ME ELS 11_12 Qfffffsddddfdf1 0103 PS.pptx

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1. Lesson 1.3 Nebular Theory and Encounter Theory

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3. Compare the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the Solar System. At the end of this lesson, the given enrichment competency should be met by the students.

4. Explain the origin of the solar system according to the nebular and encounter theories. Describe the contributions of the proponents of these theories. Discuss the negative implications of these theories.

5. Lego bricks and Minecraft blocks allow us to build different structures by simply combining together or removing pieces.

6. Like Lego bricks and Minecraft blocks, some theories that explain the origin of the universe use the same concept of combining and breaking off celestial materials.

7. How did the combination of cosmic materials and breaking apart of a star form the solar system?

8. You will tag someone with the same role card to form a group . Groups will tag other groups with the same role card to form a larger group . Groups will tag other groups with different role cards . Teacher will pass a group and push some members away. Modeling Accretion

9. According to the n ebular theory, the solar system originated from a nebula . It is the widely accepted view about the formation of the solar system some 4.5 billion years ago. The Nebular Theory

10. A nebula is defined by NASA as giant cloud of gas and dust in space. This interstellar cloud of dust contains hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. The Nebular Theory Dusty discs surrounding nearby young stars

11. The formation of the solar system from a nebula occurs in three major steps: (1) cloud collapse , (2) formation of protoplanetary disk , and (3) growth of planets . Major Steps in the Formation of the Solar System The Solar System

12. Hypothetically, a shockwave from a supernova or the effect of a passing star may cause a cloud collapse . The collapse at the center of the cloud due to gravity occurs when gas pressure becomes insufficient to support the mass of the cloud. The collapsed cloud of interstellar gas and dust results to a smaller radius that spins faster . Step 1: Cloud Collapse

13. Collapsing of the cloud makes it spin faster. Cloud Collapse

14. Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk

15. Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk Metals and silicates could exist near the sun because these compounds have higher boiling points. As a result, terrestrial planets were eventually formed containing high concentration of these compounds. Terrestrial planets. From left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars; the last one on the right is Ceres, the terrestrial dwarf planet

16. Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk The terrestrial planets could not grow in huge diameter because of the limited reserve of metallic elements in the solar nebula. Terrestrial planets. From left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars; the last one on the right is Ceres, the terrestrial dwarf planet

17. Dust and grains surrounding the sun eventually formed clumps. These clumps then accreted forming planetesimals. Planetesimal is a small celestial body that once collide together. It tend to fuse to form the planets of the solar system. Step 3: Growth of Planets

18. Step 3: Growth of Planets Growth of planets in the nebular theory.

19. Proponents of the Nebular Theory Emmanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772) Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827)

20. Particles surrounding Saturn repel each other , which is contrary to the assumption that dust particles will be attached to each other forming a planet. It does not follow the law of angular momentum because if the nebular theory is correct then the sun should be spinning at a higher rate than the others. Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory

21. It did not consider Uranus and Venus which rotates in a clockwise direction while other planets rotates in a counterclockwise direction. Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory

22. The e ncounter theory proposes that the planets were formed from the material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object , such as another star. Two forms: planetesimal and tidal theories The Encounter Theory An artistic visualization of the encounter theory

23. It proposes that a passing star termed as intruding star nearly collided with the protosun . The massive gravitational pull of the intruding star causes the protosun to eject filaments of material which then condensed into planetesimals. This theory describes how Earth started from a solid mass smaller than its present size . Planetesimal Theory

24. Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin proposed that accretion of minute solid particles created planets and their moons rather than by gaseous or liquid material condensation. Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin Forest Ray Moulton

25. Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory Forest Ray Moulton provided the mathematical calculations to Chamberlin’s idea. Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin Forest Ray Moulton

26. Planetesimal theory is no longer accepted today due to the fact that hot material from the sun expands and dissipates rather than contract. In addition, the force from the passing star will pull dust and gases far away from the sun, that they would not be able to form the planets in the solar system. Drawbacks of the Planetesimal Theory

27. It explains that the solar system formed as a result of a near collision between a passing star and the sun. This theory proposes that the hot gas from the passing star condensed into planets instead of condensing into planetesimals. The Tidal Theory The lengthy tidal tails of the colliding antennae galaxies

28. The tidal theory was proposed by: James Jeans , an English physicist and astronomer, and Harold Jeffreys , an English mathematician and astronomer in 1918. Proponents of the Tidal Theory Sir James Jeans

29. One problem of the tidal theory is that the hot material from either star cannot contract . Thus, planets will not form. Drawbacks of the Tidal Theory Stars collision

30. Nebular theory proposes that stars originate from interstellar gas and dust called nebula ( cloud) and is credited to Swedenborg , Kant , and Laplace . Three major steps in nebular theory include Cloud Collapse : The origin of the planets and sun in the solar system is a huge cloud of molecular gas and dust that collapsed. Formation of the Protoplanetary Disk : Materials from the collapsed cloud fall inward and flatten into a disk. Growth of Planets : Dust and grains surrounding the disk collide and form planetesimals that collect into a planet.

31. Encounter theory proposes that the planets formed from the material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object. Planetesimal theory is a form of encounter theory that describes Earth started from a solid mass smaller than its present size proposed by Chamberlin and Moulton. Tidal theory is a form of encounter theory which states the hot gas from the passing star condensed into planets instead of condensing into planetesimals proposed by Jeans and Jeffreys.

32. Complete the following flowchart. Choose the letter of the correct answer in the choices below. N ebula Protoplanetary disk Protosun Sun Gases, ice Accretion Terrestrial planets Jovian planets Asteroids Comets

33. Slide 9 : This file, SPHERE images a zoo of dusty discs around young stars by European Southern Observatory (ESO) , is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International via Wikimedia Commons Slide 10 : This file, Planets 2013 by Planet User is is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International via Wikimedia Commons

34. Chambers, John and Jacqueline Mitton. 2013. From Dust to Life: The Origin and Evolution of Our Solar System . New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Darling, David. 2016. Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis . Accessed March 16, 2017. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/CMplanhypoth.html . Holder, Rodney D. and Mitton Simmon. 2013. Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy . Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. Schombert, James. 2012. Origin of the Solar System . University of Oregon. Accessed March 16, 2017. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec24.html . Woolfson, Michael Mark. 2012. Time, Space, Stars and Man: The Story of the Big Bang . Singapore: World Scientific.