Medication Admnistration and mechanism of action

Medical adminstration

1. TLT 1 Medication administration By. Tasfaye Lama

2. TLT 2 Objective: At the end of the chapter learner will be able to:- Describe principles of medication admnistration Describe route of medication administration Apply rights of medication administration Administer medication and fluid with acceptable proper technique

3. Introduction Medications are substances prescribed by the client’s health care practitioner This is to help in the diagnosis, treatment, relief, improvement or Prevention and cure of the cause of the client’s health alteration TLT 3

4. Drug- Body Interaction The interaction between a drug and the body is studied by pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. PK : the actions of the body on the drug. Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion PD: the actions of the drug on the body. Therapeutic effects – Adverse/Side effects TLT 6

5. 16 TLT

6. Ten rights of drug administration Right patient Right medication Right dose Right route Right time Right to information on drug/client education Right to Refuse Medication Right Assessment Right Documentation Right Evaluation 17 TLT

7. TLT 7 Common abbreviations used in drug administration Po ……….…..by mouth bid ……………twice a day ac…………..…before meal tid ………….. 3x a day prn ………….as needed Stat………. Immediately Supp……. Suppository Susp………Suspension Qod……..every other day Qid………4x a day Q2h ..…every 2hrs Qhr….…every hour IV…………Intravenous IM…….….Intramuscular ID……..….Intradermal SC…….….Subcutaneous DC………..discontinue

8. 21 TLT

9. Oral route Sublingual Buccal administration of a tablet TLT 9

10. 25 TLT

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12. Intradermal injection Under dermal layer Angle of insertion 5-15 degree Small amount(0.1ml) Allergy test and tuberculin skin test

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16. Intramuscular Injections A major consideration in the administration of IM injections is the selection of a safe site located away from large blood vessels, nerves, and bone. Sites for IM injections are Ventrogluteal Dorsogluteal Vastus Lateralis Deltoid Rectus Femoris 34 TLT

17. 40 TLT Ventrogluteal site

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19. Vastus Lateralis The muscle is located on the anterior lateral aspect of the thigh Site of choice for IM injections for infants 1 year and younger 42 TLT

20. Deltoid site 44 TLT

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22. PERIPHERAL VENIPUNCTURE SITES The site chosen for venipuncture varies with the client’s age, the length of time the infusion is to run, the type of solution used. For adults, veins in the hand and arm are commonly used For infants, veins in the scalp and dorsal foot are often used.

23. Vein selection Use distal veins of the arm first Use the client’s non dominant arm, whenever possible Select a vein that is easily palpated and feels soft and full; naturally splinted by bone; and large enough to allow adequate circulation around the catheter Avoid using veins that are in areas of flexion Consider client preference.

24. Iv infusion procedure Perform hand hygiene just before client contact Select the venipuncture site Dilate the vein Place the extremity in a dependent position Apply a tourniquet firmly 15 to 20 cm above the venipuncture site If the vein is not sufficiently dilated, Massage or stroke the vein distal to the site, Encourage the client to clench and unclench the fist Apply clean gloves and clean the venipuncture site Insert the catheter, and initiate the infusion Dress, stabilize, and label the catheter and tubing, according to agency policy Ensure appropriate infusion flow Label the IV tubing Document all assessments and interventions

25. Drops per minute= = commonly 15, or 20 drops/mL is used ;  

26. TLT 26 Complications of IV therapy: Infiltration Phlebitis Circulatory Overload Embolism

27. 49 TLT

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34. 60 TLT

35. TL T 61 A safety mechanical device that holds the needle cap in place until the nurse is ready to recap. Recapping a used needle by using the scoop method

36. TLT 36 Dose calculation Under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to compute drug dosage because the dosage ordered may not be available, or the dosage may have been written in the apothecaries’ system and the drug or container label is in the metric system

37. 86 TLT

38. EXAMPLE The physician orders ascorbic acid 100 mg (metric). The drug is available as ascorbic acid 50 mg (metric). TLT 38

39. TLT 39 Liquids In liquid drugs, there is a specific amount of drug in a given volume of solution. For example, if a container is labeled as 10 mg per 5 mL (or 10 mg/5 mL), this means that for every 5 mL of solution there is 10 mg of drug. As with tablets and capsules, the prescribed dose of the drug may not be the same as what is on hand (or available).

40. For example, the physician may order 20 mg of an oral liquid preparation and the bottle is labeled as 10 mg/5 mL. The formula for computing the dosage of oral liquids is: The quantity (or Q) in this formula is the amount of liquid in which the available drug is contained. For example, if the label states that there is 15 mg/5 mL, 5 mL is the quantity (or volume) in which there is 15 mg of this drug. TLT 89

41. EXAMPLE The physician orders oxacillin sodium 125 mg PO oral suspension. The drug is labeled as 250 mg/5 mL. The 5 mL is the amount (quantity or Q) that contains 250mg of the drug Therefore, 2.5 ml contains the desired dose of 125 mg of oxacillin oral suspension. TLT 90

42. E.g. If Ampicillin 500mg PO q.i.d is ordered & supplied in a liquid preparation containing 250mg in 5ml, how much volume of Ampicillin is administered? . 250 x = 5 × 500 X = 5ml × 500 250 x = 10 ml 91 TLT

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52. 107 TLT

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59. 114 TLT

60. TLT 60 Irrigation Some medications are used to irrigate or wash out a body cavity. Commonly usedirrigating solutions are sterile water, saline, or antiseptic solutions on the eye, ear andbladder. Irrigations cleanse an area

61. Eye irrigation An eye irrigation is administered to wash out the conjunctival sac to remove secretions or foreign bodies or to remove chemicals that may injure the eye TLT 61

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66. Ear irrigation An ear irrigation is administered to wash the external ear canal to remove secretions or foreign bodies that may obstruct the ear TLT 66

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