Medical Biotechnolog y lecture 1.pptx

ADDADW

1. Medical Biotechnology Dr. Victor Tunje Jeza Senior Lecturer of Immunology

2. Introduction To enable you to have Knowledge and skills required to facilitate medical advancement in the field of biotechnology Required of you at the end of the course Describe and observe professional, ethical and social responsibilities in medical biotechnology. Understand the relevant analytical techniques in the field of medical biotechnology. Apply relevant biotechnological skills in laboratory medicine

3. Introduction What we will be doing Listen to lectures (attendance) Some practicals Group discussions and presentations of selected topics and articles Continuous assessment and final examinations

4. Introduction What is it? Medical Bio + Technology Using biological processes, organisms, or systems to improve quality of life. It involves the use of living organisms in industrial processes—particularly in agriculture, food processing, and medicine. Biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics

5. Introduction

6. Biotechnology Biotechnology helps to meet our basic needs. Food, clothing, shelter, health and safety

7. Biotechnology Improvements by using science Science helps in production plants, animals and other organisms

8. Biotechnology Also used in maintaining a good environment that promotes our well being

9. Biotechnology Using scientific processes to get new organisms or new products from organisms.

10. Biotechnology Large area Includes many approaches and methods in science and technology

11. General Definition Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals ….or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.

12. Agricultural View All of the applied science based operations in producing food, fiber, shelter, and related products

13. Agricultural View Milk production New horticultural and ornamental plants Wildlife, aquaculture, natural resources and environmental management

14. Multidisciplinary Involves many disciplines or branches of learning Includes all areas of Life Sciences

15. Organismic Biotech Working with complete, intact organisms or their cells Organisms are not genetically changed with artificial means

16. Organismic Biotech Help the organism live better or be more productive Goal – improve organisms and the conditions in which they grow

17. Organismic Biotech Study and use natural genetic variations Cloning is an example of organismic biotech

18. Cloning Process of producing a new organism from cells or tissues of existing organism. 1997 cloned sheep – “Dolly” in Edinburgh Scotland

19. Molecular Biotech Changing the genetic make-up of an organism Altering the structure and parts of cells Complex!

20. Molecular Biotech Uses genetic engineering, molecular mapping and similar processes

21. Genetic Engineering Changing the genetic information in a cell Specific trait of one organism may be isolated,cut, and moved into the cell of another organism

22. Transgenic Results of Gen. Eng. Are said to be “transgenic” Genetic material in an organism has been altered

23. Biotech examples Medicine Agriculture Environment Forestry Food and beverage processing

24. Medicine Some new developments delve into the hereditary material of humans known as gene therapy Therapeutant - product used to maintain health or prevent disease Biopharmaceuticals – drug or vaccine developed through biotechnology Called designer drugs

25. Medicine Biopharming – production of pharmaceuticals in cultured organisms Combination of the agriculture and pharmaceutical industries Certain blood – derived products needed in human medicine can be produced in the milk of goats

26. Environment Any biotechnological process that may promote a good environment Organisms developed during the gulf war to “eat” oil Organism used in gold mining to “eat” contaminants

27. Environmental Problems naturally solved by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi break down contaminant into a form less harmful or not harmful

28. Ag and Forestry Plant biotech Animal biotech

29. Plant biotech Improve plants and the products produced from them Insect and disease resistance Engineered to have desired characteristics Corn plant produced with high levels of the amino acid Lysine

30. Animal Biotech Improve animals or the products they produce Animals may be used to produce products that promote human health Increase productivity of animals Pigs engineered to produce human proteins such as hemoglobin

31. Food and Beverages Use of technology in producing and processing Some biotech principles have been employed for hundreds of years Yeast in baking bread Genetically altered crops rBGH milk

32. Uses of Biotechnology Helps meet human needs Food, clothing and shelter Plants and animals are used in manufacturing food, clothing and materials for shelter Used to make products more useful or desirable Ex: conversion of milk into cheese or yogurt

33. Efficiency Must keep the cost of improving products as low as possible Biotech results in greater efficiency. E.g. Inoculating legume seeds with bacteria that allow the plant to pull nitrogen out of the air and put it into the soil.

34. Efficiency This saves the producer the cost of applying N fertilizer Results in trees that grow faster and produce wood that is more desirable

35. Greater Production Increases yields bST used in cows to produce more milk Higher crop yields from drought, disease & insect resistant crops

36. Health Promoting Foods Food with unique traits Some contain therapeutants Some designed with nutrient enrichment

37. Safety Consumers want foods to provide needed nutrients and in some cases, enhanced foods Do not want side effects from those enhanced foods

38. Easy to prepare Flavr-Savr Tomato Reached the market in early 1990’s Engineered to have a longer shelf life

39. Flavr-Savr No soft spots No rotten spots Tomato resists spoilage

40. Synthetic biology Creating lifelike characteristics through the use of chemicals Based on creating structures similar to those found in living organisms Need for synthetic cells lead to the development of the vesicle Vesicle – tiny rounded structure with cell like traits

41. Vesicle Tiny structures similar to soap bubbles were created to serve as the cell membrane Visible only with powerful microscope Once the cell membrane has been successfully developed, development of the materials with the cell is initiated.

42. Synthetic biology Is important because it brings science closer to creating life in the lab Cells and tissues may be developed to treat human injury and disease

43. Pioneers in Biotechnology

44. Antony van Leeuwenhoek 1675 Discovers bacteria using a simple microscope

45. Gregor Mendel 1863 Austrian monk who conducted the first genetics experiments using pea plants in the mid 1800s. Often considered the founder of genetics.

46. Louis Pasteur 1870’s Disproved the notion of spontaneous generation, describing the role of bacteria in spoilage and the scientific basis for fermentation Created the rabies vaccine

47. Robert Hooke 1665 Invented the compound light microscope First to observe cells in cork

48. James Watson & Francis Crick 1953 Englishmen responsible for the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA using X-ray photographs

49. Paul Berg 1972 Stanford University scientist who first developed recombinant DNA technology, a method for insertion of genetic material from one organism into another.

50. Historical Development of Biotechnolgoy

51. 1750 B.C. Origins of “biotechnology” emerged in methods of food production and plant and animal breeding Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food preservation) Use of natural enzymes in yogurt Use of yeast to produce bread Use of fermentation for producing wine and beer

52. 1869 DNA is discovered in trout sperm by German Miescher

53. 1919 The word “biotechnology” is first used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer.

54. 1940’s-1950’s Widespread work is undertaken to investigate the structure and function of DNA

55. 1980 The U.S. Supreme Court approves the patenting of genetically altered organisms.

56. 1980’s-1990’s A variety of GMO’s and biotechnology techniques are introduced in fields from agriculture to medicine Recombinant DNA technology-extracts DNA from one organism for use in another, allowing more rapid and specific improvements in plants and animals Plant Tissue Culture-gains widespread acceptance as a method to quickly and cheaply produce genetically identical plants

57. 1990’s First transgenic organisms (GMO’s) are introduced in widespread agricultural production, particularly in the area of crops. Bt corn and soybeans are introduced offering “natural” insect resistance by the introduction of a gene from the bacterium Baccillus thuringensis

58. 1997 Dolly is the first animal cloned from diploid cells is produced in Scotland

59. Late 1990’s-Early 2000’s Human cloning is outlawed in the U.S. and the first concerns over the use of human stem cells in research begin to arise.

60. Biotechnology and Agriscience

61. Biotechnology and Agriscience There has been increased activity and research between different agricultural areas with common research techniques and goals Plant Science Animal Science Environmental Science Health/Agri-Medicine

62. Wide scale production of transgenic plants impacting horticulture

63. Animal Science Increased use of methods of in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination improve selected breed programs

64. Environmental Science Use of biotechnology techniques in environmental science for cleaning contaminants and protecting endangered species Bioremediation-use of natural organisms to clean contaminants Immunoassay tests are used to test for the presence of contaminants in soil, water and even blood Installation of biological barriers to prevent the transfer of harmful microorganisms between production facilities Example: Tire wash channels

65. Health/Agri-medicine Pharming-the creation of plants and animals capable of producing medical substances The use of biological barriers to prevent the spread of harmful microorganisms that could contaminate food sources

66. Health/Agri-medicine DNA analysis/paternity testing has emerged as a technique to test the genetic ancestry of animals

67. Problems with Biotechnology in Agriculture

68. Problems with Biotechnology Transfer of genes found in transgenic organisms to natural populations. Terminator genes have been used to minimize this risk Unexpected impacts of genetically modified organisms and biotechnology processes on other organisms and the environment

69. Expense of the utilization of many biotechnology techniques Cost of producing transgenic animals (There are transgenic fish, but no livestock yet.) Problems with Biotechnology

70. Concerns over the safety and ethics of incorporating GMO’s into food for human consumption Allergens Example: The use of Starlink corn in taco shells not approved for human consumption Problems with Biotechnology

71. Lack of education among both consumers and producers concerning biotechnology processes and products Problems with Biotechnology

72. Biotechnology Terms

73. Biotechnology Terms Use your biotechnology books to define the following terms: Cloning Clonal Offspring Deoxyribonucleic acid Genetics Genetic Engineering GMO Ribonucleic Acid Transgenic Organism

74. Modern BioTechniques Modern advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering make us to think of biotechnology as modern. The advances affect everyone. Mendel’s early work heralded the beginning of modern genetics Next came the discovery of the chemical material of which genes are made

75. Modern Biotechniques This in turn led to the central dogma of genetics; the concept that genes made of DNA are expressed as an RNA (ribonucleic acid) intermediary that is then decoded to make proteins . These three steps are universal, applying to every type of organism on earth. Yet these three steps are so malleable that life is found in almost every available niche on the planet.

76. Chemical strx of nucleic acids Organisms used in molecular biology and genetics research contain genes that can be manipulated and studied and therefore a discussion of the basic structure of DNA is essential. The genetic information carried by DNA, together with the mechanisms by which it is expressed, unifies every creature on earth and is what determines our identity. DNA and RNA are polymers of subunits called nucleotides.

77. Chemical structure of nucleic acids Each phosphate connects two sugars via a phosphodiester bond Purines and pyrimidines The most stable shape is a double-stranded helix

78. Chemical structure of nucleic acids B-form of DNA has 10 base pairs per turn most prevalent in aqueous environments with low salt concentrations. In a high-salt environment, the helix alters, making an A-form that has closer to 11 base pairs per turn. the Z-form , with a lefthanded helix, has 12 base pairs per turn. The phosphate backbone has a zigzag conformation.