Menstrual cycle

The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.

1. MENSTRUAL CYCLE Presented by:- KHUSHBOO SINGH

2. INTRODUCTION The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16. A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity. The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.

3. DEFINITION Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina. The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy

4. GENERAL POINTS The average Menstrual Cycle length is 28 days (usual range, about 25 to 36 days). Average duration of menses is 5 (± 2) days. Blood loss per cycle averages 30 mL (normal range, 13 to 80 mL) and is usually greatest on the 2nd day.

5. Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings. The average age of menarche is 11.75 years. Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses. Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.

6. PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

7. There are four phases of menstrual cycle Menstrual phase- First 5 days of the month Post-menstrual /pre ovulation/proliferative /Follicular phase-6th -13th day Ovulation phase-On 14th day Luteal phase15-28 days

8. MENSTRUAL PHASE

9. When : From the time bleeding starts to the time it ends. What : Old blood and tissue from inside the uterus is shed through the vagina.

10. Menstrual phase It lasts for about 3 – 5 days. If the ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum regresses from 24th day of the cycle. This causes a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels. It results in shrinkage of endometrium, coiling and spasm of arteries leading to focal necrosis of the endometrium. The necrosed endometrium is shed along with blood and other secretions ie.Tissue, blood, unfertilized egg all discharged

11. Post-menstrual /pre ovulation/proliferative /Follicular phase-6th -13th day

12. Post-menstrual /pre ovulation/proliferative /Follicular phase-6th -13th day Proliferative phase starts at the end of menstrual phase. Its duration is about 10 days. At the beginning of this phase most of the endometrium has been desquamated. Later endometrium starts healing and then proliferates rapidly from 5th –14th day of menstrual cycle. This proliferation occurs under the influence of estrogen. There is growth of simple tubular glands and blood vessels. Endometrium increases in thickness to about 3 – 5mm. The endometrial glands produce a thick mucus.At the end of proliferative phase ovulation occurs.

13. Along with that in this phase Anterior pituitary secrete FSH (follicles stimulating hormone) which help in growth development and maturity of follicles The follicles that reaches maturity called graffian follicles Follicles secreate estrogen which thickens the new endometrium At the end of this phase ovulation occurs

14. OVULATION PHASE

15. Ovulation Phase During the follicular phase, estrogen suppresses production of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland • When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen reach a threshold above which they stimulate production of LH (positive feedback loop) • The release of LH matures the ovum and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte • After being released from the ovary, the ovum is swept into the fallopian tube

16. Ovulation is when ovary releases a mature egg. The egg travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus to be fertilized by sperm. The ovulation phase is the only time during menstrual cycle when a women can get pregnant. The symptoms are: A slight rise in basal body temperature Thicker discharge that has the texture of egg whites Ovulation happens at around day 8-19 in a 28-30 days cycle , right in the middle of menstrual cycle. It lasts about 24 hours. After a day, the egg will die or dissolve if it isn’t fertilized

17. LUTEAL PHASE/ SECRETORY PHASE

18. LUTEAL PHASE/ SECRETORY PHASE During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle, but the ruptured follicle stays on the surface of the ovary. For the next two weeks or so, the follicle transforms into a structure known as the corpus luteum. This structure starts releasing progesterone, along with small amounts of oestrogen. The cells of the corpus luteum produce estrogen and large amounts of progesterone. Progesterone stimulates your uterine lining to prepare for a fertilized egg.

19. Here’s where two things can happen. 1. If egg fertilized the egg moves into your uterus and attaches to the lining. 2. If not , the lining of the uterus is shed through the vaginal opening. Your period starts and a new menstrual cycle begins. If a sperm cell does not impregnate the egg cell within that time, the egg cell disintegrate

20. Amenorrhea Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age. Primary Amenorrhea Primary Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in a woman bythe age of 16. Secondary Amenorrhea Secondary Amenorrhea is where an established menstruation has ceased—for 3 months in a woman with a history of regular cyclic bleeding, or 9 months in a woman with a history of irregular periods

21. Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea is a gynecological medical condition characterized by severe uterine pain during menstruation.

22. Metrorrhagia Metrorrhagia is uterine bleeding at frequent, irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods.

23. Menorrhagia/Hypermenorrhea Menorrhagia is an unusually heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals. A blood loss of greater than 80 ml or lasting longer than 7 days constitutes menorrhagia

24. Hypomenorrhea Hypomenorrhea is extremely light menstrual blood flow (scanty periods).

25. Menometrorrhagia Menometrorrhagia is a condition in which prolonged or excessive uterine bleeding occurs irregularly and more frequently than normal.

26. Polymenorrhea Polymenorrhea is the medical term for cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer.

27. Oligomenorrhea Oligomenorrhea is infrequent (or very light) menstruation. More strictly, it is menstrual periods occurring at intervals of greater than 35 days.