Mechanization in agriculture

Mechanization in agriculture

1. Mechanization in Agriculture By: Asmat Babar www.asmatbabar.blogspot.com

2. Mechanization Every machine is constructed for the purpose of performing certain mechanical operations, each of which supposes the existence of two other things besides the machine in question, namely, a moving power, and an object subject to the operation, which may be termed the work to be done. Machines, in fact, are interposed between the power and the work, for the purpose of adapting the one to the other.

3. History AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION Agricultural Mechanization  is machinery used in the operation of an agricultural area or farm. Many advancements in farming techniques and tools have been manifested since agriculture's beginnings thousands of years ago. The greatest strides have occurred in the last three hundred years. A substantial contribution to agriculture has been the escalation from manual and stock-animal labor to steam-and then gas-powered implements.

4. In 1900 farmers represented 38 percent of the U.S. labor force. By the end of the century that number had plunged to 3 percent—dramatic evidence of the revolution in agriculture brought about by mechanization. 1902 First U.S. factory for tractors driven by an internal combustion engine

5. Advantages of Mechanization Substitute for labour Labour is too expensive to do everything (in developed countries) Compensate for labour peaks (i.e. harvest) Labour skills and strengths often inadequate for large scale production and materials handling Amenity reasons (often repetitive dirty tasks) Attract or retain farm staff Increase productivity of farm staff.

6. Disadvantages of Mechanization Redundancy - machinery for labour substitution Cost - finance, fuel etc. Often needs highly skilled operator, increased wages Often doesn't live up to expectations Health and safety Environmental costs

7. Agriculture Mechanization Agriculture machinery can be divided into following groups A) Farm machinery B) Irrigation Engineering C) Drain Engineering

8. Tractor  A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a  traileror machinery used in agriculture or construction. The word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of  trahere  "to pull".

9. Tractor configurations Tractors can be generally classified as two-wheel drive, two-wheel drive with front wheel assist, four-wheel drive (often with articulated steering), or track tractors (with either two or four powered rubber tracks). A modern 4-wheel drive farm tractor

10. Farm tractor applications The farm tractor is used for pulling or pushing agricultural machinery or trailers, for plowing, tilling, disking, harrowing, planting, and similar tasks.

11. Tillage implement Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Classification of tillage implements Primary Tillage implements Secondary Tillage Implements

12. Primary Tillage implements Mould board Plough Disc Plough Reversible or One-way Plough SPECIAL PLOUGHS Subsoil Plough Chisel Plough Rotary Plough Basin Lister

13. Secondary Tillage Implements Tractor Drawn Cultivator Sweep Cultivator Harrows Disc Harrow Blade Harrow Indigenous Blade Harrows Plank and Roller

14. Planting Methods Drilling Broadcasting Aerial Seeding No-tillage Planting

15. Spraying Equipment Hand-operated hydraulic sprayers (knapsack sprayers) Power-operated hydraulic sprayers (tractor-mounted sprayers) Air carrier sprayers (mist blowers) Electrodyne sprayers (electrostatic sprayers) Birky sprayers ( Birky knapsack sprayers) Controlled-droplet application sprayers Dusters

16. Harvesting machine Combine Harvesting The combine harvester, or simply combine, is a machine that harvests grain crops. The name derives from its combining three separate operations comprising harvesting—reaping, threshing, and winnowing—into a single process. Among the crops harvested with a combine are wheat, oats,  rye,  barley,corn  (maize), soybeans and flax (linseed).

17. Irrigation system Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance oflandscapes , and  revegetation  of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and helping in preventing soil consolidation.

18. Types of Irrigation system Surface Localized Drip Sprinkler Rotator style pivot applicator sprinkler Lateral move (side roll, wheel line) Sub-irrigation

19. (C) Drainage system An agricultural drainage system is a system by which the water level on or in the soil is controlled to enhance agricultural crop production.

20. Classification

21. Surface drainage systems Subsurface drainage systems Main drainage systems Main drainage outlet

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