MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY.power point presentation

terminologies

1. medical terminology

2. Objectives Definition of Medical terminology . Importance of medical terminology . Medical word elements . Word roots . Combining forms . Pref i xes . Suffixes . Basic rules .

3. Objectives Defining medical words . Building medical words . Pronunciation Guidelines .

4. Definition Medical terminology is language that is used to accurately describe the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a science-based manner. Some examples are: R.I.C.E., trapezius, and latissimus dorsi. It is to be used in the medical and nursing fields.

5. Definition The words – or terms – which make up the language of medicine are referred to as the terminology of the medical fiel d known as medical terminology . Like every other language, medical terminology has changed over time and will continue to change. Most medical terms come from the Greek and Latin languages. 6

6. Medical abbreviations Shortened form of a medical word or a phrase. example B P for blood pressure.

7. importance of the medical terminology Simplify communication/break down the language barrier. Easy understanding(common language) They are specific terminologies, thus makes no need to use general terminology

8. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH DRUGS Antibiotics - medication used in treatment and management of bacterial infections. Analgesics – Medication used to relieve pain. Antifungals – used to treat /limit growth of fungal infections. Anti-inflammatory – used to reduce inflammation.

9. Reconstitution – The process of mixing a semisolid substance with a liquid in medication preparation. Absorption – The process by which medication are taken into the body. Biotransformation – Metabolism or breakdown of drug molecules in the liver. Indication – Reason or purpose of giving a drug. Pharmacodynamics – the study of how drugs act on the body of a human being. Enteral – Related to the GI tract.

10. Excretion – the process of eliminating drug molecules from the body. Pharmacokinetics – The study of how the body acts on drugs. Side effects – Expected but unintended effects of a drug. Adverse effects – harmful unexpected effects of a drug. Anti – emetic – treats nausea and vomiting. Antidote – a chemical substance that control the effect of poison.

11. word elements The medical word contains all or some of these; Word Elements Word root Combining form Suffixes Prefixes E.g. Dermat itis = defined as the inflammation of the skin. Skin(word root) Inflammation(suffix)

12. Word elements T o n sil lec t o m y ctomy(remove) Tonsil(root) oli g o sper m ia Prefix(Little ) word root suffix(state/conditions) Peri tonsill itis = Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the tonsil Around(prefix) tonsil(Root) inflammation(suffix)

13. Word root A root is the basic element of a word , and it is the foundation on which the meaning of a word is built. Many roots are real words in their own right and term. Although these roots can have other elements, they don't need other elements to be complete. A root can be a whole word or a part of a word . 10

14. Word roots All medical terms have at least one word root E.g . of Respiratory system word roots and the meaning Alveol ………. Alveolus(one), Alveoli(many) Bronch……….Bronchus/bronchi Epiglott ………Epiglottis Lob……………..Lobe Nas …………….Nose Or ………………Mouth

15. Combining forms Combining (Linking ) forms is formed when a word root is combined with a vowel. usually “ o ”, but occasionally “ e ” or “ i ”. i.e Combined form = word root + o 12

16. Combining forms v o w el Word root B r onc h + i / o/u Epiglott + I eg Bronchus/Bronchiectasis eg Epiglottitis Pha r yng + i / o Or + a eg Pharyngitis/ pha r yn g o t onsi l itis eg oral

17. PREFIX 17 A prefix is a word component placed in front of a root/word to change or modify its meaning. A prefix can give a root direction or position. It can also give a root a specific type/ classification, quality, or quantity.

18. Common Prefixes 18 Homo- same, similar Hyster- uterus Men- menstruation Quadri- four Re- back, again Super- above, beyond Tri- three Ab- away from midline Acu- needle Anti- against Auto- self Bi- two, both, double Dys- abnormal, bad, painful Hemi- half Hetero- opposite, different

19. More Prefixes! 19 Epi- upon, over, above Ex- out, out of Hyper- excessive, above, too much, over, beyond Hypo- less than, under, below, deficient A-, An- without, none Bio- life Brady- slow Circum- around, encircling Contra- against Dys- difficult, painful, bad, abnormal Endo- within

20. prefixes continued 20 Poly- many, much Post- after, behind Sub- under, below, beneath Supra- above, on the top side Tachy- fast Trans- across, over Hydro- fluid, water Inter- between Intra- within Mal- ill, bad Multi- many, more than one Neo- new or abnormal

21. SUFFIX A suffix is a word component added to the end of a root/word that changes or modifies its usage, function, or meaning. suffix 21

22. suffixes: surgical procedures 22 -centesis – to puncture/tap to draw fluid from - ectomy – excision, removal, cut out -pexy - fixation - plasty – surgical repair, correction -rrhaphy – suture -sect – to cut -stomy – forming a new opening - tomy – incision into, cut into -tripsy – to crush, break down -puncture – to pierce a surface Moe, after the bandages come off and the wounds heal, you’ll still be a pig.

23. suffixes: diagnostic procedures 23 - gram – written record, recording -graph – instrument for recording -graphy – process of recording -manometer – instrument for measuring pressure -manometry – process of measuring pressure -meter – instrument for measuring -metery – process of measuring -opsy – to view -scope - instrument for examining -scopy – process of examining, examination

24. suffixes: 5 rrh’s 24 -rrhagia – excessive flow, profuse fluid discharge - rrhage – excessive flow, profuse fluid discharge - rrhaphy – suture -rrhea – flow, discharge -rrhexis - rupture

25. suffixes: pertaining to… 25 Suffixes that all mean pertaining to: -ac (cardiac) -al (dental) -ar (tonsilar) -ary (pulmonary) -ia (bradycardia) -ic (gastric) -ical (chemical) -ium (cardium) -ous (mucous) -tic (pancreatic) -us (hydrocephalus)

26. More Suffixes! 26 -algia, -algesia – pain -cele – herniation, swelling -cide – killing, agent that kills -cyte - cell -emia – blood condition - ist – specialist -itis – inflammation -logist – one who studies, specialist -logia, -logy – the study of -lysis – destruction, break down -megaly – enlarged

27. MORE SUFFIXES 27 - oma – tumor, mass -opia, -opsia – vision - pathy – disease -plasm – growth/formation of tissue -pnea – breath, breathing -porosis – porous, decrease in density -ptosis – drooping, prolapsed -ptysis – spitting, spit up -spasm – twitching, involuntary contraction -therapy – treatment

28. Rules! 28 To define medical terms, divide or slash them into their component parts; these word components are called prefixes, suffixes, and roots. Use the hyphen ( - ) after the word component to indicate that it is a prefix; use it after the combining form to indicate that it needs a suffix; use it before the word component to indicate it is a suffix. For example: Epi-gastr/o/-cele

29. more rules ! 29 Use the combining vowel “o” when a suffix begins with a consonant. i.e Termin/o/logy Use the combining vowel “o” when combining two roots only if the second root begins with a consonant. i.e. Pneum/o/thorax Do not use the combining vowel “o” if you are combining a second root that begins with a vowel or a suffix that begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y). i.e. Pneum/arthr/osis Add –y to a word to indicate a procedure (gastroscopy) or –ly to indicate an act or process (splenomegaly).

30. And More Rules!! 30 The suffix –osis always denotes a condition (usually abnormal). When combined with the color roots erythr/o- (red) and leuk/o- (white), it represents a condition of abnormally increased blood cells. Most of the time, word components denoting color are used as prefixes. However, sometimes they are the root of the medical term.

31. case study Which of the following is a root word? anti- hepat - - itis - emia

32. Case Study (cont’d) The prefix “ tachy - ” means: above outside fast higher

33. Case Study (cont’d) If a patient is complaining of dyspnea, he has what condition? chest pain stomach ache nausea trouble breathing

34. Case Study (cont’d) The suffix “ -logy ” refers to: study of occurring after within pertaining to

35. case Study - Matching ______ 1. Arthritis ______ 2. Myodynia ______ 3. Hepatomegaly ______ 4. Apnea ______ 5. Hematuria ______ 6. Dysuria ______ 7. Hysterectomy ______ 8. Osteomalacia ______ 9. Aphasia ______10. Otorrhea difficult or painful urination absence of breathing pain in a muscle softening of the bone discharge from the ear surgical removal of the uterus enlargement of the liver inflammation of a joint loss of speech blood in the urine

36. Medical Terminology

37. Important general suffixes Suffix Meaning Ex. - cyte Cell Leuko / cyte -genesis X - lysis Formation X Destruction Lipo /genesis .. Prote /o/ lysis - megaly Enlargement Cardio/ megaly - graphy The process Electro/cardio/ graphy ECG -gram The record (result) Electro/ encephalo /gram - penia X - osis Decreased X increased Leuko / cyto /( penia-osis ) - otomy To cut into Trache / otomy - ectomy To cut out Mast/ ectomy - pathy Diseased Neuro / pathy - algia = - algesia Pain Neur / algia

38. Suffix Meaning Ex. - oma Tumor Ost /e/ oma - plegia Paralysis Quadr / i / plegia - plasia Development (no. of cells) Hyper/ plasia -trophy Development (size) a/trophy .. hyper/trophy phage Eat Dys / phagia .. Phago / cyte - rrhea Increased discharge Rhino/ rrhea .. Dia / rrhea - cide Kill Insect / i / cide .. Sperm/ i / cide - cele Abnormal protrusion Meningio / cele - plasty Reconstruction Rhino/ plasty - oid Resemble Cub/ oid

39. 1 . Musculoskeletal System

40. Term meaning Ex. Oste /o- Bone Oste / oma Chondr /o- Cartilage Chondro / cyte Arthr /o- Joint Arthr /it is Myel /o- Bone marrow Myel / oma My/o - = myos /o- Muscle Myos /it is Ten/o- = tend/o- Tendon (muscle to bone) Tendon/it is Ligament/o- Ligament (bone to bone) Ligament/ ous injury - malacia Softning Osteo / malacia - porosis Porous (eaten away) Osteo / porosis Orthopaedist Muscle biobsy

41. 2. Cardiovascular system

42. term Meaning Ex. Cardi /o- Heart Myo /card/ itis Angi /o- Vessel Angio /gram Ven /o- = Phleb /o- Vein Phleb / itis Arteri /o = ather /o artery atherosclerosis Haem /o- Blood Hemo / lysis - emia Blood An/ emia -stasis To stop Hemo /stasis -rhythm Regularity a/ rrhythmia Cardiac catheterization atherosclerosis ECG murmur

43. 3 . Respiratory System

44. Term Meaning Ex. Rhin /o- Nose Rhino/ rrhea Laryng /o- Larynx “Voice box” Laryng / otomy Trache /o- Trachea “windpipe” Trache / otomy Bronch /o- Air passageway Bronch / oscopy Pne /u- = - Pnea Air breath lung Dys / pnea Pulmo - Related to lung Pulmonary artery - ptysis Spitting Hemo / ptysis Laryngeoscopy Endotracheal intubation

45. 4 . Nervous system

46. term Meaning Ex. Neuro - Nerve Neur /ology Cephal /o Head Ceph / algia Encephal /o = cerebr /o brain Encephal / itis Cerebell /o Cerebellum / itis Myel /o Spinal cord Myelo /gram Mening /o Membranes around mo5 Mening / itis Lumbar puncture EEG, CT & MRI

47. 5 . Digestive System

48. Endoscopy Ultrasonography Chewing > ingestion > digestion > absorption > resorption & defacation Term Meaning Ex. Gastr /o- Stomach Gastr / ectomy Chol /e- Bile Cholecyst / itis Emes /o- Vomit Hema /emesis Litho /o- Stone Chole / lith / otomy - centesis To puncture Abdomino / centesis - Tripsy To crush Chole / lito / tripsy

49. 6 .Urinary System

50. Term Meaning Nephr /o- = Ren /o- kidney Nephro / pathy Pyel /o- Renal pelvis Pyelo /gram Ureter/o- Ureter uretritis Cyst/o- Bladder Cyst/it is Ur/o- = - uria Urine Poly/ uria .. Uro /genital Poly- X olig /o- Much X few Poly/ uria .. Olig / uria Nocturia Enuresis IV X retrograde pyelogram Dialysis Litho / tripsy

51. 7 . Reproductive System

52. MALE FEMALE Andr /o- (male) Gynec /o- = gyn /o- (female) Testis = orchid/o- = testicle oophor /o- (ovary) Epididem /o (epididymis) Salping /o- ( fallobian tube) Prostat / ic (prostate) Cervix -gravid/a (pregnant) -partum (give birth) Mast/o = mamm /o (breast) Cryptorchidism Varicocele (varicose veins) BPH Dilatation & curettage D&C

53. 8. Ophthalmology

54. Term Meaning Ex. - opia Vision My/ opia .. Hyper/ opia - tropia Turning exo / tropia Conjunctiv /o- Conjunctiva / itis Phac /o- = lent/o- lens Phaco /emulsification Scler /o Sclera (white) Scleral ( adj ) Iro - = irido - Iris (colored) Ir / itis Retino - Retina (seeing part) Retinitis Corn/e- = kerat /o- cornea Corneal Cyclo - Ciliary body Cyclitis Lacrim /o Tears Lacrimal gland

55. Read and make notes on medical acronyms and abbreviations.

56. Q uestions ??

57. Thanks you