Mechanical engineers and society

Engineering – Definition – Engineering Education – Graduate Attributes – Engineering functions – Role and Responsibilities of Engineers – Professional Societies and their codes of ethics – Constraints in Engineering.

1. MECHANICAL ENGINEERS AND SOCIETY By S.VEERAKUMAR Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Department v [email protected] 23-11-2021 1

2. UNIT-1 Engineering – Definition – Engineering Education – Graduate Attributes – Engineering functions – Role and Responsibilities of Engineers – Professional Societies and their codes of ethics – Constraints in Engineering. 23-11-2021 2

3. LECTURE-1 Engineering – Definition – Engineering Education 23-11-2021 3

4. 23-11-2021 4 The term engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium , meaning "cleverness" and ingeniare , meaning "to contrive, devise" At the most fundamental level, engineers apply their knowledge of mathematics, science , and materials—as well as their skills in communications and business—to develop new and better technologies. Rather than experiment solely through trial and error, engineers are educated to use mathematics, scientific principles, and computer simulations as tools to create faster , more accurate, and more economical designs.

5. 23-11-2021 5 FIRST COMPUTER

6. Engineering is the application of science and math to solve problems. Engineers figure out how things work and find practical uses for scientific discoveries . Scientists and inventors often get the credit for innovations that advance the human condition, but it is engineers who are instrumental in making those innovations available to the world. 23-11-2021 6

7. W HAT IS ENGINEERING ?

8. Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation , design , construction , operation and maintenance of structures , machines , materials , devices, systems , processes , and organizations . 23-11-2021 8

9. 23-11-2021 9 “ Engineering is the science , skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge , in order to design and also build structures , machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.” DEFINITION Graphical Representation of Engineering

10. 23-11-2021 10 Engineering is the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures. DEFINITION Graphical Representation of Engineering

11. 23-11-2021 11 Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power electronics, decision and control algorithms, and computer hardware and software to manage complexity, uncertainty, and communication in engineered systems. MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING Graphical Representation of Mechatronics Engineering

12. D IFFERENT FIELDS OF ENGINEERING  Aerospace  Agricultural  Biomedical  Chemical  Civil  Computer  Electrical  Environmental

13. D IFFERENT FIELDS OF ENGINEERING  Industrial / Manufacturing  Mechanical  Materials  Mining  Nuclear  Ocean  Transportation

14. 23-11-2021 14 Mechanical engineering involves design, manufacturing, inspection and maintenance of machinery, equipment and components as well as control systems and instruments for monitoring their status and performance. This includes vehicles, construction and farm machinery, industrial installations and a wide variety of tools and devices. Electrical engineering involves design, testing, manufacturing, construction, control, monitoring and inspection of electrical and electronic devices, machinery and systems. These systems vary in scale from microscopic circuits to national power generation and transmission systems. Civil engineering involves design, construction, maintenance and inspection of large infrastructure projects such as highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels, dams and airports.

15. 23-11-2021 15 Aerospace engineering involves design, manufacturing and testing of aircraft and spacecraft as well as parts and components such as airframes, power plants, control and guidance systems, electrical and electronic systems, and communication and navigation systems. Nuclear engineering involves design, manufacturing, construction, operation and testing of equipment, systems and processes involving the production, control and detection of nuclear radiation. These systems include particle accelerators and nuclear reactors for electric power plants and ships, radioisotope production and research. Nuclear engineering also includes monitoring and protecting humans from the potentially harmful effects of radiation. Structural engineering involves design, construction and inspection of load-bearing structures such large commercial buildings, bridges and industrial infrastructure.

16. 23-11-2021 16 Biomedical engineering is the practice of designing systems, equipment and devices for use in the practice of medicine. It also involves working closely with medical practitioners, including doctors, nurses, technicians, therapists and researchers, in order to determine, understand and meet their requirements for systems, equipment and devices. Chemical engineering is the practice of designing equipment, systems and processes for refining raw materials and for mixing, compounding and processing chemicals to make valuable products. Computer engineering is the practice of designing computer hardware components, computer systems, networks and computer software.

17. 23-11-2021 17 Industrial engineering is the practice of designing and optimizing facilities, equipment, systems and processes for manufacturing, material processing, and any number of other work environments. Environmental engineering is the practice of preventing, reducing and eliminating sources of pollution that affect air, water and land. It also involves detecting and measuring pollution levels, determining sources of pollution, cleaning up and rehabilitating polluted sites and ensuring compliance with local, state and federal regulations.

18. W HAT IS AN E NGINEER ?  An Engineer is someone who build structures, produce parts, assemble products, and solve problems.

19. 23-11-2021 19 What does an engineer do ? Engineers design, evaluate, develop, test, modify, install, inspect and maintain a wide variety of products and systems. They also recommend and specify materials and processes, supervise manufacturing and construction, conduct failure analysis, provide consulting services and teach engineering courses in colleges and universities.

20. W HAT DO ENGINEERS DO  Design and develop new products  Use principles of science  Run tests  Create and build things  Use the design process to help solve problems

21. 23-11-2021 21 ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS

22. 23-11-2021 22 ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS

23. 23-11-2021 23 ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS ASK: What is the problem? How have others approached it? What are your constraints? IMAGINE: What are some solutions? Brainstorm ideas. Choose the best one. PLAN: Draw a diagram. Make lists of materials you will need. CREATE: Follow your plan and create something. Test it out! IMPROVE: What works? What doesn't? What could work better? Modify your design to make it better. Test it out!

24. 23-11-2021 24 ENGINEERING EDUCATION Engineering education is the activity of teaching knowledge and principles to the professional practice of engineering. It includes the initial education (Bachelor and or Masters degree) for journey of becoming an engineer, and any advanced education and specializations that follow. Engineering education is typically accompanied by additional post graduate examinations and supervised training as the requirements for a professional engineering license.

25. 23-11-2021 25 ENGINEERING EDUCATION Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education in primary and secondary schools often serves as the foundation for engineering education at the university level . In the United States, engineering education is a part of the STEM initiative in public schools. Service-learning in engineering education is gaining popularity within the variety of disciplinary focuses within engineering education including mechanical engineering , industrial engineering , computer engineering , electrical engineering , and other engineering education.

26. 23-11-2021 26 ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIA India is one of the largest producers of engineers in the world. In India, there are numerous engineering colleges imparting undergraduate and graduate courses in engineering, applied engineering and sciences. In total more than 5,000 universities and colleges offer engineering courses in India.

27. 23-11-2021 27 ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIA Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT-23 in India) National Institutes of Technology (NIT-31 in India) Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology ( IIEST’s) Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) The Institution of Engineers (IE)

28. 23-11-2021 28 The first IIT was set up in Kharagpur in 1951, and soon later in Bombay (1958), Madras (1959), Kanpur (1959) and Delhi (1963). An IIT was then established in Guwahati in 1994. The University of Roorkee was converted to IIT Roorkee in 2001. Eight new IITs were set up in Gandhinagar , Jodhpur, Hyderabad, Indore, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Ropar , and Mandi in 2008-09. Around the same time the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University was given IIT status. Another six new IITs in Tirupati , Palakkad, Dharwad , Bhilai , Goa and Jammu, approved through a 2016 bill amendment were established in 2015-16, along with the conversion of ISM Dhanbad to IIT. IIT’s in India

29. 23-11-2021 29 IIT’s in India

30. 23-11-2021 30 N IT’s in India

31. 23-11-2021 31 N IT’s in India

32. LECTURE-2 Graduate Attributes 23-11-2021 32

33. 23-11-2021 33 Graduate attributes are the qualities , skills and understandings a university community agrees its students should develop during their time with the institution . (or) Graduate Attributes can be defined as qualities, attitudes and dispositions that graduates should possess, in full or part, when they have completed their course of study. GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

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35. 23-11-2021 35 12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

36. 23-11-2021 36 12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

37. 23-11-2021 37 A knowledge base for engineering : Demonstrated competence in university level mathematics, natural sciences, engineering fundamentals, and specialized engineering knowledge appropriate to the program. Problem analysis: An ability to use appropriate knowledge and skills to identify, formulate, analyse, and solve complex engineering problems in order to reach substantiated conclusions 12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

38. 23-11-2021 38 3. Investigation : An ability to conduct investigations of complex problems by methods that include appropriate experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of information in order to reach valid conclusions. 4. Design : An ability to design solutions for complex, open-ended engineering problems and to design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate attention to health and safety risks, applicable standards, and economic, environmental, cultural and societal considerations. 12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

39. 23-11-2021 39 5. Use of engineering tools : An ability to create, select, apply, adapt, and extend appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering tools to a range of engineering activities, from simple to complex, with an understanding of the associated limitations. 6. Individual and teamwork : An ability to work effectively as a member and leader in teams, preferably in a multi-disciplinary setting. 12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

40. 23-11-2021 40 7. Communication skills : An ability to communicate complex engineering concepts within the profession and with society at large. Such ability includes reading, writing, speaking and listening, and the ability to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, and to give and effectively respond to clear instructions . 8. Professionalism : An understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the professional engineer in society, especially the primary role of protection of the public and the public interest. 12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

41. 23-11-2021 41 9. Impact of engineering on society and the environment : An ability to analyse social and environmental aspects of engineering activities. Such ability includes an understanding of the interactions that engineering has with the economic, social, health, safety, legal, and cultural aspects of society, the uncertainties in the prediction of such interactions; and the concepts of sustainable design and development and environmental stewardship. 10. (Ethics) Ethics and equity : An ability to apply professional ethics, accountability, and equity. 12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

42. 23-11-2021 42 11. Economics and project management: An ability to appropriately incorporate economics and business practices including project, risk, and change management into the practice of engineering and to understand their limitations. 12. Life-long learning: An ability to identify and to address their own educational needs in a changing world in ways sufficient to maintain their competence and to allow them to contribute to the advancement of knowledge 12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

43. LECTURE-3 Engineering Functions 23-11-2021 43

44. 23-11-2021 44 The branches indicate what the engineer works with; the functions describe what he does. In order of decreasing emphasis on science, the major functions of all engineering branches are the following:  ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

45. 23-11-2021 45 Research Development Design Construction Production Operation Management and other functions ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

46. 23-11-2021 46 12 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

47. 23-11-2021 47 ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

48. 23-11-2021 48 Research: The research engineer seeks new principles and processes by employing mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental techniques, and inductive reasoning.  2. Development : The development engineer applies the results of research to useful purposes. Ingenious and creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electronics circuit, a chemical process, an industrial machine.   ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

49. 23-11-2021 49 3. Design : In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements and to meet performance specification.  4. Construction : The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site, determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment.  ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

50. 23-11-2021 50 5. Production : Plant layout and equipment selection, with consideration of human and economic factors, is the responsibility of the production engineer. He chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection.  6. Operation : The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations providing power, transportation, and communication. He determines procedures and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex equipment.  ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

51. 23-11-2021 51 7. Management and other functions : In some countries ( U.S.A.,Japan , etc ) and industries, engineers analyze customer requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problems. In some industries, too, engineers decide how assets are to be used.  ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

52. LECTURE-4 Role and Responsibilities of Engineers 23-11-2021 52

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54. 23-11-2021 54 Engineers work in a variety of fields to analyse, develop and evaluate large-scale, complex systems. This can mean and improve and maintaining current systems or creating brand new projects. Engineers will design and draft blueprints, visit systems in the field and manage projects. What are the duties and responsibilities of an engineer?

55. 23-11-2021 55 Safety and welfare of the public and of clients Professional Ethics Environmental Responsibilities Quality Communications ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN ENGINEER

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57. 23-11-2021 57 ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

58. 23-11-2021 58 DUTIES OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Analyze problems to see how mechanical and thermal devices might help solve the problem Design or redesign mechanical and thermal devices using analysis and computer-aided design Develop and test prototypes of devices they design Analyze the test results and change the design as needed Oversee the manufacturing process for the device

59. 23-11-2021 59 DUTIES OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Mechanical engineers design and oversee the manufacturing of many products ranging from medical devices to new batteries. Mechanical engineers design power-producing machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines as well as power-using machines, such as refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. Mechanical engineers design other machines inside buildings, such as elevators and escalators. They also design material-handling systems, such as conveyor systems and automated transfer stations. Like other engineers, mechanical engineers use computers extensively. Computers help mechanical engineers create and analyze designs, run simulations and test how a machine is likely to work, and generate specifications for parts.

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61. LECTURE-5 Professional Societies and their codes of ethics 23-11-2021 61

62. 23-11-2021 62 A professional association (also called a professional body, professional organization, or professional society ) seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that profession and the public interest. What does professional societies mean?

63. 23-11-2021 63 A professional society has two roles: One is the setting of standards, The members should be compliance with those standards. PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

64. 23-11-2021 64 PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES Consortium- கூட்டமைப்பு

65. 23-11-2021 65 PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

66. 23-11-2021 66 PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

67. 23-11-2021 67 The mission of the professional societies is primarily educational and informational . Their influence flows from their continuing and highly visible functions: to publish professional journals to develop professional excellence to raise public awareness, and to make awards. MISSION OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

68. 23-11-2021 68 Through their work, they help to define and set standards for their professional fields and to promote high standards of quality through awards and other forms of recognition . The oldest professional societies are the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852), American Chemical Society (1876), American Mathematical Society (1888), and American Physical Society (1899 ) MISSION OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

69. 23-11-2021 69 Professionalism Networking Career Opportunities Grants Training Socializing What Are the Benefits of Belonging to a Professional Organization?

70. 23-11-2021 70 Aeronautical Society of India Society of Automotive Engineers (SAEINDIA) Computer Society of India The Institution of Engineers (India) Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering Society of EMC Engineers (India) Indian Society for Technical Education Indian Science Congress Association PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES IN INDIA

71. 23-11-2021 71 This Code of Professional Ethics (hereinafter called the " Code ") lays down the standards of integrity, professionalism and confidentiality which all members of the Association shall be bound to respect in their work. (OR) A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business honestly and with integrity What are the codes of professional ethics?

72. 23-11-2021 72 Code of practice ( professional ethics ) A code of practice is adopted by a profession or by a governmental or non-governmental organization to regulate that profession. In a membership context, failure to comply with a code of practice can result in expulsion from the professional organization. What are the codes of professional ethics?

73. 23-11-2021 73 Integrity. Objectivity. Professional Competence and Due Care. Confidentiality. Professional Behaviour. What are the five codes of ethics ?

74. 23-11-2021 74 Integrity: A professional accountant should be straightforward and honest in all professional and business relationships Objectivity : A professional accountant should not allow bias, conflict of interest or undue influence of others. What are the five codes of ethics ?

75. 23-11-2021 75 Professional Competence and Due Care: A professional accountant has a continuing duty to maintain professional knowledge and skill at the level required to ensure that a client or employer receives competent professional services based on current developments in practice, legislation and techniques. A professional accountant should act diligently and in accordance with applicable technical and professional standards when providing professional services. What are the five codes of ethics ?

76. 23-11-2021 76 Confidentiality : A professional accountant should respect the confidentiality of information acquired as a result of professional and business relationships and should not disclose any such information to third parties without proper and specific authority unless there is a legal or professional right or duty to disclose. Professional Behaviour: A professional accountant should comply with the relevant laws and regulations and should avoid any action that discredits the profession. What are the five codes of ethics ?

77. 23-11-2021 77 The most important rules for a Corporate Member in a Professional sphere to follow, in India or abroad, is the code of practice for the society of which he is a member .   (i ) A Corporate Member should observe the principles of honesty, justice, and courtesy in his profession. His personal conduct should uphold his Professional reputation, he should avoid adverse Questions affecting brother associations/Professionals, and he should uphold the dignity and honour of the Society. Code of Ethics for Members of Indian Society of Engineers

78. 23-11-2021 78 (ii ) A Corporate Member will co-operate with others in his profession by fair interchange of information and experience and endeavour to protect the profession from misrepresentation and misunderstanding, and will not divulge any confidential findings or actions of an engineering commission or committee, as a Member without obtaining permission from the Authority. (iii ) A Corporate Member will not directly or indirectly make damage to the reputation or practice of another Corporate Member or criticize technically without proper forum of Engineering Society or Engineering Press.  Code of Ethics for Members of Indian Society of Engineers

79. 23-11-2021 79 (iv) A Corporate Member will neither misrepresent his Qualification and misguide his employer or client or to the profession, nor disclose trade secrets or technical affairs of his client or employer without proper Authority . (v ) A Corporate member will not review works of another Corporate Member at the same time for the same client, except with the consent of the other Member.  Code of Ethics for Members of Indian Society of Engineers

80. 23-11-2021 80 (vi ) A Corporate Member will, if he considers another Corporate Member is guilty of unethical, illegal, or unfair practices, inform the Council of the Society in writing with necessary documents for action . (vii ) A Corporate Member shall always confirm the National Interest in his own Professional Engineering areas.  Code of Ethics for Members of Indian Society of Engineers

81. 23-11-2021 81 Constraints are conditions that we need to happen or would like to happen with a design. In the early stages of a design task they may tend to be negative. For example, a car engine cannot exceed the size the space in which it fits, yet it cannot produce less than a specified power. What are the constraints in engineering?

82. 23-11-2021 82 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS Design constraints are conditions that need to happen for a project to be successful. Design constraints help narrow choices when creating a project . Each constraint defines a subset of the set of all possible designs in which it is satisfied. When several constraints are specified, it is only the possibilities within the intersection of all the subsets that we are interested in.

83. 23-11-2021 83 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

84. Product Design Constraints and Requirements Design Engineers must consider a multitude of technical, economic, social, environmental, and political constraints when they design products and processes. There must be clear evidence in your design project that you have addressed the constraints that are relevant to your project.

85. Effect of Constraints Better Designs Design Changes Design Changes Constraint Limits

86. Functional Constraints Overall Geometry – size, width, space, arrangement Motion of parts – type, direction, velocities, acceleration, kinematics Forces involved – load direction, magnitude, load, impact Energy needed – heating, cooling, conversion, pressure Materials to be used – flow, transport, properties Control system – electrical, hydraulic, mechanical, pneumatic Information flow – inputs, outputs, form, display

87. Safety Constraints Operational – direct, indirect, hazard elimination Human – warnings, training Environmental – land, sea, air, noise, light, radiation, reaction, transport

88. Quality Constraints Quality assurance – regulations, standards, codes Quality control – inspection, testing, labeling Reliability – design life, failures, statistics

89. Manufacturing Constraints Production of components – factory limitations, means of production, wastes Purchase of components – supplier quality, reliability, quality control, inspection Assembly – installation, foundations, bolting, welding Transport – material handling, clearance, packaging

90. Timing Constraints Design schedule – project planning, project control Development schedule – design detailing, compliance tests Production schedule – manufacture, assembly, packing, transport Delivery schedule – delivery date, distribution network, supply chains

91. Economic Constraints Marketing analysis – size of market, distribution, market segments Design costs – design team computing, information retrieval Development costs – design detailing, supplier costs, testing costs Manufacturing cost - tooling, labor, overhead, assembly, inspection Distribution costs - packing, transport, service centers, spare parts, warranty Resources – time, budget, labor, capital, machines, material $

92. Ergonomic Constraints User needs – type of operation, instructions, warnings Ergonomic design – man-machine relationships, operation, height, layout, comfort, lighting Cybernetic design – controls, layout, clarity, interactions

93. Ecological Constraints General environmental impact – impact on natural resources, social resources Sustainability – political and commercial consequences, implications for following generations Material selection –solid, liquid, gas, stability, protection, toxicity Working fluid selection – fluid, gas, flammability, toxicity

94. Aesthetic Constraints Customer appeal – shape, color, texture, form, feel, smell, surprise and delight features Fashion – culture, history, trends Future expectations – rate of change in technology, trends, product families

95. Life-Cycle Constraints Distribution – means of transport, nature and conditions of dispatch, rules, regulations Operation – quietness, wear, special uses, working environments Maintenance – servicing intervals, inspection, exchange and repair, cleaning, diagnostics Disposal – recycle, scrap

96. Legal/Ethical Constraints Regulations – OSHA, FAA, FDA Ethics – public safety, health, welfare and integrity Intellectual Property – patents, trademarks, copyrights

97. Summary Think about CONSTRAINTS Plan for them Put them into the design

98. UNIT-2 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering – Branches of Mechanical Engineering –scope of Mechanical Engineering – types of Manufacturing processes – Impact of industrial development on economy and environment of country –Role of Mechanical Engineer in Society. 23-11-2021 98

99. LECTURE-1 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 23-11-2021 99

100. 23-11-2021 100 Engineering is the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures. DEFINITION Graphical Representation of Engineering

101. Introduction to Mechanical Engineering As the name itself suggests, mechanical engineering mainly relates to machines and mechanics in the broadest sense of the term. Since machines are involved in literally all aspects of human life right from very basic domestic machines to complicated automated machines in big industries, Virtually every product or service in modern life has probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer to help humankind. Mechanical engineering is the application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering from design to manufacturing to the marketplace for any object. 23-11-2021 101

102. Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineers analyse their work using the principles of motion, energy, and force—ensuring that designs function safely, efficiently, and reliably, all at a competitive cost. Mechanical engineers make a difference. That’s because mechanical engineering careers centre on creating technologies to meet human needs. Virtually every product or service in modern life has probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer to help humankind. This includes solving today’s problems and creating future solutions in health care, energy, transportation, world hunger, space exploration, climate change, and more. 23-11-2021 102

103. Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 23-11-2021 103

104. W HAT IS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ?

105. Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. (OR) The field of mechanical engineering encompasses the properties of forces, materials , energy, fluids , and motion, as well as the application of those elements to devise products that advance society and improve people’s lives. W HAT IS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ?

106. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines. The engineering field requires an understanding of core concepts including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, and structural analysis. Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like computer-aided engineering and product lifecycle management to design and analyse manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices and more. W HAT IS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ?

107. Mechanical engineers research, develop, design, Manufacture and test tools, engines , machines, and other mechanical devices. They work on power-producing machines such as electricity-producing generators, internal combustion engines, steam and gas turbines, and jet and rocket engines . They also develop power using machines such as refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, robots used in manufacturing, machine tools, materials handling systems, and industrial production equipment. WHO ARE MECHANICAL ENGINEERS/ FUNCTIONS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS?

108. Mechanical Engineering Involved with “Machines”: MEs design tools, engines, machines Design and develop power-producing machines,including… internal combustion engines

109. Mechanical Engineering Design and develop power-producing machines, including Steam and Gas turbines TurboFans from Jet Aircraft Turbinator Gas Turbine Engine Race Car

110. Mechanical Engineering Jet and Rocket engines. Jet Engine powered Truck NASA next-generation rocket engine powered spacecraft

111. Mechanical Engineering Design and develop power-using machines such as Heating, Ventilation, Air-conditioning (HVAC) systems

112. Mechanical Engineering Design and develop power-using machines such as Robotic systems Land Mine Detecting Robot

113. Conceptual design Analysis Presentations and report writing Multidisciplinary teamwork Concurrent engineering Benchmarking the competition Project management Prototyping Testing Measurements Data Interpretation Developmental design Research Analysis (FEA and CFD) Working with suppliers Sales Consulting Customer service What tasks do mechanical engineers do?

114. Acoustics Aerospace Automation Automotive Autonomous Systems Biotechnology Composites Computer Aided Design ( CAD) Control Systems Cyber security Design Energy Ergonomics Human health Manufacturing and additive manufacturing Mechanics Nanotechnology Production planning Robotics Structural analysis Disciplines within mechanical engineering include but are not limited to:

115. Product design - A mechanical engineer designs anything that uses mechanical motion to develop products useful to mankind. Research and development - A mechanical engineer also discover and improves methods to human needs. Manufacturing - Mechanical engineers develop machines that process materials into products. Design machines - The design and build machines and systems of machines that improve the efficiency and yields quality products with minimum costs. System management - They also supervise and oversee the operations of large systems like power plants and more Duties of Mechanical Engineers

116. Duties of Mechanical Engineers Analyse problems to see how mechanical and thermal devices might help solve a particular problem Design or redesign mechanical and thermal devices or subsystems, using analysis and computer-aided design Investigate equipment failures or difficulties to diagnose faulty operation and to recommend remedies Develop and test prototypes of devices they design Analyse the test results and change the design or system as needed Oversee the manufacturing process for the device.

117. Creativity: Mechanical engineers design and build complex pieces of equipment and machinery. A creative mind is essential for this kind of work. Listening skills: Mechanical engineers often work on projects with others, such as architects and computer scientists. They must listen to and analyse different approaches made by other experts to complete the task at hand. Math skills: Mechanical engineers use the principles of calculus, statistics, and other advanced subjects in math for analysis, design, and troubleshooting in their work. Mechanical skills: Mechanical skills allow engineers to apply basic engineering concepts and mechanical processes to the design of new devices and systems. Problem-solving skills: Mechanical engineers need good problem-solving skills to take scientific principles and discoveries and use them to design and build useful products. Important Qualities for Mechanical Engineers

118. To meet these challenges, research in the department is coordinated across seven collaborative disciplinary thrust areas : Mechanics Design , Manufacturing, & Product Development Controls , Instrumentation & Robotics Energy Science & Engineering Ocean Science & Engineering Bioengineering Micro and Nano Engineering

119. LECTURE-2 Branches of Mechanical Engineering 23-11-2021 119

120. Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. (OR) The field of mechanical engineering encompasses the properties of forces, materials , energy, fluids , and motion, as well as the application of those elements to devise products that advance society and improve people’s lives. W HAT IS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ?

121. Acoustics Aerospace Automation Automotive Autonomous Systems Biotechnology Composites Computer Aided Design ( CAD) Control Systems Cyber security Design Energy Ergonomics Human health Manufacturing and additive manufacturing Mechanics Nanotechnology Production planning Robotics Structural analysis Disciplines within mechanical engineering include but are not limited to:

122. Mathematics ( calculus , differential equations , and linear algebra ) Basic physical sciences (including physics and chemistry ) Statics and dynamics Strength of materials and solid mechanics Materials Engineering , Composites Thermodynamics , heat transfer , energy conversion , and HVAC Fuels , combustion , Internal combustion engine Fluid mechanics (including fluid statics and fluid dynamics ) Mechanism and Machine design (including kinematics and dynamics ) Instrumentation and measurement Manufacturing engineering , technology, or processes Vibration , control theory and control engineering Hydraulics , and pneumatics Mechatronics , and robotics Engineering design and product design Drafting , computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) The fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering usually include:

123. AEROSPACE ENGINEERING: Aerospace engineering is a branch of mechanical engineering which deals with the designing and construction of aircraft. It is an exciting profession as it is focused on the development and use of various technologies relevant to a rapidly changing, high-tech industry. When compared to other fields of mechanical engineering aerospace engineering is complex and highly demanding . ACOUSTICAL ENGINEERING: This is rather an excellent degree to choose for those who want wider prospects for scientific and engineering career options. It is a branch of engineering that basically deals with the measurement and analysis of sound and vibration. Acoustical engineers apply the science of sound and vibration to real world technologies .

124. AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING This specialised branch of mechanical engineering deals with vehicles that ply on roads rather than sea or air. Again it could involved several sub-parameters which in turn require specialized skills of their own such as safety engineer, design engineer and so on, who take care of different aspects of automotive engineering during its design, manufacturing or maintenance . HVAC ENGINEERING Climate and weather are natural phenomenon, but we can still control the elements at least within a finite space and that is all what HVAC engineering is all about. It stands for Heating, Ventilation & Air-Conditioning engineering and includes principles of thermodynamics, fluid transfer etc.

125. MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING: It is a discipline of engineering that involves the designing, analysing and applying of manufacturing techniques and methods for the production of quality products at cost-effective prices. In short it encompasses all aspects of manufacturing a product. It is an interface between the design and the actual product. Manufacturing engineers design the product and decide how to build the product after designing. THERMAL ENGINEERING: This is related to the study of systems that transfer heat between two medians and the conversion of heat into other useful forms of energy. It is one of the most lucrative fields as thermal engineering is important to design any machine. Thermal engineers focus on thermodynamics, design of heating and cooling equipment and power management.

126. POWER PLANT ENGINEERING: Every process requires power and energy and this is generated in power plants which could be different in their modes of production such as thermal, nuclear, hydro etc. This branch of mechanical engineering mainly utilizes the principles of thermodynamics and uses equipment like alternators, boilers etc . MARINE ENGINEERING: This branch of mechanical engineering relates to the operation and maintenance of propulsion and other machines on board ships. The machinery on a ship ranges from main propulsion plant, auxiliary generators, boilers, purifiers, pumps, and so forth.

127. PRODUCTION ENGINEERING: This is a unique branch of engineering which deals with techniques and tools used in manufacturing industries. In short it is a combination of manufacturing technology with management science. It is also a fast growing engineering stream . VEHICLE ENGINEERING: Vehicle engineering comprises of automobile engineering, marine engineering and the aeronautical engineering. It deals with the study related to the design, manufacture and operation of systems that drives and controls vehicles.

128. COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING Known more popularly as CAE and used in combination with CAD (Computer Aided Design) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing), it is mainly refers to the use of computers and relevant software for carrying out design, analysis, simulation of various machines and procedures. It is used in various disciplines such as automobile design, naval architecture etc. to name a few. MECHATRONICS Mechatronics is a recent addition to the mechanical engineering branch and refers to a combination of mechanical, computer and electronics engineering. Hence it can said to be a hybrid branch which cover several fields at the same time.

129. LECTURE-3 Scope of Mechanical Engineering 23-11-2021 130

130. Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. (OR) The field of mechanical engineering encompasses the properties of forces, materials , energy, fluids , and motion, as well as the application of those elements to devise products that advance society and improve people’s lives. W HAT IS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ?

131. Acoustics Aerospace Automation Automotive Autonomous Systems Biotechnology Composites Computer Aided Design ( CAD) Control Systems Cyber security Design Energy Ergonomics Human health Manufacturing and additive manufacturing Mechanics Nanotechnology Production planning Robotics Structural analysis Disciplines within mechanical engineering include but are not limited to:

132. There is a huge demand for skilled mechanical engineers in India and abroad. The expertise of a mechanical engineer is required in manufacturing industries like automobiles, aviation, etc. In the recent times and due to the advent in technology, the skills of a mechanical engineer is sought in fields such as nano -technology, biomedical engineering, energy conservation and more. According to reports, the growth in this industry it is said within the next few years, mechanical engineering will be the highest paid career option What is the scope of mechanical engineering?

133. Mechanical Engineers are required in all manufacturing facilities. The working criteria of a mechanical engineer changes according to the type and domain of the company they are working with and the area of specialization. In a broader sense it can be said that mechanical engineer works on design and control of a system that goes into the process of manufacturing the machinery and product. He tests new systems for feasibility and efficiency and carries out quality management and improvement process.  What is the scope of mechanical engineering?

134. There is tremendous scope for mechanical engineers in, Automobile Engineering Cement Industry Steel Power Sector Hydraulics Manufacturing Plants Drilling And Mining Industry Petroleum Aeronautical Biotechnology Environmental And Bio-medical Fields.  SCOPE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING?

135. SCOPE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

136. So there is wide scope of job avenues for Mechanical Engineers in India. Few job avenues are highlighted below: Aerospace industry – researches, designs, manufactures, operates and maintains aircraft Automotive industry – designs, manufactures, distributes and markets motor vehicles Chemical industry – covers oil companies, chemicals manufacturers and the businesses that support them (e.g. to build new plants or develop new process technologies) Construction industry – designs and builds infrastructure, buildings and buildings services (e.g. heating and ventilation) Defence industry – provides equipment, support and services for the armed forces and national security Electronics industry – designs and manufactures components and complete equipment for sectors from automotive to medicine and the military Future Job Scope of Mechanical engineering:

137. Fast moving consumer goods industry – manufactures products such as household cleaning items, personal hygiene goods and convenience foods Marine industry – develops and helps operate vessels Materials and metals industry – activities include developing new materials and manufacturing components or end products Pharmaceuticals industry – develops and manufactures drugs Rail industry – designs, constructs, manages and maintains rail system components from trains and tracks to electrical power systems and train control systems Utilities industry – helps supply power, water, waste management and telecoms

138. Future Job Scope of Mechanical engineering:

139. Future Job Scope of Mechanical engineering: A beginner in Mechanical Engineering can opt for various job openings such as: Maintenance Engineer safety Engineer Quality Assurance CNC Programmer Jr . Engineer Design Engineer CAD/CAM Trainer Production Supervisor/Engineer R&D Trainee etc.

140. The scope for mechanical engineers are in the rise and it is evident from the following facts, Growth rate of Indian economy Government push for infrastructure development Start-up India Plan, that eases obtaining of bank loans, licenses & registrations Huge foreign direct investments Make in India scheme Lot of MNCs setting up their R&D centres in India More infrastructures are being built to encourage innovation

141. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D): This is an exciting role and the job responsibilities involve developing new products & design by doing market research and implementing them to find out the possibilities. This will be a very good choice if you are interested to learn new things and explore latest technologies . DESIGN: This job role involves the drafting of technical drawings, design criterion either manually or with the aid of computers. This will be an ideal role for you if you are good with drawings and computer software . JOB PROFILES OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

142. PRODUCTION: This job role mainly involves the supervision of manufacturing process of components and machines. If you are interested in manufacturing process and want to get experienced with the techniques involved in production this will be a very good field for you . ANALYSIS & TESTING: The job role is to analyse & test the different types of machines and their parts to ensure that they don’t have any faults and function flawlessly. This will be a very good option for you if like to get experienced in the production process.

143. INSTALLATION: This role involves the application knowledge of professional to install machines and mechanical parts at the industries and client location. This role mostly requires application knowledge. So, if you are the one who is good at application not in theory this will be the right field for you. MAINTENANCE: The primary role involved in this job is to ensure that the machinery is working as per the specifications without any faults. Most of the core industries have a dedicated team who does the maintenance of their products, machines, and equipment. This role also requires more of practical and application knowledge.

144. LECTURE-4 Types Of Manufacturing Processes 23-11-2021 148

145. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part . (OR) Manufacturing process is basically a complex activity, concerned with people who've a broad number of disciplines and expertise and a wide range of machinery, tools, and equipment with numerous levels of automation, such as computers, robots, and other equipment. Manufacturing pursuits must be receptive to several needs and developments. W HAT IS MANUFACTURING PROCESS ?

146. Manufacturing Process “The Process of Converting Raw Materials Into Products”

147. To change the physical properties of the raw material . To change the shape and size of the work piece. To produce required dimensional accuracy (tolerances) and surface finish. FUNCTIONS INVOLVE IN MANUFACTURING PROCESS

148. Meeting performance requirements ( i.e . tolerances, strength, weight, etc.) Meeting cost of production requirements Ability to reproduce constant quality during mass production Large manufactured components should have uniform material properties throughout the component GOALS AND CORE PRINCIPLES FOR ALL PROCESSES

149. Manufacturing a Product: General Considerations Material Selection Processing Methods Final Shape and Appearance Dimensional and Surface Finish Economics of Tooling Design Requirements Safety and Environmental Concerns

150. Manufacturing Processes for Metals Manufacturing Processes - classification - Casting A manufacturing process that pours a liquid material into a hollow mold until the material cools into a solidified shape Forming operations change the geometry of the starting material without cutting it. Material removal or M achining processes remove a part of the starting material using a tool to get the desired geometry Joining or Combining processes join two materials or deposit material onto the exterior surface of the starting material 2

151. Types of Manufacturing Processes Casting: expendable mold and permanent mold. Forming and Shaping: rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing, sheet forming, powder metallurgy, molding Machining: turning, boring, drilling, milling, planning, shaping, broaching, grinding, ultrasonic machining, chemical machining, electrical discharge machining (EDM), electrochemical machining, high-energy beam machining Joining: welding, brazing, soldering, diffusion bonding, adhesive bonding, mechanical joining Finishing : honing, lapping, polishing, burnishing, deburring , surface treating, coating, plating

152. 1. Casting Processes Introduction of molten metal into a mold cavity; upon solidification, metal conforms to the shape of the cavity. Die Casting Sand Casting

153. Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. (or) A material in a liquid or semisolid form is poured or forced to flow into a die cavity and allowed to solidify, thus taking the solid shape of the cavity Casting Processes Examples: door handles, locks, the outer casing or housing for motors, pumps, etc., wheels of many cars. Casting is also heavily used in the toy industry to make parts, e.g. toy cars, planes etc

154. Casting Processes Classifications Examples: door handles, locks, the outer casing or housing for motors, pumps, etc., wheels of many cars. Casting is also heavily used in the toy industry to make parts, e.g. toy cars, planes etc

155. Casting Processes Classifications Examples: door handles, locks, the outer casing or housing for motors, pumps, etc., wheels of many cars. Casting is also heavily used in the toy industry to make parts, e.g. toy cars, planes etc

156. 11/23/2021 160 SAND CASTING PROCESS Most sand casting operations use silica sand (SiO 2 ). A great advantage of sand in manufacturing applications is that sand is inexpensive. Another advantage of sand to manufacture products by metal casting processes, is that sand is very resistant to elevated temperatures. In fact, sand casting is one of the few processes that can be used for metals with high melting temperatures such as steels, nickel, and titanium. Usually sand used to manufacture a mould for the casting process is held together by a mixture of water and clay. A typical mixture by volume could be 89% sand, 4% water, 7% clay. Control of all aspects of the properties of sand is crucial when manufacturing parts by sand casting, therefore a sand laboratory is usually attached to the foundry.

157. 11/23/2021 161 SAND CASTING PROCESS

158. SAND CASTING PROCESS

159. PATTERN: A pattern is made of wood or metal, is a replica of the final product and is used for preparing mould cavity RISER: A column of metal placed in the mold to feed the casting as it shrinks and solidifies. Also known as a "feed head." RUNNER: The channel through which the molten metal is carried from the sprue to the gate. CORES: A separated part of the mold, made of sand and generally baked, which is used to create openings and various shaped cavities in the casting. GATE: A channel through which the molten metal enters the casting cavity.

160. PARTING LINE: Joint where mold separates to permit removal of the pattern and which shows how and where to open the mold. SAND: A sand which binds strongly without losing its permeability to air or gases. CHAPLET: A metal support used to hold a core in place in a mold. BINDERS: Materials used to hold molding sand together. POURING BASIN: Filling the mold with molten metal. SHRINKAGE: The decrease in volume when molten metal solidifies. MOULD: The mould contains a cavity whose geometry determines the shape of cast part. Mold material should posses refractory characteristics and with stand the pouring temperature

161. 11/23/2021 165 SAND CASTING OPERATIONS The sand casting operation involves the pouring of the molten metal into the sand mould, the solidification of the casting within the mould, and the removal of the casting. Of specific interest to sand casting would be; the effect and dissipation of heat through the particular sand mould mixture during the casting's solidification, the effect of the flow of liquid metal on the integrity of the mould, (mould sand mixture properties and binder issues), and the escape of gases through the mixture. Sand usually has the ability to withstand extremely high temperature levels, and generally allows the escape of gases quite well.

162. 11/23/2021 166 SAND CASTING OPERATIONS Manufacturing with sand casting allows the creation of castings with complex geometry. Sand casting manufacture, however, only imparts a fair amount of dimensional accuracy to the cast part. After the sand casting is removed from the sand mould it is shaken out , all the sand is otherwise removed from the casting, and the gating system is cut off the part. The part may then undergo further manufacturing processes such as heat treatment, machining, and/or metal forming. Inspection is always carried out on the finished part to evaluate the effectiveness and satisfaction of its manufacture.

163. Casting Processes-Flow Diagram

164. Advantages Disadvantages R e c om m end e d Application Least Expensive in small quantities Ferrous and non - ferrous metals may be cast Possible to cast very large parts. • Least expensive tooling Dimensional accuracy inferior to other processes, requires larger tolerances Castings usually exceed calculated weight Surface finish of ferrous castings usually exceeds 125 RMS Use when strength/weight ratio permits Tolerances, surface finish and low machining cost does not warrant a more expensive process

165. 11/23/2021 169

166. The various casting processes are classified according to these different moulds Open Mould Closed Mould

167. Open mould in which the liquid metal is simply poured until it fills the open cavity. (fig. a) Closed mould the closed mold is provided to permit the molten metal to flow from outside the mold cavity. (fig. b) the closed mold is more important categories in production casting operation.

168. Comparison of Casting Processes

169. Applications of Casting Processes

170. Forming and Shaping Processes Bulk deformation processes that induce shape changes by plastic deformation under forces applied by tools and dies. Forging Extrusion

171. 2.Forming Processes Forming processes are particular manufacturing processes which make use of suitable stresses (like compression, tension, shear or combined stresses) which cause plastic deformation of the materials to produce required shapes. The main material used is metal due to the massive need for various products demanded by the public, nevertheless other compounds like plastic can be formed too due to a big market for plastic based products. During forming processes no material is removed, i.e. they are deformed and displaced.

172. Types of Forming Processes

173. Types of Forming Processes Some of example of forming processes are: Forging Extrusion Rolling Sheet metal working Rotary swaging Thread rolling Explosive forming Electromagnetic forming

174. Forming Processes

175. Forming Processes Types of Forging Processes There are basically three methods (or processes) to make a forged part. Impression Die Forging Open Die Forging Flash less Forging

176. Forming Processes

177. Forming Processes

178. Forming Processes

179. Forming Processes

180. Forming Processes

181. Forming Processes

182. Machining Processes Material removal from a work piece: cutting, grinding, nontraditional machining processes. Milling Lathe Machine

183. Machining O p e r a t i o n s

184. It is a metal removing operation from the work piece with the help of machine tools and cutting tools. Metal is removed in the form of chip from theworkpiece. Machining is any of various processes in which a piece of raw material is cut into a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process.

185. Lathe machines, Drilling machines, Grinders, Shaping machines, Planning Machines, Milling Machines Boring Machines Metal Cutting Saws

186. Bed Legs Headstock Gear Box Carriage The saddle The cross slide The compound rest The tool post The apron Tailstock

187. The lathe is a machine tool which holds the workpiece between two rigid and strong supports called centers or in a chuck or face plate which revolves. The cutting tool is rigidly held and supported in a tool post which is fed against the revolving work. The normal cutting operations are performed with the cutting tool fed either parallel or at right angles to the axis of the work.

188. A lathe machine is specified by the following Height of the centers measured from the lathebed. Swing diameter over bed. This the largest diameter of work piece which will revolve without touching the bed. It is equal twice the height of centers from the bed. Swing diameter over carriage. It is the largest diameter that can revolve over the cross-slide. This always less than the swing diameter over the bed. Maximum bar diameter. This is the maximum diameter that will pass through the head stock spindle. Length of the bed.

189. Lathes can be classified into following three types Engine Lathes Light weight bench engine lathe Precision Tool Room lathes Gap lathes Turret Lathes Special Purpose lathes

190. Turning –Plain turning , Step turning Facing Taper Turning Drilling Boring Reaming Knurling Forming Chamfering Parting Off Threading or thread cutting

191. Turning is the removal of metal from the outer diameter of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. Turning is used to reduce the diameter of the workpiece, usually to a specified dimension, and to produce a smooth finish on the metal. Often the workpiece will be turned so that adjacent sections have different diameters.

192. Plain or Straight Turning . Plain turning originated in the watch industry and is used to manufacture long, slim parts from rod stock or wire. On the plain lathe the rod material is clamped in a chuck and pushed through a guide sleeve.

193. A step turning operation is performed using a wide tool after the plain turning operation. The work is held in between the lathe centers or with the chuck and the tool is held at the height of the axis of the work.

194. Facing is a lathe operation in which the cutting tool removes metal from the end of the workpiece or a shoulder.

195. Taper Turning : The taper turning is an operation of producing a conical surface by gradual reduction in the diameter of a cylindrical workpiece.

196. Knurling is a process of impressing a diamond shaped or straight line pattern into the surface of a workpiece by using specially shaped hardened metal wheels to improve its appearance and to provide a better gripping surface.

197. Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross- section in solid materials. Boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled

198. Boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled

199. Grooving : Grooving is the act of making grooves of reduced diameter in the workpiece. Parting : Parting is the act of making parts is cut out without unclamping the job or workpiece.

200. Chamfering : Chamfering removes the burrs and sharp edges, and thus makes the handling safe. Chamfering can be done by a form tool having angle equal to chamfer which is generally kept at 45°.

201. Threading : Threading is the act of cutting of the required form of threads on the internal or external cylindrical surfaces.

202. Parameters:- Cutting Speeds Setting Speed and Feed spindle speed Turning with Hand Feed Depth of cut Feed rate Tool geometry Machine/ Spindle Power Coolant

203. Drilling is an operation through which a drilled hole is produced in a job. The machine tool used in this case is called drilling machine and the cutting tool used is called a drill bit or drill .

204. Drilling is an operation through which a drilled hole is produced in a job. The machine tool used in this case is called drilling machine and the cutting tool used is called a drill bit or drill .

205. 1.Portable drilling 2.Sensitive or Bench Drilling 3.Radial Drilling 4.Pillar drilling 5.Gang Drilling 6.Multiple Spindle Drilling

206. It is intended for drilling medium to large and heavy workpieces. The machine consists of a heavy, round, vertical column mounted on a large base. The column supports a radial arm which can be raised and lowered to accommodate work pieces of different heights.

207. Component's: Base Column Table & Its Clamp Spindle Spindle Head Drill Feed Handle Power transmission A.C/D.C Motor It is a small machine designed for drilling small holes at high speeds in light jobs. Total drilling operation is manually controlled. The machine is capable of drilling holes from 1.5 to 15mm diameter.

208. Gang Multi-Spindle

209. Component's: Base Column Table & Its Clamp Spindle Spindle Head Drill Feed Handle Power transmission A.C/D.C Motor

210. Drilling : Operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a solid body by means of a drill. Reaming : Operation of finishing the drilled hole (that is achieving the closer tolerances and desired surface finish) by means of a reamer. Boring : A drilled hole can be enlarged also by means of boring tool on the drill machine. Counter Boring : Enlarging the diameter of the drilled hole only upto certain depth. For this counter boring tool is used. Counter Sinking : It is enlarging the top end of a drilled hole and giving it a conical shape by the help of a counter sinking tool. Spot Facing : Squaring the surface at the top end of a hole to provide a true seat for the bolt head or collar. Tapping : A tap can be rotated inside an already drilled hole to produce internal threads.

211. LECTURE-5 Impact of industrial development on economy and environment of country 23-11-2021 231 http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/env_topics/IndustryAndBusinessLicensing/Pages/EnvironmentalImpactOfBusiness.aspx

212. Industrialization is the process by which an economy moves from primarily agrarian production to mass-produced, technologically advanced goods and services. This phase is characterized by exponential leaps in productivity, shifts from rural to urban labour, and increased standards of living. By typical measurements, such as income per capita or labour productivity, industrialization can be considered the most important economic development in human history. INDUSTRIALIZATION

213. The major industrial shifts in Western economies occurred during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. Economic historians tend to point to four significant national industrializations: T he original industrialization in Great Britain between 1760 and 1860; T he industrialization of the United States from 1790 until 1870; T he unmatched industrial gains in Japan between the 1880s and 1970; and The industrialization of China from 1960 until contemporary times. INDUSTRIALIZATION

214. LECTURE-6 Role of Mechanical Engineer in Society 23-11-2021 234

215. 1) Read and interpret blueprints, technical drawings, schematics, and computer-generated reports. 2) Confer with engineers and other personnel to implement operating procedures, resolve system malfunctions, and provide technical information.   3) Research and analyze customer design proposals, specifications, manuals, and other data to evaluate the feasibility, cost, and maintenance requirements of designs or applications. 4) Specify system components or direct modification of products to ensure conformance with engineering design and performance specifications. 5) Research, design, evaluate, install, operate, and maintain mechanical products, equipment, systems and processes to meet requirements, applying knowledge of engineering principles. ROLE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

216. 6) Investigate equipment failures and difficulties to diagnose faulty operation, and to make recommendations to maintenance crew. 7) Assist drafters in developing the structural design of products, using drafting tools or computer-assisted design/drafting equipment and software. 8) Provide feedback to design engineers on customer problems and needs. ROLE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

217. 9) Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, and repair to ensure that machines and equipment are installed and functioning according to specifications. 10) Conduct research that tests and analyzes the feasibility, design, operation and performance of equipment, components and systems. 11) Recommend design modifications to eliminate machine or system malfunctions ROLE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

218. 12) Develop and test models of alternate designs and processing methods to assess feasibility, operating condition effects, possible new applications and necessity of modification. 13) Develop, coordinate, and monitor all aspects of production, including selection of manufacturing methods, fabrication, and operation of product designs. 14) Estimate costs and submit bids for engineering, construction, or extraction projects, and prepare contract documents. ROLE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

219. 15) Perform personnel functions, such as supervision of production workers, technicians, technologists and other engineers, and design of evaluation programs. 16) Solicit new business and provide technical customer service. 17) Establish and coordinate the maintenance and safety procedures, service schedule, and supply of materials required to maintain machines and equipment in the prescribed condition. 18) Study industrial processes to determine where and how application of equipment can be made. ROLE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

220. 19) Write performance requirements for product development or engineering projects. 20) Apply engineering principles and practices to emerging fields, such as robotics, waste management, and biomedical engineering. 21) Design test control apparatus and equipment and develop procedures for testing products. ROLE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY