med surg 2..........................pptx

Medical and surgical notes

1. MEDIAL SURGICAL NURSING GROUP TWO PHARYNGITIS

2. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION : Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the back of the throat or wall of the throat. It causes pain, irritation, difficulty in swallowing and scratchiness of the throat.

3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Pharyngitis main causes are throat pain and difficulty in swallowing. Other causes may include: Redness or inflammation of the throat Neck tenderness and swelling Pus or white patches on tonsils Laryngitis(hoarseness) / pain with talking

4. CAUSES Viral pharyngitis Bacterial pharyngitis Fungal pharingitis rhinovirus Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) Candida albicans adenovirus Haemophilus influenzae coxsackievirus Clamydophila pneumoniae coronavirus Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pespiratory syncytial virus - parainfluenza Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Epstei -Barr virus Neisseria gonorrhoeae orthomyxoviridae Treponema pallidum

5. TRANSISSION. Group A strep pharyngitis commonly spread through direct person to person transmission. Typically occur through respiratory droplets but also through contact with secretion, such as saliva, wound discharge or nasal secretions. Symptomatic patients are likely to transmit the bacteria or viral to other than asymptomatic pharyngeal carriers.

6. Cont…. Crowed conditions such as those in schools, daycare centers, or military training facilities facilitate transmission. Also can be rarely transmitted through food. Food borne outbreak of pharyngitis have to occur due to improper food handling. Evidence from outbreak investigation indicate that environmental transmission of group A strep may be possible, although it is likely a less common route of transmission. Incubation period of group A step pharyngitis is approximately 2 to 5 days

7. Cont.. Other causes apart from common viral illnesses and bacteria infections include: Allergies especially post natal drip Dryness such as when nasal congestion is present and breathing through the mouth occurs Irritants such as chemicals and smoke Gastro esophageal reflux syndrome(GERD)

8. PREVENTION Avoiding germs and practicing good hand hygiene is the best way to prevent infection. Tips of avoiding infection incude : avoid contact with people who are sick Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently with soap and water Avoiding sharing foods and drinking after others

9. Cont… Use alcohol based hand sanitizer when hand washing is unavailable Regularly clean frequently touched surfacers with sanitizing cleaner.

10. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis of pharyngitis include; assessment of presenting signs and symptoms laboratory investigations involving rapid strep testing and throat culture: throat culture remains the criterion standard for bacterial pharyngitis diagnosis. Rapid antigen detection testing(RADT): This test detect viral and bacterial antigen from throat swab taken from tonsillar exudates or posterior oropharyngeal using dipstick.

11. TREATMENT Viral infection usually resolve on their own within 5-7days and only require symptom management. Example : fever can be managed by administering ibuprofen and acetaminophen Lozenges and sprays help to reduce pain. bacterial pharyngitis such as strep pharyngitis treated by antibiotics after culture and sensitivity

12. Cont…. Pharyngitis can also be relieved locally by using warm salty water gargles( 1teaspoon to 1 cup of water)

13. NURSING MANAGEMENT NURSING ASSESSMENT: History of exposure. history of exposure to known carries , fever, headache, abdominal pain in conjunction with a sore throat suggest group A beta hemolytic strep pharyngitis history of intake: because supportive care is a primary goal in all cases, historical information regarding oral intake and hydration status is also important.

14. Assessment of signs and symptoms : Involve all signs and symptoms shown by patient with pharyngitis which include; Redness or inflammation of the throat Neck tenderness and swelling Pus or white patches on tonsils Laryngitis(hoarseness) / pain with talking

15. Nursing diagnosis based on assessment data, the majornursing diagnosis are; ineffective breathing pattern related to inflammatory process in the respiratory tract. Ineffective airway clearance related to mechanical obstruction of the airway as evidenced by increased secretions Anxiety related to disease experience

16. Nursing intervention Positioning, place the patient in semi fowlers position in order to facilitate lung expansion Increase fluid intake, encourage fluid intake to decrease viscosity of secretions. Increase room humidity using cool moist vaporizer to relieve stiffness of the nose Administer medication, administer antibiotics as prescribed after positive culture results

17. Nursing evaluation goals are met as evidenced by; The patient reported increased energy The patient is afebrile The patient experience no further signs and symptoms of infection The patient was able to expectorate sputum efficiently The patient expressed feelings of comfort in maintaining air exchange

18. PARTICIPANTS Godlisen shirima Salma mponda Ashura shaban Arafa ally mkoma Abdulkarim shomvi Jamila mansour