieved from 10mm and passing return from 4.75mm

68. 25 times drop in water to clean aggregate Then completely dry aggregate with cloths 14-05-2025 68

69. 14-05-2025 69 Hite at the temperature

70. Experiment.2 AIM: To find out the stripping value of the road aggregates. PRINCIPLE: The film stripping device is used to measure resistance of bituminous mixtures to stripping of the bitumen from the rock particles and is generally used to evaluate the mineral aggregate. However, it may be used to judge the adhesive capacity of the bituminous material. Stone screenings for use in seal coats or open graded mixes are usually subjected to this test. The test is applied to the aggregate fraction passing 10mm sieve and retained on 2.36mm sieve. Four specimens can be tested simultaneously. 14-05-2025 70

71. Sieving of Aggregate Sieve 20mm aggregate passing and 12.5mm return aggregate. Collect 200 grams Aggregate 14-05-2025 71

72. Hite at 90 degree temperature Collecting 5% bitumen from total 200gr aggregate and mix it in aggregate 14-05-2025 72

73. 14-05-2025 73 Then Putting in water Hite at 24 hours at the 35% temperature

74. Result: Removed 20% stripping bitumen from aggregate 14-05-2025 74

75. PROCEDURE 1) Coat 60g sample of aggregate which passes through 10mm IS Sieves and retained on 2.36mm IS Sieve with the bitumen to be tested. 2) Keep it in the bottle and cure the sample for 15hours at 60°C. 3) Allow it to cool to room temperature at 25°C. 4) Add 175ml of distilled water. 5) Similarly take the specimens in the other three bottles and screw on the caps to the bottles having the rubber gasket in between the bottle top and the cap. Clamp the bottles to the disc. 6) Switch on the unit and agitate the mixture for 15 minutes. 7) Estimate the percentage of aggregate stripped by visual observation. 14-05-2025 75

76. Result The Stripping value of aggregate= 20% 14-05-2025 76

77. Thank you 14-05-2025 77