Medication.pptx for nursing students lec

orientation

1. Medication Presented by Capt Azra Mahmood ( R) Lecturer FUCN

2. Objectives On completion of this lecture learners will be able to: Define the key terms related to administration of medication. Discuss various routes of medication administration. Describe p hysiological factors and individual variables affecting medication action. Discuss essential parts of medication orders with examples. Classification of drugs according to its action. Learn about various forms of drugs. Know about systems of measurement used in administration of medication.

3. Understand rights of accurate medication administration. Develop knowledge regarding steps required for oral, nasogestric and gastrostomy tube medication.

4. K ey terms related to administration of medication. M edication is a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease. Medication is a substance used in diagnosis, treatment , cure, relief or prevention of health alteration . In the health care context, the words medication and drug are generally used interchangeably.

5. Drug  is any substance (with the exception of food and water) which, when taken into the body, alters the body's function either physically and/or psychologically .  Drugs may be legal (e.g. alcohol, caffeine and tobacco) or illegal (e.g. cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine and heroin ). Pharmacology is the study of the effect of drugs on living organism Pharmacy is the art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs. Prescription is t he written direction for the preparation and administration of a drug.

6. EFFECTS OF DRUGS

7. Drug tolerance exists in a person who exhibits an unusually low physiological response to a drug and who requires increases in the dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect. Drugs that commonly produce tolerance are opiates, barbiturates, and ethyl alcohol. A cumulative effect is the increasing response to repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration exceeds the rate of metabolism or excretion. As a result, the amount of the drug builds up in the client’s body unless the dosage is adjusted. Toxic symptoms may occur.

8. A drug interaction occurs when the administration of one drug before, at the same time as, or after another drug alters the effect of one or both drugs. A synergistic effect occurs when two different drugs increase the action of one or another drug. . Two analgesics, such as aspirin and codeine, are often given together because together they provide greater pain relief (additive effect). In this example of aspirin and codeine, using a combination of drugs often decreases the total dose of narcotics needed.

9. Classification of drugs according to action Analgesics: Drugs used to relieve pain Anesthetics: Drugs which causes loss of sensation Anthelmintic : Drugs which destroy and expel worms Antipyretics : Drugs which reduce fever Antidotes: Used to Counteract the effect of poison. Anti-infective : Act either to inhibit, kill the micro organism. Anti-inflammator y: To reduce Inflammation Anti-coagulants : Inhibit or decrease the blood clotting process. Anti-histamine s: used to prevent of relieve allergy Antacids: react with HCL to decrease activity of stomach secretions. Anti convulsants : used to prevent of treat convulsions

10. Antibiotics: Ability to destroy or inhibit the growth of micro organism Anti- diarrhetics : used to treat diarrhea Antitussives : drugs inhibit the cough reflex (CNS) Anti-asthmatics: Drugs which provides relief for asthmatic attack by relaxing the smooth muscles of bronchioles. Antiseptic : Inhibits the growth of bacteria Antifungal : drugs which prevent the growth of fungi Antispasmodic : relieves the spasmodic pains or spasm of muscles Antiemetics : relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting. Anti-tubercular : used to treat tuberculosis Coagulants : helps in the coagulation of blood. Carminatives : Drugs which cause expulsion of gas from stomach and intestines.

11. Diaphoresis: Increase the action of sweat glands. Diuretics: Which increase the flow of urine Detergents: A cleansing agent Digestants: An agent that promotes digestion Emetics: drug that produce vomiting Ecbolics or oxytocics: Drugs that stimulates uterine contractions Expectorants : Increase the bronchial secretions and aid in the expulsion of the mucus Emollient: Substances that smoothen, soften and protect the skin Galactogogue: Substance that increase the flow of milk Hypnotics : Drugs that produce sleep Hemostatics: An agent to check hemorrhage Hypotensive: any substance capable of lowering BP Hypoglycemic: Drugs that lower the blood sugar level Haematinics: an agent which tends to increase Hb content of blood

12. Mydriatics: Dilate the pupils of eye Nasal decongestant: Drugs which relieve the nasal congestion Narcotics: Drugs that produces stupor or complete insensibility Scabicides: Used in the treatment of scabies Sedatives: Substances which lessen the body activity Stimulants: Increase functional activity of an organ or system Vesicants: A blistering agent Vasodilators: Drugs which dilate the blood vessels and lowering BP Vasoconstrictors: Drugs which constrict the blood vessels and raising the BP

13. For clients who cannot take anything by mouth (NPO) and have a nasogastric tube or a gastrostomy tube in place, an alternative route for administering medications is through the nasogastric or gastrostomy tube. A nasogastric (NG) tube is inserted by way of the nasopharynx and is placed into the client’s stomach for the purpose of feeding the client or to remove gastric secretions. A gastrostomy tube is surgically placed directly into the client’s stomach and provides another route for administering medications and nutrition

14. Administering Medications by Nasogastric or Gastrostomy Tube Always check with the pharmacist to see if the client’s medications come in a liquid form because these are less likely to cause tube obstruction. If medications do not come in liquid form, check to see if they may be crushed. (Note that enteric-coated, sustained-action, buccal, and sublingual medications should never be crushed.) Liquid medication must be further diluted with sterile water, especially if the liquid form is viscous. Crush a tablet into a fine powder and dissolve in at least 30 mL of warm sterile water. Cold liquids may cause client discomfort. Use only water for mixing and flushing. Some medications are mixed with other fluids, such as normal saline, in order to maximize dissolution. Nurses are encouraged to consult with a pharmacist.

15. Sterile water is recommended for use in adult and neonatal/ pediatric clients before and after medication administration (American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2009, p. 156). ISMP (2010a) advises not to use tap water because it often contains chemical contaminants that might interact with the drug. Read medication labels carefully before opening a capsule. Open hard gelatin capsules and mix the powder with sterile water. Do not administer whole or undissolved medications because they will clog the tube. Assess tube placement prior to administration of medications.

16. Before giving the medication, aspirate all the stomach contents and measure the residual volume. Check agency policy if residual volume is greater than 100 ml. When administering the medication. Remove the plunger from the syringe and connect the syringe to a pinched or kinked tube. Put 15 to 30 mL (5 to 10 ml for children) of sterile water into the syringe barrel to flush the tube before administering the first medication. Raise or lower the barrel of the syringe to adjust the flow as needed. Pinch or clamp the tubing before all the water is instilled to avoid excess air entering the stomach

17. Pour liquid or dissolved medication into the syringe barrel and allow to flow by gravity into the enteral tube. If you are giving several medications, administer each one separately and flush with at least 15 to 30 mL (5 mL for children) of water between each medication. When you have finished administering all medications, flush with another 15 to 30 mL (5 to 10 mL for children) of warm water to clear the tube.