Media-and-Information-Languages-Codes-Conventions-and-Messages-Audience-Producers-and-Other-Stakeholders.pptx

Educational purpose

1. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders

2. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Criteria in Evaluating Information As established earlier, any information gleaned from any of the sources of knowledge may or may not be as reliable as you think. Being an information literate individual, you must be able to tell which information is correct, valid, and reliable. To do that, there are suggested criteria that you can use to evaluate information that you find with the critical questions that you need to ask yourself. If the answers to these questions satisfy your informational needs, you may choose to utilize the material/s as your reference. For example, you are conducting a research about the implementation of the K to 12 curriculum and you found this abstract (on the next page) in an online journal. An online journal is considered as a new media since it is a publication in an electronic format.

3. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders The operation of senior high school curriculum in the Philippines is faced with different challenges before and after its full implementation. The education sector is making a careful step to ensure perfect execution of the system so that it can help the nation attain its goals. Different styles of assessment, critiquing, debating, and reviewing were conducted, in order to eradicate errors in the system. Challenges such as investments on human capital, infrastructures, teaching facilities, and learning resources or materials were seen as a big factor for ineffectiveness of the system. It has been evaluated in this research review that shortage or absence of such elements in the system will lead to incompetent graduates and failure to execute an effective curriculum. In this research review, we enumerated factors that are vital for the system to accomplish its goals and how these elements may be a hindrance in achieving our goals as a nation (Nacorda et al., 2019).

4. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Criteria (CRAAP) Critical Questions Evaluation/Explanation Currency • The timeliness of the material is evaluated in this criterion. 1. Is the date of publication very crucial for your purpose and your topic? 2. When was the material published? Ideally, information must not be older than five years. For printed materials such as books and articles, this should be easily identified as such information is always included in the material. For websites, make sure to look for when the site is posted or updated. The material was published in 2019. Since your topic is the K to 12 curriculum, which is considerably new in the Philippine educational system, then yes, the date of publication is relevant in the evaluation. Also, the program was implemented in 2016, which makes the publication of this research even more crucial because the program has been running for three straight years already. If this is the case, then under this criterion, this material is acceptable.

5. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Criteria (CRAAP) Critical Questions Evaluation/Explanation Relevance • What is evaluated in this criterion is the link between the information at hand to the current project/ assignment/ purpose. 1. Is the information related to what you need? 2. Is the information at the appropriate level (not too elementary, not too advanced)? 3. Does it have the same context as your purpose or as your informational needs? 4. Does this material suit your needs or the needs of your assignment or project? 5. Did you survey other sources before deciding to use the material? Given your topic and the topic of the research abstract, then the material is relevant and therefore acceptable under this criterion.

6. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Criteria (CRAAP) Critical Questions Evaluation/Explanation Accuracy • Look into the Truthfulness and the correctness of the information of the material. 1. After going over the material, does it offer enough factual evidence? 2. Is the material the whole article or is it an excerpt from a bigger article? 3. Are the references of the author Included? 4. Is the information verifiable using other sources? 5. Is the material free from errors (grammatical, technical, or otherwise)? 6. Are the editors and/or fact-checkers mentioned? Can their credibility in the field be verified? 7. Is there a balance between opinions and facts? This may not be answered immediately since it is only the abstract of the research that is given. Hence, the evaluation for this criterion may be put on hold until you have read the whole article.

7. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Criteria (CRAAP) Critical Questions Evaluation/Explanation Authority • You have to scrutinize the source of information. 1. Who is/are the author/s of the article/ material? 2. Is/are he/she/they qualified and credible to write the material? 3. Is there a listed contact information of the author/s? 4. Which organization is/are the author/s associated with? 5. Do/es the author/s has/have other published works on the same field of knowledge? 6. Who is the publisher of the article? Is it reliable or reputable? The credentials of the authors were written in the material. They are all teachers with master’s degrees in their fields of specialization. The authors are employed in schools that implement the program. Given all this information, the material has a high potential to be a reference for your research.

8. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Criteria (CRAAP) Critical Questions Evaluation/Explanation Purpose • The reason for the material’s publication is also something that you need to look into. 1. Why was the material created? Was the purpose for education, for socioeconomic, for politics, or for religion? 2. Who is the intended audience of the material? 3. Are there biases in the material? Are they political, religious, personal, cultural, institutional, or otherwise? 4. Does the material’s purpose suit your informational needs and purposes? The author/s wanted to evaluate the implementation of the K to 12 curriculum in the hope of improving its execution. If your aim is to do the same in your capacity as a student, then this material may be considered as a reference under this criterion.

9. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Media Codes According to Barthes (1974), as cited by Jahiu (2018), signals, signs, and symbols do not have ‘natural’ meanings, but rather ‘intentional’ meanings that are consciously or unconsciously accepted by the community. To interpret these, people form codes and conventions. Note, however, that the meanings derived by people from the signs and symbols are relative. Three Types of Codes Symbolic codes refer to the codes and conventions that are close or are similar to the audience’s real-life society. Have you ever cried while watching a movie? Or, laughed so hard because of what happened in a certain scene? That is because these scenes portray real-life events that you can relate to. According to Young (2017), symbolic codes include setting, mise en scène, acting, and color. For instance, the beach may symbolize calmness, and colors may mean different emotions.

10. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Technical codes , on the other hand, are only used in interpreting a certain media form. For example, your knowledge of the different camera angles can only be used in interpreting the meaning, whether connotative or denotative, of photos and/or films. Cameraworks, lighting, and editing are all part of the technical code. Written codes are what you read and listen to. They are composed using formal language. For example, the news that you read and or listen to contains written codes.

11. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Conventions Conventions refer to the common social meanings that are derived from certain codes or from the combination of codes. Young (2017) defines conventions as the “accepted ways of using media codes.” Also, accordingly, there are three types of conventions: form conventions, story conventions, and genre conventions. Form conventions refer to the arrangement of media codes that are already familiar to the audience. For example, readers of newspapers expect to read the headline first before the sports news. Story conventions , simply put, are the expected storytelling techniques and structures. For example, Filipino telenovelas usually have the rags to riches, good vs. evil narrative. Genre conventions refer to the common classifications in a particular type of media. These are closely linked to the expectations of the target audience. For example, if the genre is romantic comedy, then it is most likely that the audience will expect something that is funny but will still allow them to fall in love together with the actors.

12. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Media Messages Information found in any type of media is intended to be seen as the truth at first glance (Goodwill Community Foundation, Inc. 2021). However, as a media and information literate individual who has developed an awareness of codes and conventions, you should be more critical of the messages that are being constructed. For example, when you opened your social media account, you saw a certain café page displaying magnificent views from its location along with raving reviews from previous customers. Since one of your hobbies is to check out and try cafés, you may be very tempted to visit the café, despite the pandemic. However, being a literate individual, the questions should remain: “What is the real meaning of the post? Does it invite you to visit the café?” You may also ask, “What is the purpose of the page for showing such photos and for sharing the reviews? How does the media message influence your thoughts?”

13. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Media Audience It is undeniable that at this time of technological advancement, almost all households have one technological tool that allows their members to access media and information. It is, therefore, most likely true that most, if not all, human beings are media audiences. According to the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (2021) under the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), media audiences can be classified into two: as consumers and as participants. Consumers refer to the intended audience of the media and information industry. They are the readers, listeners, and viewers who have the same qualities (age, sex/gender, socioeconomic background, beliefs, geographic background, etc.). Messages and information are specifically developed and shaped to appeal to their specific characteristics. For example, an Internet company may advertise their product by creating a material that will most likely target families with children enrolled in online classes.

14. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Participants , or active participants, refer to the audience actively reading and interpreting the messages in the materials found in any of the media available. Their beliefs and ideologies affect their interpretation of data. For example, one who doesn’t believe in the usefulness and relevance of the vaccine for the virus may interpret the materials promoting it to be simply a political movement. Media Producers and Other Stakeholders Media content/information does not make itself. It is produced by a group of people, media producers, who ensure that the information wanted and needed by the audience will be disseminated. According to Indeed Editorial Team (2021), media producers are “content creators responsible for planning and creating audio-visual content.” What they produce is highly dependent on the stakeholders’ (various industries) purpose, intention, and targeted audience.

15. Activity Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Direction : Write T in the blank before each number if the statement is true. Write F if otherwise. ____ 1. All information in any media is true and correct. ____ 2. Information is manipulated to catch the attention of the target audience. ____ 3. Audiences who merely receive information may be classified as active participants. ____ 4. Audiences are also the producers of media messages. ____ 5. Not all messages found in any type of media are as simple as they seem.

16. Media and Information Languages: Codes, Conventions and Messages, Audience, Producers, and Other Stakeholders Answer Key: 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T