Means of reproduction in plants-VEG.-PROPAGATION

Means of reproduction in plants-VEG.-PROPAGATION

1. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
•Vegetativepropagationconsistsofusingvegetative
structures–stem,rootandleaf.
•Stem,leavesandroots-containbudsordevelop
budsandroots-growintonewindividuals.
•Usefulinraisingseveralcommercialcrops.
•Fruitcrops,vegetablecrops,plantationcrops,cash
cropsandornamentals.
•Vegetativepropagationconsistsofusingvegetative
structures–stem,rootandleaf.
•Stem,leavesandroots-containbudsordevelop
budsandroots-growintonewindividuals.
•Usefulinraisingseveralcommercialcrops.
•Fruitcrops,vegetablecrops,plantationcrops,cash
cropsandornamentals.

2. OBJECTIVES OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
•Inmanycropspropagatedbyseedsoffspringsdo
notresembleparentplantwhichproducedthe
seed.
•Certainvaluableplantsthatproducenoseedscan
beeffectivelypropagatedbyvegetativemeans.
•Someplantsproduceseedswhichdonot
germinateeasily.
•Someplantspropagatedvegetativelyaremore
resistanttodiseasesandcanbeusedas
propagules.
•Propagationmethodisveryeconomical.
•Valuablevarietiescanbeeasilypropagated.
•Inmanycropspropagatedbyseedsoffspringsdo
notresembleparentplantwhichproducedthe
seed.
•Certainvaluableplantsthatproducenoseedscan
beeffectivelypropagatedbyvegetativemeans.
•Someplantsproduceseedswhichdonot
germinateeasily.
•Someplantspropagatedvegetativelyaremore
resistanttodiseasesandcanbeusedas
propagules.
•Propagationmethodisveryeconomical.
•Valuablevarietiescanbeeasilypropagated.

3. •Helps to avoid or overcome the long juvenile
periods of shrubs and trees.
•For the maintenance of clones.
•Promotes combination of desirable clones.
•Controls unwanted vegetative growth.
•Use of only limited plant parts.
•Practiced during any time of the year.
•In limited time and limited space numerous plants
can be produced.
•Success rate is very high.
•Helps to avoid or overcome the long juvenile
periods of shrubs and trees.
•For the maintenance of clones.
•Promotes combination of desirable clones.
•Controls unwanted vegetative growth.
•Use of only limited plant parts.
•Practiced during any time of the year.
•In limited time and limited space numerous plants
can be produced.
•Success rate is very high.

4. PLANT PROPAGATION
1. NATURAL 2. ARTIFICIAL
Modified structures Specialized structures Cutting
Runners Bulbs Budding
Stolons Corms Grafting
Offsets Tubers Layering
Suckers Rhizomes
Crowns Tuberous roots
3. MICROPROPAGATION
PLANT PROPAGATION
1. NATURAL 2. ARTIFICIAL
Modified structures Specialized structures Cutting
Runners Bulbs Budding
Stolons Corms Grafting
Offsets Tubers Layering
Suckers Rhizomes
Crowns Tuberous roots
3. MICROPROPAGATION

5. ORGANS USED IN PROPAGATION
•Asexualpropagationinvolvesreproductionfrom
vegetativepartsofplants
•Possiblebecausevegetativeorgansofmanyplants
havetheabilityforregeneration.
•Stemcuttingshavetheabilitytoformadventitious
roots.
•Rootcuttingscanregenerateanewshootsystem.
•Asexualpropagationinvolvesreproductionfrom
vegetativepartsofplants
•Possiblebecausevegetativeorgansofmanyplants
havetheabilityforregeneration.
•Stemcuttingshavetheabilitytoformadventitious
roots.
•Rootcuttingscanregenerateanewshootsystem.

6. •Leavescanregeneratenewroots&shoots.
•Astemandrootcanbegraftedtogetherto
formacontinuousvascularconnection.
•Someplantsproducecertainspecialised
vegetativestructureslike–bulbs,corms,
tubers,rhizomes,tuberousroots,pseudo
bulbs,etc.
•Theseorgansareprimarilymodifiedplant
partsspecializedforfoodstorage
•Leavescanregeneratenewroots&shoots.
•Astemandrootcanbegraftedtogetherto
formacontinuousvascularconnection.
•Someplantsproducecertainspecialised
vegetativestructureslike–bulbs,corms,
tubers,rhizomes,tuberousroots,pseudo
bulbs,etc.
•Theseorgansareprimarilymodifiedplant
partsspecializedforfoodstorage

7. NATURAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
•Propagationbyspecializedvegetativestructures-
bulbs,corms,tubers,rhizomes,tuberousrootsand
pseudobulbs.
•Primarilymodifiedplantpartsspecializedforfood
storage.
•Intheseherbaceousperennials,shootsdieoffin
theendofagrowingseasonandtheplantlives
undergrounddormantasfleshyorganswhichbear
budstoproducenewshootsinthenextseason.
•Propagationbyspecializedvegetativestructures-
bulbs,corms,tubers,rhizomes,tuberousrootsand
pseudobulbs.
•Primarilymodifiedplantpartsspecializedforfood
storage.
•Intheseherbaceousperennials,shootsdieoffin
theendofagrowingseasonandtheplantlives
undergrounddormantasfleshyorganswhichbear
budstoproducenewshootsinthenextseason.

8. •Secondfunctionofthesespecialisedorgans
isthatofvegetativereproduction.
•Propagationprocedurewhichutilisesthe
productionofnaturallydetachablestructures
likebulbs,corms,etc.,iscalledseparation.
•Whenplantiscutintosectionsasisdonein
rhizome,stem,roottubers,etc.,-itiscalled
division.
•Secondfunctionofthesespecialisedorgans
isthatofvegetativereproduction.
•Propagationprocedurewhichutilisesthe
productionofnaturallydetachablestructures
likebulbs,corms,etc.,iscalledseparation.
•Whenplantiscutintosectionsasisdonein
rhizome,stem,roottubers,etc.,-itiscalled
division.

9. BULBS:Producedbymonocotplantsforstorage&reproduction.
•Specializedorganconsistingofbasal,short,fleshystemaxisbearing
atitsapexagrowingpointenclosedbythickfleshyscales.
•Outerscalesarefleshy,containingreservefoodmaterials&inner
onesareleaflike,protectinggrowingpoint.
•Growingpointsinaxilsofscalesproduceminiaturebulbscalled
bulblets.
•Bulbletsformedabovegroundarecalledbulbils.
•Beginningofgrowthperiod-adventitousrootsdevelop-bottomof
basalplate.Eg:Lillies,Amaryllis,Allium(onion),Garlic,etc.
BULBS:Producedbymonocotplantsforstorage&reproduction.
•Specializedorganconsistingofbasal,short,fleshystemaxisbearing
atitsapexagrowingpointenclosedbythickfleshyscales.
•Outerscalesarefleshy,containingreservefoodmaterials&inner
onesareleaflike,protectinggrowingpoint.
•Growingpointsinaxilsofscalesproduceminiaturebulbscalled
bulblets.
•Bulbletsformedabovegroundarecalledbulbils.
•Beginningofgrowthperiod-adventitousrootsdevelop-bottomof
basalplate.Eg:Lillies,Amaryllis,Allium(onion),Garlic,etc.

10. CORMS:Swollenbaseofastemaxisenclosedby
dryscaleleaves.
•Solidstemstructurewithnodesandinternodes.
•Bulkofcormisstoragetissuecomposedof
parenchyma.
•Apexofcorm-terminalshootbud-develop
intoleavesandfloweringshoot.
•Axillarybuds-producedateachofthenodes.
•Adventitousroots-producedfrombaseofcorm.
Eg:Colocasia,Gladiolus,etc.
CORMS:Swollenbaseofastemaxisenclosedby
dryscaleleaves.
•Solidstemstructurewithnodesandinternodes.
•Bulkofcormisstoragetissuecomposedof
parenchyma.
•Apexofcorm-terminalshootbud-develop
intoleavesandfloweringshoot.
•Axillarybuds-producedateachofthenodes.
•Adventitousroots-producedfrombaseofcorm.
Eg:Colocasia,Gladiolus,etc.

11. TUBERS:Storageorpropagativeorganproduced
inonegrowingseason,remainsdormant&starts
newgrowthproducingnewshoots.
•Modifiedstem-developsbelowgroundby
swellingofundergroundstem.
•Tuberhasallpartsofatypicalstem–nodes
representedbyeyeonthesurface,consistingof
onetoseveralsmallbuds,protectedbyaleafscar.
•Divisionoftubersaredonewithasharpknife
beforeplanting.
•Whenadventitiousrootsareinitiated,budsgrow
outtoproducenewplants.Eg:Potato.
TUBERS:Storageorpropagativeorganproduced
inonegrowingseason,remainsdormant&starts
newgrowthproducingnewshoots.
•Modifiedstem-developsbelowgroundby
swellingofundergroundstem.
•Tuberhasallpartsofatypicalstem–nodes
representedbyeyeonthesurface,consistingof
onetoseveralsmallbuds,protectedbyaleafscar.
•Divisionoftubersaredonewithasharpknife
beforeplanting.
•Whenadventitiousrootsareinitiated,budsgrow
outtoproducenewplants.Eg:Potato.

12. •RHIZOMES:Specialisedstemstructureinwhich
mainaxis-growshorrizontallyjustbelow
groundsurface.
•Appearssegmentedandiscomposedofnodes
andinternodes.
•Leaf-likesheathisattachedateachnode
enclosingthestem–
expandstoformfoliageleaves.
•Whenleavesandsheathdisintegrate,ascaris
leftatnodeandgivessegmentedappearanceto
rhizome.Eg:Turmeric,Ginger,etc.
•RHIZOMES:Specialisedstemstructureinwhich
mainaxis-growshorrizontallyjustbelow
groundsurface.
•Appearssegmentedandiscomposedofnodes
andinternodes.
•Leaf-likesheathisattachedateachnode
enclosingthestem–
expandstoformfoliageleaves.
•Whenleavesandsheathdisintegrate,ascaris
leftatnodeandgivessegmentedappearanceto
rhizome.Eg:Turmeric,Ginger,etc.

13. TUBEROUSROOTS:Thicktuberousroots
producedbycertainperennials.
•Haveinternalandexternalfeaturesofa
typicalroot.
•Differfromstemtuberinthattheylack
nodesandinternodes.
•Budsareformedonlyatthecrownandnew
rootsattheoppositeend.Eg:Sweetpotato,
Dahlia,etc.
TUBEROUSROOTS:Thicktuberousroots
producedbycertainperennials.
•Haveinternalandexternalfeaturesofa
typicalroot.
•Differfromstemtuberinthattheylack
nodesandinternodes.
•Budsareformedonlyatthecrownandnew
rootsattheoppositeend.Eg:Sweetpotato,
Dahlia,etc.

14. Someplantsexhibtmodificationsofvegetativestructureormethod
ofgrowth-leadtotheirnaturalvegetativeincrease–runners,
stolons,offsets,suckersandcrowns.
RUNNERS:Specialisedstem-developsfromaxilofleafatthe
crownofaplant,
growshorrizontallyalongthegroundandformsanewplantat
oneofthenodes.
•Rooteddaughterplantsareseparatedandtransplanted.Eg:
Strawberry.
Someplantsexhibtmodificationsofvegetativestructureormethod
ofgrowth-leadtotheirnaturalvegetativeincrease–runners,
stolons,offsets,suckersandcrowns.
RUNNERS:Specialisedstem-developsfromaxilofleafatthe
crownofaplant,
growshorrizontallyalongthegroundandformsanewplantat
oneofthenodes.
•Rooteddaughterplantsareseparatedandtransplanted.Eg:
Strawberry.

15. STOLONS:Horrizontallygrowingstems-produceadventitousrootswhenin
contactwithsoil.Eg:Cynadon.
OFFSETS:Lateralshootsorbranches,shortenedandthickwithrosettelike
appearancewhichdevelopfrommainstem.
Removedbycuttingthemclosetomainstem.Eg:Datepalm,Pineapple,etc.
SUCKERS:Shootwhicharisesonaplantfrombelowground,froman
adventitiousbudonaroot.
Dugoutandcutfromtheparentplantforseparation.Eg:Murraya(curryleaf),
Raspberry,etc.
STOLONS:Horrizontallygrowingstems-produceadventitousrootswhenin
contactwithsoil.Eg:Cynadon.
OFFSETS:Lateralshootsorbranches,shortenedandthickwithrosettelike
appearancewhichdevelopfrommainstem.
Removedbycuttingthemclosetomainstem.Eg:Datepalm,Pineapple,etc.
SUCKERS:Shootwhicharisesonaplantfrombelowground,froman
adventitiousbudonaroot.
Dugoutandcutfromtheparentplantforseparation.Eg:Murraya(curryleaf),
Raspberry,etc.

16. ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
•Involvesreproductionfromvegetativepartsofplants
anditispossiblebecausemostofthevegetativeparts
havethecapacityforregeneration.
•Involvesmitoticcelldivisionandhenceplants
propagatedvegetativelyreproducebymeansofDNA
replicationofallgeneticinformationofparentplant.
•Progeniesproducedbythistechnique-truetotype
oruniformtotheirparent.
•Methodisimportantforraisingaplantationsof
uniformspecies.
•Importantmethodsofveg.prop.include–cutting
(leaf,stem,root),budding,graftingandlayering.
ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
•Involvesreproductionfromvegetativepartsofplants
anditispossiblebecausemostofthevegetativeparts
havethecapacityforregeneration.
•Involvesmitoticcelldivisionandhenceplants
propagatedvegetativelyreproducebymeansofDNA
replicationofallgeneticinformationofparentplant.
•Progeniesproducedbythistechnique-truetotype
oruniformtotheirparent.
•Methodisimportantforraisingaplantationsof
uniformspecies.
•Importantmethodsofveg.prop.include–cutting
(leaf,stem,root),budding,graftingandlayering.

17. CUTTING (CUTTAGE)
•Portionofstem,rootorleafiscutfromtheparentplant–
placedunderfavorableenvironmentalconditionsand
inducedtoproducerootsandshoots–producinganew
independentplant-identicaltotheparentplant.
ADVANTAGESOFCUTTING
•Mostimportantmeansofpropagatingornamentalshrubs,
evergreens,fruits,andvegetablecrops.
•Widelyusedcommerciallyingreenhousepropagation.
•Manynewplantscanbestartedinalimitedspacefroma
fewstockplants.
•Inexpensive,rapidandsimple.
•Noproblemofcompatibilitywithrootstocksorofpoor
graftunion.
•Greateruniformityduetoabsenceofvariation.
•Parentplantreproducedexactlywithnogeneticchange.
CUTTING (CUTTAGE)
•Portionofstem,rootorleafiscutfromtheparentplant–
placedunderfavorableenvironmentalconditionsand
inducedtoproducerootsandshoots–producinganew
independentplant-identicaltotheparentplant.
ADVANTAGESOFCUTTING
•Mostimportantmeansofpropagatingornamentalshrubs,
evergreens,fruits,andvegetablecrops.
•Widelyusedcommerciallyingreenhousepropagation.
•Manynewplantscanbestartedinalimitedspacefroma
fewstockplants.
•Inexpensive,rapidandsimple.
•Noproblemofcompatibilitywithrootstocksorofpoor
graftunion.
•Greateruniformityduetoabsenceofvariation.
•Parentplantreproducedexactlywithnogeneticchange.

18. SELECTION OF MATERIAL
•Selectstockplantsfreeofdiseasesandofmoderately
vigorousgrowthofknownidentity.
•Avoidstockplantsinjuredbyfrostordrought,defoliatedby
insects,stuntedingrowthduetoexcessivefruitingor
mineraldeficiency&ofvigorousgrowth.
•Establishstocksthatareuniform,truetotype,pathogen
free&growinginpropernutritiveconditions(notstarving).
STEMCUTTINGS
•Stemusedforpropagation.
•Cuttingsmadefromstem(healthyanddiseasefree)
•Stemsegmentmayhaveterminalbudsorlateralbuds.
•Developadventitiousroots&thenindependentplants.
•Typeofwood,stageofgrowth,timeofmakingcuttingsare
importantforsatisfactorygrowth.
SELECTION OF MATERIAL
•Selectstockplantsfreeofdiseasesandofmoderately
vigorousgrowthofknownidentity.
•Avoidstockplantsinjuredbyfrostordrought,defoliatedby
insects,stuntedingrowthduetoexcessivefruitingor
mineraldeficiency&ofvigorousgrowth.
•Establishstocksthatareuniform,truetotype,pathogen
free&growinginpropernutritiveconditions(notstarving).
STEMCUTTINGS
•Stemusedforpropagation.
•Cuttingsmadefromstem(healthyanddiseasefree)
•Stemsegmentmayhaveterminalbudsorlateralbuds.
•Developadventitiousroots&thenindependentplants.
•Typeofwood,stageofgrowth,timeofmakingcuttingsare
importantforsatisfactorygrowth.

19. HARD WOOD CUTTING
•Leastexpensiveandeasiestmethod.
•Formaturedormanthardwood-thatdonotperish
easily
•Canbeshiftedsafelytooverlongdistances.
•Cuttingspreparedduringdormantseasonfromwood
ofpreviousseasonsgrowth.
•eg:Fig,Olive,Plum,Peach,Rose,Mulbery,Grape,
Pomegranate,Gooseberry,etc.
•Materialsshouldbetakenfromhealthy,moderately
vigorous,stockplantsgrowinginfullsunlight.
HARD WOOD CUTTING
•Leastexpensiveandeasiestmethod.
•Formaturedormanthardwood-thatdonotperish
easily
•Canbeshiftedsafelytooverlongdistances.
•Cuttingspreparedduringdormantseasonfromwood
ofpreviousseasonsgrowth.
•eg:Fig,Olive,Plum,Peach,Rose,Mulbery,Grape,
Pomegranate,Gooseberry,etc.
•Materialsshouldbetakenfromhealthy,moderately
vigorous,stockplantsgrowinginfullsunlight.

20. •Cuttingsshouldnothavelonginternodes.
•Cuttingsshouldnotbetakenfrominterior
regionsoftheplant.
•Tipsofashootorstemlowinstoredfood
shouldbediscarded.
•Centralandbasalpartsmakebestcuttings.
•Diameterrangefrom0.6-5cmdependingon
species.
•Woodofmoderatevigorandmoderatesize
mostdesirable.
•Cuttingsshouldnothavelonginternodes.
•Cuttingsshouldnotbetakenfrominterior
regionsoftheplant.
•Tipsofashootorstemlowinstoredfood
shouldbediscarded.
•Centralandbasalpartsmakebestcuttings.
•Diameterrangefrom0.6-5cmdependingon
species.
•Woodofmoderatevigorandmoderatesize
mostdesirable.

21. Threetypesofcuttingsaremade–
•Mallet-Withashortsectionofstem
•Heel-Withonlyasmallsegmentofwood
•Straight-Notincludingolderwoods
•Polarityshouldbemaintained.
•Alwaysmakeslantingcuttotheportionwhich
hastoformroots.
Threetypesofcuttingsaremade–
•Mallet-Withashortsectionofstem
•Heel-Withonlyasmallsegmentofwood
•Straight-Notincludingolderwoods
•Polarityshouldbemaintained.
•Alwaysmakeslantingcuttotheportionwhich
hastoformroots.

22. SEMI HARD WOOD CUTTING
•Manyornamentalsandfruittreesarepropagated.
•Cuttingsof7.5-15cminlengthwithleaves
retainedonlyinupperend.
•Largerleavesshouldbereducedinsize.
•Shootterminalscanalsobecut.
•Basalcuttobemadejustbelowanode.
SEMI HARD WOOD CUTTING
•Manyornamentalsandfruittreesarepropagated.
•Cuttingsof7.5-15cminlengthwithleaves
retainedonlyinupperend.
•Largerleavesshouldbereducedinsize.
•Shootterminalscanalsobecut.
•Basalcuttobemadejustbelowanode.

23. •Cuttingsshouldbemadeincoolhoursofmorning.
•Whenstemsareturgidtheyarekeptwrappedtill
planted.
•Tobekeptoutofsunlight.
•Shouldberootedunderconditionsthatcheckwater
loss.
•Growthregulatortreatmentsarebeneficial.
eg:Rosa,Bougainvillea,Hibiscus,etc.
•Cuttingsshouldbemadeincoolhoursofmorning.
•Whenstemsareturgidtheyarekeptwrappedtill
planted.
•Tobekeptoutofsunlight.
•Shouldberootedunderconditionsthatcheckwater
loss.
•Growthregulatortreatmentsarebeneficial.
eg:Rosa,Bougainvillea,Hibiscus,etc.

24. SOFT WOOD CUTTINGS
•Cuttings selected from soft, succulent new grown
branches.
•Rooting easier and quicker than other types.
•Cuttings with leafattched.
•Handlecrefullywithout drying.
•Rooted under conditions which avoid excessive
loss of water.
•All flowers and flower buds should be removed.
•Cuttings–made during early part of day.
eg:Allamanda,Vinca, Verbena, etc.
SOFT WOOD CUTTINGS
•Cuttings selected from soft, succulent new grown
branches.
•Rooting easier and quicker than other types.
•Cuttings with leafattched.
•Handlecrefullywithout drying.
•Rooted under conditions which avoid excessive
loss of water.
•All flowers and flower buds should be removed.
•Cuttings–made during early part of day.
eg:Allamanda,Vinca, Verbena, etc.

25. HERBACEOUS CUTTINGS
•Cuttingsmadefromherbaceoussucculentslike
Geranium,Coleus,Carnations,etc.
•Cuttingsof7.5-12.5cmlongwithleavesretainedin
theupperend.
•Cuttingsshouldberootedundershade-theyroot
easily.
•Cuttingsshouldbeprotectedfromsunlight.
•Theyrootwellathighhumidity.
•Rootpromotersnotrequired.
•Thosethatexudeoutstickysapshouldbeallowedto
drybeforeplanting-toprevententranceofmicrobes.
HERBACEOUS CUTTINGS
•Cuttingsmadefromherbaceoussucculentslike
Geranium,Coleus,Carnations,etc.
•Cuttingsof7.5-12.5cmlongwithleavesretainedin
theupperend.
•Cuttingsshouldberootedundershade-theyroot
easily.
•Cuttingsshouldbeprotectedfromsunlight.
•Theyrootwellathighhumidity.
•Rootpromotersnotrequired.
•Thosethatexudeoutstickysapshouldbeallowedto
drybeforeplanting-toprevententranceofmicrobes.

26. ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN STEM CUTTINGS
DURING ROOT FORMATION
•Dedifferentiationofspecificmaturecells–
becomingmeristematic–nearthevascular
bundles.
•Thesemeristamaticcellsproduceoutnewroot
initials.
•Rootinitialsdevelopintorootprimordia.
•Growthandemergenceofrootprimordiaoutside.
•Formationofvascularconnectionsbetweenthe
rootprimordiaandconductingtissuesofcutting.
ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN STEM CUTTINGS
DURING ROOT FORMATION
•Dedifferentiationofspecificmaturecells–
becomingmeristematic–nearthevascular
bundles.
•Thesemeristamaticcellsproduceoutnewroot
initials.
•Rootinitialsdevelopintorootprimordia.
•Growthandemergenceofrootprimordiaoutside.
•Formationofvascularconnectionsbetweenthe
rootprimordiaandconductingtissuesofcutting.

27. ROOT CUTTINGS
•Rootpiecesfromyoungstockplants.
•Rootsshouldbewellsuppliedwithstoredfoodsbeforenew
growthstarts.
•Polarityshouldbemaintainedwhenplanting.
•Straightcutsatproximalendandslantingcutsatdistalend.
•Cuttingsof2.5-5.5cmlong.
•Canalsobekepthorizontallyoverthesoil,coveredwiththin
layerofsoil.
•Canbestoredinshadyplaces.
•Onceplantsareformed,transplantthem.
Eg:Aralia,Murraya,Artocarpus,Pelargonium,Papaver,
etc.
ROOT CUTTINGS
•Rootpiecesfromyoungstockplants.
•Rootsshouldbewellsuppliedwithstoredfoodsbeforenew
growthstarts.
•Polarityshouldbemaintainedwhenplanting.
•Straightcutsatproximalendandslantingcutsatdistalend.
•Cuttingsof2.5-5.5cmlong.
•Canalsobekepthorizontallyoverthesoil,coveredwiththin
layerofsoil.
•Canbestoredinshadyplaces.
•Onceplantsareformed,transplantthem.
Eg:Aralia,Murraya,Artocarpus,Pelargonium,Papaver,
etc.

28. LEAF CUTTINGS
•Leafblade,leafblade+petioleandleafbudsareused.
•Adventitiousrootsdevelopfrombaseofpetioleor
leaf–producingnewplant.
•Originalleafdoesnotbecomeapartofthenew
plants.eg:Sansivieria
•Taperingleavesof7.5c.mlong–areselected–the
cuttingsinserted3/4
th
theirlengthinsand.
•Newplantsdevelopfromcutendandleafsegment
degenerates.
eg:Begonia–thelargerleafveinsarecutonthe
undersurfaceandthenlaidflatonthesurfaceofsand
-newplantsoriginatefromeachpointwhereveinis
cutandoldleafbladedisintegrates.
LEAF CUTTINGS
•Leafblade,leafblade+petioleandleafbudsareused.
•Adventitiousrootsdevelopfrombaseofpetioleor
leaf–producingnewplant.
•Originalleafdoesnotbecomeapartofthenew
plants.eg:Sansivieria
•Taperingleavesof7.5c.mlong–areselected–the
cuttingsinserted3/4
th
theirlengthinsand.
•Newplantsdevelopfromcutendandleafsegment
degenerates.
eg:Begonia–thelargerleafveinsarecutonthe
undersurfaceandthenlaidflatonthesurfaceofsand
-newplantsoriginatefromeachpointwhereveinis
cutandoldleafbladedisintegrates.

29. •eg:Saintpaulia(Africanviolet)–leafblade+
petioleimmersedinsandorwaterandnew
plantsoriginatefrombaseofpetiole.
eg:Bryophyllum–newplantseasilyproduced
frommarginsofleaves.
LEAFBUDCUTTINGS
•Leafblade+petioleandashortpieceofstem
withaxillarybud.
eg:Lemon, Rubus,Anthurium,
Rhododendron,etc.
•Usefulwhenpropagatingmaterialsarescarce.
•Eachnodewithleafcanbeusedascuttings.
•Sandandpeatmossin1:1isideal.
•Highhumidityisessential.
•eg:Saintpaulia(Africanviolet)–leafblade+
petioleimmersedinsandorwaterandnew
plantsoriginatefrombaseofpetiole.
eg:Bryophyllum–newplantseasilyproduced
frommarginsofleaves.
LEAFBUDCUTTINGS
•Leafblade+petioleandashortpieceofstem
withaxillarybud.
eg:Lemon, Rubus,Anthurium,
Rhododendron,etc.
•Usefulwhenpropagatingmaterialsarescarce.
•Eachnodewithleafcanbeusedascuttings.
•Sandandpeatmossin1:1isideal.
•Highhumidityisessential.

30. BUDDING (BUDDAGE)
•Utilizesonlyonebudandasmallsectionofbarkwith
orwithoutwood.
•Methoddependsonbark’sslippingability(easy
separationofbarkfromwood).
•Shouldbedoneatthebeginningofnewgrowthin
spring.
•Donotselectweak,lessvigorous,diseasedbranches.
•Buddingresultsinstrongerunionthangrafting.
•Itmakesmoreeconomicaluseofpropagatingwood
thangrafting.
BUDDING (BUDDAGE)
•Utilizesonlyonebudandasmallsectionofbarkwith
orwithoutwood.
•Methoddependsonbark’sslippingability(easy
separationofbarkfromwood).
•Shouldbedoneatthebeginningofnewgrowthin
spring.
•Donotselectweak,lessvigorous,diseasedbranches.
•Buddingresultsinstrongerunionthangrafting.
•Itmakesmoreeconomicaluseofpropagatingwood
thangrafting.

31. •Eachbudispotentiallycapableofproducinga
newplant.
•Importantwhenpropagatingwoodisscarce.
•Techniquemoresimplethangrafting.
•Buddingpracticedinyoungplantsorsmall
branchesoflargeplants.
•Buddingwidelyusedinproducingnurserystock
ofornamentals,fruits,etc.
•Shouldbedonewhenplantisinactivegrowth.
•Welldevelopedbudsofdesiredvarietyshould
beselected.
•Differenttypesofbuddinginclude–T,I,H,chip,
patch,etc.
•Eachbudispotentiallycapableofproducinga
newplant.
•Importantwhenpropagatingwoodisscarce.
•Techniquemoresimplethangrafting.
•Buddingpracticedinyoungplantsorsmall
branchesoflargeplants.
•Buddingwidelyusedinproducingnurserystock
ofornamentals,fruits,etc.
•Shouldbedonewhenplantisinactivegrowth.
•Welldevelopedbudsofdesiredvarietyshould
beselected.
•Differenttypesofbuddinginclude–T,I,H,chip,
patch,etc.

32. T–BUDDING
•Mostcommonmethodusedbynurserymen.
•Rootstocksof2-3cmthicknesswithfairlythinbark.
•Activelygrowing–barkeasilyseparatedfromwood.
•‘T’shapedcutmadeonbarkofstockataheightof10-
15cm.
•Startedwithverticalcutfirst&horizontalcrosscuton
top.
•Bud-formofshield-shieldbudding.
•Budinsertedintoraisedflapsofbark&exposed.
•Wrappedwithpolythenetape.
•Protectfromentryofwater&drying.
T–BUDDING
•Mostcommonmethodusedbynurserymen.
•Rootstocksof2-3cmthicknesswithfairlythinbark.
•Activelygrowing–barkeasilyseparatedfromwood.
•‘T’shapedcutmadeonbarkofstockataheightof10-
15cm.
•Startedwithverticalcutfirst&horizontalcrosscuton
top.
•Bud-formofshield-shieldbudding.
•Budinsertedintoraisedflapsofbark&exposed.
•Wrappedwithpolythenetape.
•Protectfromentryofwater&drying.

33. INVERTEDT-BUDDING
•Methodisthesameas‘T’budding.
•Cutontherootstockisintheformofinverted
‘T’.
•Herethebudisinsertedintothelowerpartof
theincisionandpushedupward.
•Sinceitisinvertedcut-waterwillnotenterthe
intothecut.
INVERTEDT-BUDDING
•Methodisthesameas‘T’budding.
•Cutontherootstockisintheformofinverted
‘T’.
•Herethebudisinsertedintothelowerpartof
theincisionandpushedupward.
•Sinceitisinvertedcut-waterwillnotenterthe
intothecut.

34. PATCH BUDDING
•Rectangularpatchofbarkremovedcompletelyfromstock&
replacedwithapatchofbarkofsamesizecontainingabudof
theplanttobepropagated.
•Budisplacedinthecutwrappedproperlywithpolythenetape.
I–BUDDING
•Twotransversecuts-madeonstock&joinedatcenterby
verticalcut.
•Budpatchcutfromdesiredvarietyintheformofarectangleor
square.
•Twoflapsofthebarkonstockareraisedfortheinsertionofbud
patch.
•Afterbudisinserted,itiswrappedwithpolythenetape.
PATCH BUDDING
•Rectangularpatchofbarkremovedcompletelyfromstock&
replacedwithapatchofbarkofsamesizecontainingabudof
theplanttobepropagated.
•Budisplacedinthecutwrappedproperlywithpolythenetape.
I–BUDDING
•Twotransversecuts-madeonstock&joinedatcenterby
verticalcut.
•Budpatchcutfromdesiredvarietyintheformofarectangleor
square.
•Twoflapsofthebarkonstockareraisedfortheinsertionofbud
patch.
•Afterbudisinserted,itiswrappedwithpolythenetape.

35. CHIPBUDDING
•Chipofbarkremovedfromregionbetweennodes&
replacedwithanotherchipofsamesize&shapefrom
thebudstick.
•Cutedgesshouldbesealedbyproperwrapping.
H-BUDDING
•Methodsimilarto‘I’budding-heretwoverticalcuts
aremadeparalleltoeachother&joinedbya
horizontalcutinmiddle.
•Rectangularpatchbudfromselectedvarietyisinserted
bysplittingaparttheflaps&cutregioniswrapped.
CHIPBUDDING
•Chipofbarkremovedfromregionbetweennodes&
replacedwithanotherchipofsamesize&shapefrom
thebudstick.
•Cutedgesshouldbesealedbyproperwrapping.
H-BUDDING
•Methodsimilarto‘I’budding-heretwoverticalcuts
aremadeparalleltoeachother&joinedbya
horizontalcutinmiddle.
•Rectangularpatchbudfromselectedvarietyisinserted
bysplittingaparttheflaps&cutregioniswrapped.

36. ADVANTAGES OF BUDDING
•To propagate clones that are not successful by
cutting, layering or grafting or sexual methods.
•To obtain special forms of plant growth.
•Only very small piece of scion bud is required.
ADVANTAGES OF BUDDING
•To propagate clones that are not successful by
cutting, layering or grafting or sexual methods.
•To obtain special forms of plant growth.
•Only very small piece of scion bud is required.

37. LAYERING (LAYERAGE)
•Methodofpropagationwheretheadventitious
rootsaremadetoformonastemwhileitisstillin
contactorattachedtomotherplant.
•Rooted-layeredstemisdetachedtobecomeanew
plantgrowingonit’sownroots.
•Itisnaturalmeansofreproductioninplantslike
strawberries,chlorophytum,gooseberry,etc.
•Canbeinducedartificiallyinmanykindsofplants.
LAYERING (LAYERAGE)
•Methodofpropagationwheretheadventitious
rootsaremadetoformonastemwhileitisstillin
contactorattachedtomotherplant.
•Rooted-layeredstemisdetachedtobecomeanew
plantgrowingonit’sownroots.
•Itisnaturalmeansofreproductioninplantslike
strawberries,chlorophytum,gooseberry,etc.
•Canbeinducedartificiallyinmanykindsofplants.

38. FACTORS AFFECTING LAYERING
•Nutrition:Stemisattachedtoplantduringrooting–sogets
continoussupplyofwaterandmineralsthroughintact
xylem.
•Stemtreatment:Cutting,twisting,etc.ontheundersurface
ofstem–sothatmorehormones&nutrientsconcentrate
nearthepointoftreatmentandrootingoccurstheir.
•Lightextrusion:Lightshouldbeeliminatedfrompartof
stem where roots are to
develop–blanchingoretiolation.
•Useofrootpromotingsubstances:LikeIBA,NAA,IAAetc–
applyingsuchpowderonthegirdledpartofthestem–in
contactwithsoil.
•Otherconditions:Rootingdependsonsupplyingcontinuous
moisture,goodaerationandmoderatetemperature.
FACTORS AFFECTING LAYERING
•Nutrition:Stemisattachedtoplantduringrooting–sogets
continoussupplyofwaterandmineralsthroughintact
xylem.
•Stemtreatment:Cutting,twisting,etc.ontheundersurface
ofstem–sothatmorehormones&nutrientsconcentrate
nearthepointoftreatmentandrootingoccurstheir.
•Lightextrusion:Lightshouldbeeliminatedfrompartof
stem where roots are to
develop–blanchingoretiolation.
•Useofrootpromotingsubstances:LikeIBA,NAA,IAAetc–
applyingsuchpowderonthegirdledpartofthestem–in
contactwithsoil.
•Otherconditions:Rootingdependsonsupplyingcontinuous
moisture,goodaerationandmoderatetemperature.

39. ADVANTAGES OF LAYERING
•Methodofpropagation–naturallyinsomeplants
–Strawberry,Adiantum,Hydrocotyl,etc.
•Topropagateplantswherecuttingsdonotroot
easily
•Lesscostandlaborrequiredinlayering.
•Usedtoproducelargesizedplantsinashorttime.
•Onlyminimumpropagatingfacilitiesarerequired.
ADVANTAGES OF LAYERING
•Methodofpropagation–naturallyinsomeplants
–Strawberry,Adiantum,Hydrocotyl,etc.
•Topropagateplantswherecuttingsdonotroot
easily
•Lesscostandlaborrequiredinlayering.
•Usedtoproducelargesizedplantsinashorttime.
•Onlyminimumpropagatingfacilitiesarerequired.

40. DISADVANTAGESOFLAYERING
•Layeringislimitedtocertaintypesofplants
whichproducelowlyingbranches.
•Numberofnewplantswhichcanbe
producedbylayeringfromamotherstock
plantislowascomparedtocuttings.
•Requiresdailywateringtomaintainavery
goodgrowth.
DISADVANTAGESOFLAYERING
•Layeringislimitedtocertaintypesofplants
whichproducelowlyingbranches.
•Numberofnewplantswhichcanbe
producedbylayeringfromamotherstock
plantislowascomparedtocuttings.
•Requiresdailywateringtomaintainavery
goodgrowth.

41. TYPES OF LAYERAGE
SIMPLE LAYERING
•Bendingabranchtogroundandcoveringit
partiallywithrootingmedium,butleavingthe
terminal(tip)regionexposed.
•Tipofbranchissharplybenttoanuprightposition
about10-15cmbackfromtip.
•Sharpbendingisnecessarytoinducerooting.
•Rootedsegmentofthebranchisthenseparated
andtransplanted. Eg:Rose
TYPES OF LAYERAGE
SIMPLE LAYERING
•Bendingabranchtogroundandcoveringit
partiallywithrootingmedium,butleavingthe
terminal(tip)regionexposed.
•Tipofbranchissharplybenttoanuprightposition
about10-15cmbackfromtip.
•Sharpbendingisnecessarytoinducerooting.
•Rootedsegmentofthebranchisthenseparated
andtransplanted. Eg:Rose

42. TIPLAYERING
•Rootingoccursneartipofcurrentseason’s
shootwhichisbenttothegroundand
coveredwithrootingmedium.
•Tipwillnotcontinueitsgrowthinlengthbut
insteadproducesanabundantrootsystem
andahealthyyoungverticalshoot.
Eg:Jasminum
TIPLAYERING
•Rootingoccursneartipofcurrentseason’s
shootwhichisbenttothegroundand
coveredwithrootingmedium.
•Tipwillnotcontinueitsgrowthinlengthbut
insteadproducesanabundantrootsystem
andahealthyyoungverticalshoot.
Eg:Jasminum

43. AIRLAYERING
•Rootsformonaerialpartswherestemhas
beengirdled.
•Injuredportioniscoveredwithsuitable
rootingmedialikemoss,sawdustorpaddy
strawandprotectedusingapolythenetape.
•Whenrootsareformed-layerscanbe
detachedfrom parentplantand
transplanted.Eg:Mango.
AIRLAYERING
•Rootsformonaerialpartswherestemhas
beengirdled.
•Injuredportioniscoveredwithsuitable
rootingmedialikemoss,sawdustorpaddy
strawandprotectedusingapolythenetape.
•Whenrootsareformed-layerscanbe
detachedfrom parentplantand
transplanted.Eg:Mango.

44. MOUNT LAYERING
•Alsocalledstoollayeringwhichinvolvescuttinga
planttothegroundlevelduringthedormant
season.
•Soilisheapedaroundthebaseofthenewly
developingshootstoencouragerootformation.
•Plantswithstiffbranchesthatdonotbendeasily
andthatarecapableofproducinganabundanceof
shootsareusedforthismethod.Eg:Psidium.
MOUNT LAYERING
•Alsocalledstoollayeringwhichinvolvescuttinga
planttothegroundlevelduringthedormant
season.
•Soilisheapedaroundthebaseofthenewly
developingshootstoencouragerootformation.
•Plantswithstiffbranchesthatdonotbendeasily
andthatarecapableofproducinganabundanceof
shootsareusedforthismethod.Eg:Psidium.

45. TRENCH LAYERING
•Consistsofgrowingaplantorabranchina
horizontalpositioninthebaseofatrench.
•Soilisfilledaroundthenewshootsasthey
developsothattheshootbasesare
etiolated.
•Rootswilldevelopfrombaseoftheseshoots
whicharelaterseparatedandtransplanted.
Eg:Apple.
TRENCH LAYERING
•Consistsofgrowingaplantorabranchina
horizontalpositioninthebaseofatrench.
•Soilisfilledaroundthenewshootsasthey
developsothattheshootbasesare
etiolated.
•Rootswilldevelopfrombaseoftheseshoots
whicharelaterseparatedandtransplanted.
Eg:Apple.

46. GRAFTING (GRAFTAGE)
•Grafting-artofconnectingtwopiecesoflivingplant
tissues-theyunite,grow&developasoneplant.
•Thetwopiecesare–stockandscion.
STOCK
•Alsocalledrootstockorunderstock–itisthelower
portionofthegraftdevelopsrootsystemofthe
graftedplant.
•Itmaybeaseedling,rootedcuttingoralayeredplant.
GRAFTING (GRAFTAGE)
•Grafting-artofconnectingtwopiecesoflivingplant
tissues-theyunite,grow&developasoneplant.
•Thetwopiecesare–stockandscion.
STOCK
•Alsocalledrootstockorunderstock–itisthelower
portionofthegraftdevelopsrootsystemofthe
graftedplant.
•Itmaybeaseedling,rootedcuttingoralayeredplant.

47. SCION
•Theseareshortpiecesofdetachedshoot
containingseveraldormantbuds.
•Itistheupperportionofgraftfromwhich
newstemandbranchesgrowout.
•Itshouldbeofadesiredcultivarfreefrom
diseases.
SCION
•Theseareshortpiecesofdetachedshoot
containingseveraldormantbuds.
•Itistheupperportionofgraftfromwhich
newstemandbranchesgrowout.
•Itshouldbeofadesiredcultivarfreefrom
diseases.

48. ADVANTAGES OF GRAFTING
•Usefulwhencutting,layers,divisionandother
asexualmethodsnotsatisfactory.
•Usedforobtainingspecialformsofplantgrowth.
•Forrepairingdamagedpartsoftrees.
•Willenablethetopworking(changingcultivars)of
establishedplants.
•Tospeedupreproductivematurityofseedlings.
ADVANTAGES OF GRAFTING
•Usefulwhencutting,layers,divisionandother
asexualmethodsnotsatisfactory.
•Usedforobtainingspecialformsofplantgrowth.
•Forrepairingdamagedpartsoftrees.
•Willenablethetopworking(changingcultivars)of
establishedplants.
•Tospeedupreproductivematurityofseedlings.

49. FORMATION OF GRAFT
•Freshcutscioncapableofmeristematicactivityis
broughttoinitiatecontactwithfreshlycutstock
tissue.
•Thisbringsthecambialregionofbothinclose
proximity.
•Temp.&humidityshouldbefavourabletopromote
growthinnewlyexposed&surroundingcells.
•Outercelllayersofcambialregionofscion&stock
produceparenchymacellsthatsoonintermingle&
interlock–toformcallustissue.
FORMATION OF GRAFT
•Freshcutscioncapableofmeristematicactivityis
broughttoinitiatecontactwithfreshlycutstock
tissue.
•Thisbringsthecambialregionofbothinclose
proximity.
•Temp.&humidityshouldbefavourabletopromote
growthinnewlyexposed&surroundingcells.
•Outercelllayersofcambialregionofscion&stock
produceparenchymacellsthatsoonintermingle&
interlock–toformcallustissue.

50. •Newcambialcellsareformedfromthecallusin
linewithcambiumlayersofintactscionandstock.
•Newcambialcellsproducenewvasculartissues–
xylemtowardsinsideandphloemoutside–thisis
therequisiteofasuccessfulgraftunion.
•Healingofgraftunionislikehealingofwound.
•Nointerminglingofcellcontentsinregionofgraft
union.
•Newcambialcellsareformedfromthecallusin
linewithcambiumlayersofintactscionandstock.
•Newcambialcellsproducenewvasculartissues–
xylemtowardsinsideandphloemoutside–thisis
therequisiteofasuccessfulgraftunion.
•Healingofgraftunionislikehealingofwound.
•Nointerminglingofcellcontentsinregionofgraft
union.

51. •Cellsproducedbystockandscionmaintain
theirownidentity.
•Onlyifstockandscionarecompatiblegraft
unionisformedpermanentlysuccessful.
•Properpolarityisessentialifgraftunionisto
bepermanentlysuccessful
•Cellsproducedbystockandscionmaintain
theirownidentity.
•Onlyifstockandscionarecompatiblegraft
unionisformedpermanentlysuccessful.
•Properpolarityisessentialifgraftunionisto
bepermanentlysuccessful

52. Graftingcanbedone
•Withinaclone–eg:Peach.
•Betweenclonesofaspecies-eg:Fir.
•Betweenspecies–eg:Pinus,Citrus,Plum.
•Betweengenera–eg:TobaccoXTomato
DaturaXTomato
BrinjalXPotato
•Betweenfamily-
eg:HelianthusannusXMeliotusalba
(Compositae)X(Leguminosae)
Graftingcanbedone
•Withinaclone–eg:Peach.
•Betweenclonesofaspecies-eg:Fir.
•Betweenspecies–eg:Pinus,Citrus,Plum.
•Betweengenera–eg:TobaccoXTomato
DaturaXTomato
BrinjalXPotato
•Betweenfamily-
eg:HelianthusannusXMeliotusalba
(Compositae)X(Leguminosae)

53. Incompatibiltyingrafting:Resultsinvarious
disorderslike-
•Yellowingofleaves.
•Fallingoffofleaves.
•Prematuredeathoftrees.
•Overgrowthaboveorbelowgraftunion.
•Breakingoffofcomponentsatgraftunion.
Incompatibiltyingrafting:Resultsinvarious
disorderslike-
•Yellowingofleaves.
•Fallingoffofleaves.
•Prematuredeathoftrees.
•Overgrowthaboveorbelowgraftunion.
•Breakingoffofcomponentsatgraftunion.

54. TYPES OF GRAFTING
WHIP GRAFTING
•Scion shoot is given a slanting cut and a similar cut
is made on the root stock.
•Cut surfaces are placed together and tied.
Eg. Apple, Pear, Peach, etc.
TYPES OF GRAFTING
WHIP GRAFTING
•Scion shoot is given a slanting cut and a similar cut
is made on the root stock.
•Cut surfaces are placed together and tied.
Eg. Apple, Pear, Peach, etc.

55. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING
•Similar to whip grafting except for the
making a tongue shaped cut in the scion to
hold the stock and scion more tightly.
•Stock and scion are joined by inter locking
the tongue of the scion and whip of the
stock.
Eg: Croton, Bougainvillea, etc.
WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING
•Similar to whip grafting except for the
making a tongue shaped cut in the scion to
hold the stock and scion more tightly.
•Stock and scion are joined by inter locking
the tongue of the scion and whip of the
stock.
Eg: Croton, Bougainvillea, etc.

56. SPLICE GRAFTING
•Simplestmethodusuallyappliedtoherbaceous
plants.
•Boththestockandscionmustbeofthesame
diameter.
•Cutofftherootstockmakingadiagonalcut¾-1
inchlong.
•Makethesametypeofcutatthebaseofthe
scion.
•Fitthesciontothestockandwrapthisjunction
withapolythenetape.
Eg:Chrysanthemum.
SPLICE GRAFTING
•Simplestmethodusuallyappliedtoherbaceous
plants.
•Boththestockandscionmustbeofthesame
diameter.
•Cutofftherootstockmakingadiagonalcut¾-1
inchlong.
•Makethesametypeofcutatthebaseofthe
scion.
•Fitthesciontothestockandwrapthisjunction
withapolythenetape.
Eg:Chrysanthemum.

57. SIDEGRFATING
•Scionisinsertedintothesideofthestock
whichisgenerallylargerindiameterthanthe
scion.Eg.Citrus,Pear.
SIDEGRFATING
•Scionisinsertedintothesideofthestock
whichisgenerallylargerindiameterthanthe
scion.Eg.Citrus,Pear.

58. APPROACHGRAFTING
•Twoindependentselfsustainingplantsare
graftedtogether.
•Afteraunionhasoccurred,topofthestock
plantisremovedabovethegraft.
•Baseofscionplantisremovedbelowthe
graftunion.
Eg:Croton,Bougainvillea.
APPROACHGRAFTING
•Twoindependentselfsustainingplantsare
graftedtogether.
•Afteraunionhasoccurred,topofthestock
plantisremovedabovethegraft.
•Baseofscionplantisremovedbelowthe
graftunion.
Eg:Croton,Bougainvillea.