Mechanical Handling updated.ppt

Mechanical Handling

1. MECHANICAL HANDLING
1

2. TYPES OF MECHANICAL MEANS
2
CRANES
POWERED INDUSTRIAL
TRUCKS
CONVEYERS

3. WHAT IS MECHANICAL
HANDLING
Theactofloading,unloadingandmoving
goodswiththeusemechanicaldevices
withinafactoryorotherworkarea.
Mechanicalhandlingreferstothe
handlingofgoodsandothermaterialsby
mechanicalmeans.
Therearedifferentwaysofhandling
materials,thesearegenerallyclassified
accordingtothetypeofequipmentused.
3

4. CLASSIFICATION OF
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
theInternationalMaterialsManagement
Society(IMMS)hasclassifiedmechanical
equipmentas:
(2)Conveyors
(5) Railroad Cars
(1) Aircraft
(3) Motor Vehicles (4) Marine Carriers
(7)Containers&Supports
(6) Industrial Vehicles
(8) Cranes, Elevators, and Hoists
4

5. BASIC SAFETY PRINCIPALS
Basicsafetyprinciplesshouldbeappliedtoall
mechanicalequipment.Theseprinciplesare:
thattheequipmentshouldbeofgood
construction.
Madefromsoundmaterialofadequate
strengthandbefreefromobviousfaults.
Allshouldbetestedandregularlyexamined
toensuretheirintegrity.Theyshouldalways
beproperlyused.
5

6. CRANES
What are Cranes?
Cranesareliftingmachinesequippedwitha
winder,wireropesorchainsandsheavesthat
canbeusedbothtoliftandlowermaterialsand
tomovethemhorizontally.
6
Itusesoneormoresimplemachinestocreate
mechanicaladvantageandthusmoveloads
beyondthenormalcapabilityofahuman.

7. TYPES OF CRANES
Sidelift
Mobile Cranes
Truck mounted
Aerial
Rough Terrain
All Terrain
Crawler
Railroad
Floating
7
Fixed Cranes
Stacker
Gantry
Self-erecting
Hammerhead
Level Luffing
Deck
Bulk Handling
Loader
There are two (2) types of cranes

8. Themanufacturingindustryforthe
assemblingofheavyequipment.
SOME BASIC USE OF CRANES
8
They are commonly employed in:
Thetransportindustryforloadingand
unloadingfreight;
Theconstructionindustryforthe
movementofmaterials;and

9. Isamodernformofbalancecrane.Fixed
totheground(andsometimesattachedto
thesidesofstructuresaswell)givethe
bestcombinationofheightandlifting
capacityandareusedintheconstruction
oftallbuildings.
9
TOWER CRANES (FIXED)

10. 10
LOADER CRANES (FIXED)
Isalsocalledaknuckle-boomoranarticulating
crane,itisahydraulicallypoweredarticulatedarm
fittedtoatruckortrailer,andisusedforloading
andunloadingvehicle.Thenumerousjointed
sectionscanbefoldedintoasmallspacewhenthe
craneisnotinuse.

11. 11
Theseareoftentruck-mounted.
TELESCOPIC CRANES (FIXED)
Thesetypesofboomsareoften
usedforshorttermconstruction
projects,rescuejobs,liftingboatsin
andoutofthewater,etc.
Telescopiccraneshaveaboomthatconsists
ofanumberoftubesfittedoneinsidethe
other.

12. OVERHEAD CRANE (FIXED)
Alsoknownasasuspendedcrane,insteadof
thewholecranemoving,onlythehoist/trolley
assemblymovesinfixedbeams,oftenmounted
alongthesidewallsoronelevatedcolumnsin
theassemblyareaoffactory.Someofthese
cranescanliftveryheavyloads
12

13. TRUCK MOUNTED (MOBILE)
Truckprovidesthe
mobilityforthistype
ofcrane.
13
Generally,thesecranes
aredesignedtotravelon
streetsandhighways,
eliminatingtheneedfor
specialequipmentto
transportthemtoand
fromjobsites.

14. Thiscraneismountedonan
undercarriagewithasetof
tracks(alsocalledcrawlers)
thatprovideforthestability
andmobilityofthecrane.
Themainadvantageofa
crawleristhattheycan
CRAWLER CRANES (MOBILE)
Thiscraneisstableonitstrackswithno
outriggers.Inaddition,acrawlercraneis
capableoftravelingwithaload.
14
move around on site and
then perform each lift with very little set-up.

15. ROUGH TERRAIN (MOBILE)
Thesearemountedonanundercarriagewith
fourrubbertiresthatisdesignedforpick-and-
carryoperationsandforoff-roadand"rough
terrain"applications.
15

16. BEFORE CRANE CAN BE USED
Becauseofthevarietyoftheseliftingappliances
andthedifferentcontrollayout,standardizationof
cranecontrolisimportant.
Crane Layout
Thecontrolsshouldbewithineasyreachofthe
operatortobeaccessedwithouteffortandtoavoid
operationalerrors.
Attentionshouldbegiventovisibility,access,
seatingandenvironmental.
16
Theloadcapacitylimitsshouldbestampedor
affixedtoallriggingcomponents.

17. Comfortableseatsshouldbeprovidedand
properlypositionedtoprovidemaximumviewofall
liftingoperations,whilemaintainingfullviewofthe
controls.
BEFORE CRANE CAN BE USED
Crane Layout
17
Training
Tobeanoperatoronemustbeovereighteen(18)
years.
Wouldbeoperatorsshouldcompleteacoursein
craneandhoistsafetyandhazardcontrol,which
shouldincludehands-ontrainingfromaqualified
operator.

18. BEFORE CRANE CAN BE USED
Training
Operatorsarerequiredtohaveanoperator’s
license,whichisrenewableeverythree(3)years.
18
JUST PRIOR TO CRANE USE
Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothe
followingareas,whichshouldbesetoutonthe
pre-worksheet:
Controls–clutches,breaks,electric,air-
hydraulicsystem,steering.
Outriggers–operation&leakage,padsand
locks.

19. SafetyDevices–lowerlimitswitch,upperlimit
switch,trolleylimitswitches,boomangle
indicator,loadweightindicator,anti-two-blocking
deviceandsignalhorn.
JUST PRIOR TO CRANE USE
Boom–jibstopandblock,hookandsafety
latches.Checktomakesureprotectivedevices
andpanelsareinplace.
19
WireRope–wireropekeepersconditionand
lube,connectionandclamps,kinkingandcrushing
wear,corrosion,bird-caging,brokenwiresand
reeving.
OperationsCab–glass&windscreenwiper,fire
extinguisher,loadinspectchartandhandsignal
chart.

20. BANKSMAN
Craneoperatorsdonotalwayshaveclearvisibility
oftheloadingarea,consequentlyasignaleror
banksmanismostimportantandnecessary.
abanksmanistheskilledpersonwhodirectsthe
operationsofacranefromthepointnearwhere
loadsareattachedanddetached.
20
DURING CRANE USE
Abanksmanmayalsoberesponsibleforthe
loadingandunloadingoflorriesanddirectingthe
movementofotherplant.
Engine–idleandpowerchecks.
General–lube,fuel,hydraulicoil,coolantand
others.

21. 21
DURING CRANE USE
Thereshouldalsobeinspectionsthroughout
duringtheusecranes,forthedetectionof
potentialdeficienciesofotherhazardsandin
particular,forthefollowingofruleswhile
operating.

22. 22
SIGNALS
•MOVESLOWLY:Useone
handtogiveanymotion
signalandplaceotherhand
motionlessinfrontofhand
engaginginmotionsignal.
•HOIST:Withforearm
vertical,forefingerpointing
up,movehandinsmall
horizontalcircles.
•STOP: Arm extended, palm
down, hold position rigidly.
•LOWER:With arm
extended downward,
forefingerpointingdown,
movehandinsmall
horizontalcircles.
•EMERGENCY STOP:Arm
extended,palmdown,move
handrapidlyrightandleft.An
emergencystopsignalmust
beacceptedfromanyperson.
•BRIDGE TRAVEL:Arm
extendedforward,hand
openandslightlyraised,
makepushingmotionsin
directionoftravel
•TROLLEY TRAVEL:Palm
up,fingersclosed,thumb
pointingindirectionof
motion, jerk hand
horizontally.

23. Theoperatorshould:
Makingsuretheweightcapacityofthe
cranebridgeinnotexceeded.
Avoidsidepulls,whichcandestabilisethe
crane.
DURING CRANE USE
Respondtothesignalsonlyfromthe
signaler/banksman.However,obeystop
signalsatalltimes,nomatterwhogivesit.
23
Abanksmanmayalsocontrolthemovementsof
anexcavator,bycarefullymonitoringthebucket
foranyobstructionsorundergroundservices.

24. DURING CRANE USE
Donotmoveloadsoverpeople,nether
shouldpersonsbeallowedtoworkunder
suspendedload,unlessloadsaresupported
byblocks,jacksorsolidfooting.
24
Do not engage in any practice that will divert
your attention while operating.
WHAT CAN GO WRONG
Overturning–causedbyweaksupport,or
operatingoutsidethemachine’scapabilitiesor
bystrikingobstructions.

25. Overloading–exceedingoperatingcapacityor
operatingradii,orbyfailureofsafetydevices.
Collision–withothercranes,overheadcables
orstructures.
WHAT CAN GO WRONG
25
FailureofSupport–placementovercellars
anddrains,outriggersnotextended,notmade-
uponsolidground.
Operatorerrors–fromimpairedorrestricted
visibility,pooreyesight,inadequatetraining.
LossofLoad–failureoftheliftingtackleor
slingingprocedure.

26. OTHER CRANE HAZARDS
Electrical
Travelling crane track hazards
Crushingbetweenmovingpartsandfixed
objects
Fire
Environmental conditions
26
Workerscanbestruckbyfallingload.
Struckwhenerectingordismantlingacrane.
Electrocutiontooperatorscanoccurfrom
electricallydrivencranesifnotproperlyearthed
orgrounded,orfromhorizontalwiresoverhead
whileclimbingladdertoentercrane.

27. Accidentscanoccurifsubcontractor
personneldonotadheretosafetystandards.
OTHER CRANE HAZARDS
Offensiveanddangerousfumes,smoke,
vapoursandtoxicgasesoftenrisetothe
cranecabinandcanbeahealthhazard.
struckbyfallingload.
27
ELIMINATING THE HAZARD
Identification and Testing
Everycraneshouldbetested,andacertificate
issuedfollowingeachtest.

28. Identification and Testing
ELIMINATING THE HAZARD
Testshouldbebyindependentthirdpartiesto
ensureunbiasedresults.
Theworkingloadwhichmustbeclearly
marked,shouldneverbeexceeded,except
undertestconditions.
28
Maintenance
Inspectionisdividedintotwogeneral
classificationbasedontheregularityofthe
inspection:

29. Maintenance
ELIMINATING THE HAZARD
Frequent–dailytomonthly
Periodic–annuallyorasrecommendedby
themanufacturer
Cranesshouldbeinspectedregularly,andany
faultsberepairedimmediatelyandrecordsof
checkskept.
29
Safetymeasuresforeliminatingorreducing
cranehazardsincludes:
1.Ensuretheloadindicatorsareinworking
condition.Thiscanbebothvisualand
audible.

30. ELIMINATING THE HAZARD
30
2.Duringnightwork,workingareasshould
haveadequatelighting.
3.Operatorshouldnotleavecranesorlifting
machinerywithsuspendedload.
4.Operatorshouldlowerthebucket,the
grappleandtheloadtothegroundand
engagetheswitchlock.
5.Allnewlyinstalled,repaired,modifiedor
rebuiltcranesshouldbeloadtested.
6.DirectionalsignsN-W-S-Eshouldbe
displayedonthebridgeuppersideandthe
pendant.

31. ELIMINATING THE HAZARD
7.Allcabsandremotecontrolledbridgesshould
haveamotionalarmtosignalbridgemovement.
31
8.Thereshouldbeamainelectricaldisconnect
switchinaseparateboxlabeledwithlock-out
capacity.
9.Thereshouldalsobeproperearthingor
groundingforelectricallydrivencranes.Every
cranesshouldbefittedwithafireextinguisher.
10.Considerationshouldbegiventoclimatic
conditions,differencesinclimatecancreate
differentkindsofhazards,whichneedtobe
addressed,suchas,excessiveheatorcold,ice,
andotherextremesofenvironmentalconditions.

32. ELIMINATING THE HAZARD
11.Donotuseslings,eyebolts,shacklesorhooks
thathavebeencut,weldedorbrazed.
32
12.Passengersshouldnotbecarriedwithout
authorization,andeventhennotonliftingtackle.
13.Donotlettheloadorbuckethittheboom,don’t
lettheboomrestonorhitagainstabuildingor
anyotherobject.Careshouldbetakenwhen
workingaroundorliftinginahostile
environment.
14.Operatorsmanualsshouldbemaintainedina
centralfileforprogrammereferenceandeasy
access.Operatorsshouldberequiredto
familiarisethemselveswithitscontents.

33. 33
POWERED
INDUSTRIAL
TRUCKS

34. Canbepoweredthroughelectricor
combustionengines.
WHAT ARE POWERED INDUSTRIAL
TRUCKS?
Amobile,power-propelledtruckusedto
carry,push,pull,lift,stackortiermaterials.
Commonlyknownasforklifts,pallettrucks,
ridertrucks,fork-trucks,orlift-trucks.
Excludedarevehiclesusedforearthmoving
andover-the-roadhauling.
34

35. TYPES OF POWERED
INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
Therearemanydifferenttypesofpowered
industrialtrucks.Commonlyusedtypesinclude:
Rider trucks
forklift trucks
Pallet trucks
Straddle trucks
High lift trucks
Cantilever trucks
35
High lift platform trucks
low lift trucks
Counterbalanced trucks
High lift order picker trucks
Counterbalanced front/side loader lift trucks.

36. TYPES OF POWERED
INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
reach rider trucks
Motorised hand/rider trucks
36
Eachtypeofpoweredindustrialtruckhasits
ownuniquecharacteristicsandsomeinherent
hazards.

37. POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
Trucksshouldbeofgood
construction,freefrom
defectsandsuitableforthe
purposeforwhichtheyhave
beendesigned.Intermsof
capacity,sizeandtype.
37
Thetypeofpowersupplytobeusedshouldbe
checked,thenatureoftheworkareamay
requireonetypeofpowersourceinsteadof
another.

38. CLASS I -ELECTRIC MOTOR
RIDER TRUCKS
Counterbalancedridertype,standup
Threewheelelectricsit-downtrucks.
Counterbalanceridertypecushiontires,sit-
down(highandlowplatform)
Counterbalance rider,
pneumatictiresit-down
(highandlowplatform)
38

39. CLASS VIIIROUGH TERRAIN
POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
39
Trucksshouldonlybeoperated
accordingtomanufacturer’sinstructions
Internalcombustionengineswill
notbeacceptable,becauseof
toxicgasesproduced,especially
inpoorlyventilatedorconfined
spaces.

40. FORKLIFT CAPACITY
Themodelnumberofsomeforkliftsmaybe
confusedwithitsliftingcapacity.Ensureyouuse
theloadcapacitydataplatetoaccurately
determinethecapacity.Theweight,shape,size
andcompositionofaloadaffectthewayitshould
belifted.
40
PCBUsandsupervisorsshouldbeinvolvedin
knowinghowloadsandtheloadingarecontrolled.
(Personconductingabusinessorundertaking)
Aforklift’scapacity(alsoknownastherated
capacity)isthemaximumweightitcansafelycarry
ataspecifiedloadcentre.Overloadingcan
damagetheforkliftandincreasetheriskofforklift
relatedinjuries.

41. 41
Takethetimetofamiliariseyourselfwitheach
newtypeofloadbeforeyoustartwork.
FORKLIFT CAPACITY
Whenaloadisraised,theforkliftislessstable;
stabilityisdecreasedfurtheriftheloadisoff-
centre.
Tiltingforwardsorbackwardswitharaisedload
willalsoaffectstability.
Drivingwitharaisedloadisdangerous.Itmakes
theforkliftlessstableandleadstotippingover,
particularlyiftheforkliftisbeingdrivenatspeed,
aroundacorner,oronanunevensurface

42. CARRYING THE LOAD
Donotpickupaloadifyoudonotknowits
mass.
42
Knowhowtoreadloadcapacitydataplates.
Loadcapacitydataplatesdetailtheloadeach
forkliftcansafelyliftatdifferentmast
orientations,orwhenfittedwithanattachment
Knowthecapacityofyourforkliftanddonot
exceedit.Checkthemarkedweightofan
object,oruseaweightgaugeorscaletoweigh
loads.
Iftheloadisnotplacedsafelyandcorrectly,
reloadit.

43. Settheforkarmswidthtoprovidethegreatest
supportfortheload,andpositiontheloadsoitis
balancedevenlyontheforkarms.
43
CARRYING THE LOAD
Ifthepalletsaredamaged,removethem.Ifthe
loadisparticularlylongorwide,seeifyouneed
totakeanalternativeroute.
Iftheloadcomprisesdifferentlengthsof
material,ensurethepointofbalanceisinthe
middleoftheforkarmswhentheloadislifted.
Takespecialcarewithirregularloadsorloads
thatmayslide(suchassteelonsteel).Ensure
theforkarmsandtheloadsarecentred.

44. Whenoperatingtheforkliftonanincline,theload
mustbetiltedbackandraisedonlyasfaras
neededtocleartheroadsurface.Theloadmustbe
facinguptheincline.
44
CARRYING THE LOAD
Insert the fork arms fully beneath the load.
Ensureeachloadisagainstthebackrestcarried,
loweredandsetdownaccordingtothe
manufacturer’srecommendationsandyoursafe
workprocedures.
Checkaroundtheloadbeforeliftingtoensureit
doesnotaffectanythingoranyonearoundit.

45. Overturning-
WHAT CAN GO WRONG
Turningonorcrossingrampsetc.
Maneuveringwithelevatedload.
Drivingattoohighaspeed.
Suddenbraking.
Strikingobstructions.
Forwardtiltwithloadelevated.
45
Overloading–exceedingthemaximumlifting
capacityofthetruck.

46. Collisionwith–
WHAT CAN GO WRONG
structurePipes OthervehiclesStacks
46
FloorFailure–
Duetounevenfloor.
Unsoundfloor.
Exceedingtheloadcapacityforthefloor.
LossofLoad–occursifdevicesarenotfitted
properlytostoptheloadsslippingfromthefork.

47. ExplosionandFire–canarisefromelectrical
shorting,leakingfuelpipes,dustaccumulation
(spontaneouscombustion)andgenerated
hydrogenduringthechargingofbattery,orifthe
ignitionisoperatedinaflammableatmosphere.
Passengers–mustnotbecarriedunless
seatsorotherfacilitiesareprovidedforthis
purpose.
WHAT CAN GO WRONG
47

48. HAZARD ELIMINATION
Area of operation
Thefloorshouldbeofsuitableconstruction
forusebythetrucks.
Capacityoffloorsabovegroundlevelshould
alwaysbecheckedbeforetheuseoftrucks.
Floorsurfaceshouldbeflat.
Areamustbeunobstructedwheretrucksare
expectedtomove.
48
Allgulliesandopeningshouldbekept
covered.

49. HAZARD ELIMINATION
Blindcornersshouldberemovedfromany
areawheretrucksareexpectedto
maneuver.
Storageareaandisleshouldbelaidoutto
facilitatetruckuseandstackingshouldalso
begivenconsideration.
49
Passingplaces,especiallypedestrian
walkways,shouldbeproperlyandclearly
marked,particularlywherespacein
restrictedplacesorgangwaysareprovided.

50. HAZARD ELIMINATION
Allpedestriansshouldbeexcludedfrom
operatingareawherepossible.
Prioritiesshouldbegiventotrucks.Warning
singswillberequiredtoindicatePriorities.
50
Adequatelightingisapriorityforstacking
area.
Loading bay should be
appropriatelydesigned,providing
forstability,withchockssupplying
supportforwheels.
Rampsandslopesshouldnotexceed1:10or
asotherwisestipulatedbymanufacturer.

51. Norepairsorbatterychangingshouldtake
placeinundesignatedareas.
HAZARD ELIMINATION
Theareforrepairsmustbewellventilated
andproperlylit,withnosmokingornaked
lightspermitted.
Adequateliftingfacilitiesshouldbeprovided
forbatterywork.
Reversinglightsand/orsoundwarnings
shouldbefitted,especiallywhere
pedestrianssharethefloorspace.
51
TRAINING
Trainingshouldbeprovidedforalloperators
inthesafeoperationoftheirequipment.

52. TRAINING
HAZARD ELIMINATION
52
Followingoperators’trainingacertificate
mustbeissued.
Apartfromformal(classroomsessions)trainingof
lecture,discussion,videotapes,otherprogrammes
andwrittenmaterialused,trainingshouldconsist
ofpractical(demonstrationsperformedbythe
trainerandexercisesperformedbythetrainee).
Thetrainingshouldincludeanevaluationofthe
operator'sperformanceintheworkplace.

53. CONVEYORS
53

54. HISTORY
Conveyorsystemshavebeenamainstayof
materialhandlingforover100years.
Newconfigurationsandsophisticationofcontrols
havekeptconveyorsystemsinthestate-of-the-art
categorywithotherautomatedmaterialhandling
systems.
Overheadtrolleysandbeltconveyorswere
movingmaterialsinmanufacturingplantsbefore
theforkliftwaseveninvented.
54
Theextensiverangeofapplicationsforconveyers
allowedfortheiruseinsmall"momandpop"type
operationsaswellasintiermanufacturingand
distributionoperations.

55. HISTORY
Conveyorsareverycosteffectiveandtheeaseof
expandabilityandreconfigurationmakesitideal
forgrowingoperations.Alittleimaginationanda
smallinvestmentcandowondersforreducing
manualmaterialhandlingthroughtheuseof
conveyorsystems.
55
CONVEYORS
The most common type of conveyors are:
Belt conveyors
Rollers conveyors

56. 56
Others include -Gravity Skate Wheel
CONVEYORS
Screw conveyors
receivingandassemblyareas,Skatewheel
conveyorsreducemanualmaterialhandlingof
lightweightitemsovershortdistances.
Gravityskatewheelconveyorcan
alsocomeinrollertypeandisused
forconveyinglightweightcartons,
trays,ortotes.Usedextensivelyin shipping and

57. Applicationforgravityroller
conveyorissimilartothatof
gravityskatewheel,itismore
effectivewhereheavieritems
arebeinghandled.
57
GRAVITY ROLLER CONVEYOR
AUTOMATED BELT CONVEYOR
Theautomatedbeltconveyerhas
similarapplicationstogravityroller
andskatewheel.
Singleunitscanbeincorporatedinto
gravityconveyorsystemsofasimple
semi-automatedsystem.

58. Thisisanautomatedversionofgravityroller
conveyor.Automatedrollerconveyorsareused
extensivelyinlargeconveyorsystems.Aversionof
automatedrollerconveyoriscalledZero-Pressure
AccumulatingConveyor,thepressureisespecially
usefulinavoidingbuild-upwhichnormallyoccurs
whenproductaccumulatesatastationaryoperation.58
AUTOMATED ROLLER CONVEYOR

59. FLEXIBLE CONVEYOR
Flexibleconveyorisusually
anchoredatoneendtofixedgravity
orautomatedconveyor,allowing
theotherendtobeexpandedand
flexedintotrailersatloadingand
unloadingbays.Usedextensivelyin
shipping/receivingoperationsfor
packagehandling.
59

60. UNIT LOAD CONVEYOR
UnitLoadConveyorisa
heavydutyversionof
rollerconveyorusedfor
handlingpalletloadsor
largertotesortrays.
Unitloadconveyercanbegravityflowor
automatedandmaybeinstalledelevatedor
recessedintothefloor.
60

61. SORTATION SYSTEMS
61
Sortationsystemsarelarge,elaborate
conveyorsystems.Thesearemostfrequently
usedinhighvolumecasequantityandpiece
quantitypicking,shipping,andparcel
processingoperations.

62. WHAT COULD GO WRONG
Trapping–limbscanbedrawnintoinrunning
nips.
Contact–withmovingpartssuchasdrive
elements,screwconveyors.
Entanglement–rollersand/ordrivemechanism
candrawinlimbs/jewelry/clothing
Striking–materialsfallingfromheights,
incorrectlyhandled.
62

63. HAZARD ELIMINATION
Belt Conveyors require:
GuardsorEnclosuresatthedrum,this
beingoneofthemajorhazardarea.
GuardsorEnclosuresarealsoneeded
betweenthebeltanddrum,thisareacreates
atrappingpoint.Itisneededwherevernip
occurasthebeltchangesdirectionoratthe
guideplatesorfeedpoints.
63
Throughoutthelengthofsomeconveyors
guardsarealsoneeded.Tripwirestocutoff
supplycanalsobeasafetyfeature.

64. HAZARD ELIMINATION
64
Safeaccessatthemostappropriateintervals
shouldbeprovidedespeciallyoverlong
conveyorruns.
Roller Conveyors:
Guardsatthepowerdrivesarerequiredwhere
rollersareeitherpowerdrivenorfree-running.
Guardsmayalsoberequiredinareaswherein-
runningnipsarecreated.
Screw Conveyors:
Atalltimeguardsareneededtopreventaccess
Repairsandmaintenancemustonlybeeffected
whendriveislockedoff.

65. 1.Whatchecksshouldbemadebeforeacraneisusedin
theworkplace.
2.ClassifyMechanicalhazardsintermsofmotion.
3.Foreachclassificationofmechanicalhazard,givethe
differenttypesofhazardscreated.
4.Outlinetherulestobefollowedwhenaforkliftistobeleft
unattended.
5.Outlinethehealthandsafetyconsiderationwhenafork-
lifttruckistobeusedtounloadpalletizedgoodsfroma
vehiclepackedinafactorycarkpark.
6.Identifyfourmechanicalhazardspresentedbypedestal
drillsandineachcase,outlinehowinjurymayoccur.
65
QUESTIONS

66. 7.(a)Statefivepointswhichareconsideredimportant
inthesafeuseofmobilecranes
(b)Whattypesofinjurycanresultfromincorrect
methodsofhandlingheavyandawkwardloads?
8.Adecoratorusealargeportableelectricalsteamer
forwallpaperstripping:
(a)Identifyfour(4)hazardsassociatedwiththeuse
ofasteamer
(b) outline the checks that should be made to ensure
electrical safety when using the steamer
9.(a)WhatcangowrongusingaForklift
(b)CausesofCraneFailures
66

67. 10.Whatdoyoulookforwhencheckingwirerope
safety?
11.Whataretwomainsafetydevicesrequiredforuse
withcranes?
12.Identifyfour(4)hazardswhencuttinggrasson
roadsidevergeswitharider-operatedmotor-mower
andoutlinetheprecautionstobetakenagainst
each.
13.Listeight(8)rulestofollowwhenafork-lifttruckis
leftunattendedinaworkplace.
14.Listthree(3)typesofcraneusedforlifting
operations.
67

68. THE END
68