Medical evolution.pptx... Nathuropathy .

specifications Evolution: Timeline of Significant Advances

*Ancient Civilizations (3000 BCE - 500 CE)*

1. Ayurveda (India, 3000 BCE): Holistic medicine emphasizing balance and natural remedies.
2. Hippocratic Oath (Greece, 400 BCE): Ethical foundation for medical practice.
3. Galen's Contributions (Greece, 129-216 CE): Understanding of anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology.

*Middle Ages (500-1500 CE)*

1. Islamic Golden Age (800-1300 CE): Preservation and advancement of Greek medical knowledge.
2. Monasteries and Convents (Europe, 500-1500 CE): Centers for medical learning and care.

*Renaissance and Enlightenment (1500-1800 CE)*

1. Andreas Vesalius' De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543): Accurate human anatomy descriptions.
2. William Harvey's Circulation Theory (1628): Understanding of blood circulation.
3. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's Microscopy (1676): Discovery of microorganisms.

*Modern Era (1800-2000 CE)*

1. Germ Theory (Louis Pasteur, 1861): Microbes cause diseases.
2. Vaccination (Edward Jenner, 1796): Smallpox vaccine.
3. Antiseptics (Joseph Lister, 1865): Sterilization and infection control.
4. X-Rays (Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, 1895): Medical imaging.
5. Antibiotics (Alexander Fleming, 1928): Penicillin discovery.
6. Organ Transplantation (1954): First successful kidney transplant.
7. DNA Structure (James Watson and Francis Crick, 1953): Understanding genetic code.

*Contemporary Era (2000 CE - present)*

1. Genomics and Epigenomics: Personalized medicine.
2. Stem Cell Research: Regenerative medicine.
3. Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: Enhanced surgical precision.
4. Telemedicine: Remote healthcare delivery.
5. Gene Editing (CRISPR-Cas9): Precise genetic modification.
6. Immunotherapy: Cancer treatment breakthroughs.
7. 3D Printing: Prosthetics, implants, and tissue engineering.

This timeline highlights significant medical advancements, but there are many more discoveries and innovations that have shaped the field.

Would you like me to expand on any specific era or medical breakthrough?
There are several types of medical evolution, categorized based on various factors such as:

*Chronological Classification:*

1. Ancient Medicine (3000 BCE - 500 CE)
2. Medieval Medicine (500 - 1500 CE)
3. Renaissance Medicine (1500 - 1800 CE)
4. Modern Medicine (1800 - 2000 CE)
5. Contemporary Medicine (2000 CE - present)

*Scientific Classification:*

1. Anatomical Evolution: Understanding human body structure
2. Physiological Evolution: Understanding body functions and processes
3. Pharmacological Evolution: Development of medications and treatments
4. Microbiological Evolution: Understanding microorganisms and infectious diseases
5. Genetic Evolution: Understanding genetic factors and genetic engineering

*Therapeutic Classification:*

1. Preventive Medicine: Vaccines, screenings, and preventive measures
2. Diagnostic Medicine: Imaging, testing, and disease diagnosis
3. Therapeutic Medicine: Treatments, medications, and surgery

1. Medical evolution

2. Medical Evolution The germ theory of disease was one of the most important breakthroughs in medicine. Louis Pasteur in 1858 proposed that diseases were caused by microorganisms. Within a few years the bacteria responsible for diseases such as anthrax, gonorrhea, typhoid fever and tuberculosis had been identified.

3. Anti-bacterial developments Infection-fighting developments followed soon thereafter. Antiseptic surgery was developed by Joseph Lister, improved housing and sanitation reduced infection rates, and the discovery of antibiotics allowed infections to be treated.

4. Anti-bacterial developments As a result of these developments, death rates from infection declined rapidly. By 1997 the TB death rate was < 0.4 per 100,000, less than 0.2% of the 1900 death rate. By the end of the 1960’s the medical community considered that infectious disease had been conquered.

5. Evolving pathogens: antibiotic resistance Unfortunately, pathogens have evolved in response to the selection pressures imposed by medicine. Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria and the first antibiotic was penicillin isolated from the mold Penicillum by Alexander Fleming.

6. Evolving pathogens: antibiotic resistance Penicillin saved thousands of lives in World War II and subsequently. Today, however, penicillin is ineffective against bacteria that previously were highly vulnerable and many bacteria have evolved resistance to multiple antibiotics. As a result, infectious diseases have reemerged as a significant threat.

7. Evolving pathogens: antibiotic resistance There is clear evidence that use of antibiotics selects for resistance in bacteria. Studies have documented the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations within individual patients and also in larger-scale studies of human and bacterial populations.

8. Evolving pathogens: antibiotic resistance For example, researchers have found that the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is higher among patients who have been previously treated with that antibiotic. For example the incidence of isoniazid-resistant bacteria is 21% in relapsed cases of TB, but only 8% in new cases.

9. Costs of resistance to bacteria The fact that resistance rates fell in Iceland when Penicillin use dropped suggests resistance imposes a cost on bacteria. If the cost is high, non-resistant bacteria should have an advantage in a penicillin-free environment.

10. Evolution of influenza virus Influenza A causes annual flu epidemics and occasional global pandemics including the infamous 1918 Spanish flu. In a normal flu season flu kills about 20,000 Americans. The 1918 flu infected about 20% of the world’s population and killed 50-100 million people.

11. Evolution of influenza virus Influenza A has a genome of 8 RNA strands that code for a total of 10 proteins. These include polymerases, structural proteins and coat proteins.

12. CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE THROUGH AGES

13. 400BC 400 BC: Hippocrates uses the term “ karcinos ” to describe tumors. “ Karcinos ” evolved into cancer . Immunization and disease prevention 400 BC: Hippocrates describes mumps, diphtheria, epidemic jaundice and other conditions. Mental illness 400 BC: Mental disorders are understood as diseases rather than symptoms of demonic possession or signs of having displeased the gods.

14. 2nd century AD Cancer 2nd century AD: Galen describes surgical treatments for breast cancer, which include removing early-stage tumors . But the surgeries are brutal and often fatal. For centuries, these rudimentary surgeries are the only treatment for cancer.

15. Immunization and disease prevention 1100s: The variolation technique is developed, involving the inoculation of children and adults with dried scab material recovered from smallpox patients. 1400s Mental illness 1407: The first European establishment specifically for people with mental illness is probably established in Valencia, Spain. 1500s Surgery and medical technology 1540 AD: English barbers and surgeons perform tooth extractions and blood-letting.

16. 1600s Mental illness 1600s: Europeans increasingly begin to isolate mentally ill people, often housing them with handicapped people, vagrants and delinquents. dungeons. 1700s Immunization and disease prevention 1798: Edward Jenner publishes his work on the development of a vaccination that would protect against smallpox.

17. 1800s Surgery and medical technology 1818: Human blood is transfused from one person to another for the first time. Mental illness 1840s: U.S. reformer Dorothea Dix observes mentally ill people in Massachusetts, seeing men and women of all ages incarcerated with criminals, left unclothed and in darkness and forced to go without heat or bathrooms. Cancer & surgery/medical technology  1846: Anesthesia becomes widely available, helping expand options for surgery. Among cancer patients, surgery to remove tumors takes off. Surgery and medical technology 1867: British surgeon Joseph Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery, extolling the virtues of cleanliness in surgery. Immunization and disease prevention 1881: Louis Pasteur and George Miller Sternberg almost simultaneously isolate and grow the pneumococcus organism.

18. 1883: Mental illness is studied more scientifically as German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin distinguishes mental disorders. Though subsequent research will disprove some of his findings, his fundamental distinction between manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia holds to this day. Surgery and medical technology 1885: The first successful appendectomy is performed in Iowa. Mental illness Late 1800s: The expectation in the United States that hospitals for the mentally ill and humane treatment will cure the sick does not prove true. State mental hospitals become over-crowded, and custodial care supersedes humane treatment. New York World reporter Nellie Bly poses as a mentally ill person to become an inmate at an asylum. Her reports from inside result in more funding to improve conditions. .

19. Cancer 1889: William Halsted develops the radical mastectomy to treat breast cancer; the technique includes the surgical removal of the tumor, breast, overlying skin and muscle. Surgery and medical technology 1890s: Chemical agents are used to minimize germs. Carbolic acid is put on incisions to minimize germs and decrease infection rates. Cancer 1895: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen invents X-rays. Radiation therapy follows. Surgery and medical technology 1895: The first X-ray is performed in Germany

20. 1900s Mental illness Early 1900s: The primary treatments of neurotic mental disorders, and sometimes psychosis, are psychoanalytical therapies (“talking cures”) developed by Sigmund Freud and others, such as Carl Jung. Immunization and disease prevention 1914: Typhoid and rabies vaccine are first licensed in the U.S.; tetanus toxoid is introduced. Immunization and disease prevention 1915: Pertussis vaccine is licensed. Immunization and disease prevention 1918: The Spanish influenza pandemic is responsible for 25 million to 50 million deaths worldwide, including more than 500,000 in the U.S.

21. Cancer 1919: A chemical in the mustard gas used during World War I is found to reduce white blood cells. Chemotherapy is born. Surgery and medical technology 1922: Insulin is first used for treatment of diabetes, allowing diabetics to survive after diagnosis. Surgery and medical technology 1928: Antibiotics dramatically decrease post-surgical infections. Mental illness 1930s: Drugs, electro-convulsive therapy, and surgery are used to treat people with schizophrenia and others with persistent mental illnesses. Some are infected with malaria; others are treated with repeated insulin-induced comas. Others have parts of their brain removed through lobotomies.

22. Surgery and medical technology 1937: The first blood bank opens, helping make more surgery possible by treating bleeding during the procedure. Immunization and disease prevention 1943: Penicillin becomes mass-produced. Mental illness 1946: President Harry Truman signs the National Mental Health Act, calling for the National Institute of Mental Health to conduct research into the brain and behavior and reduce mental illness. Cancer 1947: Chemotherapy records its first, though temporary, success with the remission of a pediatric leukemia patient. Mental illness 1949: Australian psychiatrist J. F. J. Cade introduces the use of lithium to treat psychosis. Lithium gains wide usage in the mid-1960s to treat those with manic depression, now known as bipolar disorder.

23. Surgery and medical technology 1950: John Hopps invents the cardiac pacemaker. Cancer 1950s: Findings related to DNA give rise to molecular biology. Mental illness 1950s: A series of successful anti-psychotic drugs are introduced that do not cure psychosis but control its symptoms. The first of the anti-psychotics, the major class of drug used to treat psychosis, is discovered in France in 1952 and is named chlorpromazine ( Thorazine ). Studies show that 70 percent of patients with schizophrenia clearly improve on anti-psychotic drugs.

24. Mental illness 1950s: A new type of therapy, behavior therapy, suggests that people with phobias can be trained to overcome them. Surgery and medical technology 1953: A heart-lung bypass machine is used successfully for the first time. Immunization and disease prevention 1955: The first polio vaccine is licensed, pioneered by Dr. Jonas Salk. The Polio Vaccination Assistance Act is enacted by Congress, the first federal involvement in immunization activities. Surgery and medical technology 1957: William Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography ( toposcope ).

25. Cancer 1964: A U.S. surgeon general’s report establishes an undeniable link between smoking and cancer. Mental illness Mid-1960s: Many seriously mentally ill people are removed from institutions. In the United States they are directed toward local mental health homes and facilities. The number of institutionalized mentally ill people in the United States will drop from a peak of 560,000 to just over 130,000 in 1980. Many people suffering from mental illness become homeless because of inadequate housing and follow-up care.

26. Immunization and disease prevention 1966: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announces the first national measles eradication campaign. Within 2 years, measles incidence decrease by more than 90% compared with prevaccine -era levels. Surgery and medical technology 1967: A heart transplant is performed by South African physician Christian Barnard. The heart recipient survived 18 days until succumbing to pneumonia. Cancer 1971: President Richard M. Nixon signs the National Cancer Act. Cancer 1972: The development of computed tomography (CT) revolutionizes radiology. Cancer 1973: Dr. Janet Rowley shows chromosome abnormalities in those with cancer. Surgery and medical technology 1978: A baby conceived via in-vitro fertilization is born. Mental illness 1980s: An estimated one-third of all homeless people are considered seriously mentally ill, the vast majority of them suffering from schizophrenia.

27. Cancer 1981: FDA approves the first vaccine against hepatitis B, one of the primary causes of liver cancer. Surgery and medical technology 1982: The Jarvik-7 artificial heart is used. Surgery and medical technology 1985: The first documented robotic surgery is performed. Mental illness 1986: Prozac is developed to treat various mental illnesses. Cancer Early 1990s: For the first time, overall cancer death rates begin to fall. Mental illness 1990s: A new generation of anti-psychotic drugs is introduced. These drugs prove to be more effective in treating schizophrenia and have fewer side effects. Immunization and disease prevention 1994: The entire Western Hemisphere is certified as “polio-free” by the World Health Organization.

28. 2000s Surgery and medical technology 2000: Robotic surgical systems win U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval. Cancer 2001: The FDA approves Gleevec , the first drug to target a specific gene mutation. Surgery and medical technology 2003: The sequence of a complete human genome is published. Immunization and disease prevention 2006: A vaccine is developed to prevent cervical cancer due to human papillomavirus. Immunization and disease prevention 2009: The vaccine court rules that the mumps/measles/rubella vaccine, when administered with thimerosal -containing vaccines, does not cause autism.