MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND HUMAN SEXUALITY PPTX

MENSTRUAL CYCLE & HUMAN SEXUALITY

1. MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND HUMAN SEXUALITY PRESENTED BY, HEMAXI R PARMAR M.SC. NURSING( OBG)

2. INTRODUCTION The cyclic event that take place in rhythmic fashion during the reproductive period of a women’s life is called menstrual cycle. Each women has individual cycle which varies in length The average cycle is taken to be 28 days long It starts at the age of 12-15 years .(Puberty) First occurrence of menstruation called Menarche. Permanent cessation is called Menopause (45-50 years)

3. DEFINITION It is visible manifestation of cyclic physiological uterine bleeding due to shedding of endometrium outflow through the vagina – followed by invisible interplay of hormones. “ Monthly Vaginal discharge of the blood and other substances from the uterus in Non-Pregnant Adult Female” According to WHO (1985) Normal menstrual cycle is also known as “ Eumenorrhea”

4. HORMONAL CONTROL ON MENSTRUAL CYCLE FSH- Follicle stimulating Hormone- Causes growth of follicle in the ovaries prior to ovulation LH- Luteinizing hormone- Plays imp. Role in causing ovulation & secretion of sex hormones HCG- Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin- Promotes growth of corpus luteum & secretion of estrogen and progesterone.

5. Continue…. ESTROGEN (ESTRADIOL)- stimulate the development of female sex organs, breast and other secondary sexual characteristics. PROGESTERONE (PROGESTIN)- stimulate secretion by endometrial gland in preparation for implantation, otherwise known as Decidual reaction.

6. Phase I – Proliferative Phase: (6 to 14 days) The proliferative phase the end of and lasts until ovulation. which is about 10 days. In this time the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces an increased amount of FSH. This hormone plays a major role in the maturation of the single ovum but sometimes two or more may do so. Once the primordial follicle is ripe by the influence of FSH. it is known as Grafian. While the FSH prepare the ovum to become mature, in the mean time, another female hormone oestrogen secreted by the ovary affect the lining of the endometrium.

7. Continue….. This hormone passes directly into the blood stream and has its effect upon the endometrium. stimulating the columnar cells to reproduce the endometrium more rapidly forming a thicker lining and increasing the number of glands and blood capillaries cause more vascular and spongy. In this phase the endometrium become 2-3mm thick to receive the fertilized ovum. Rising blood levels of estradiol exert negative feedback on FSH secretion and positive feedback on LH secretion . As a result of a surge in the LH level, ovulation occurs.

8. Continue….. Ovulation is a process whereby a secondary oocyte is released from the ovary following rupture of a mature graafian follicle and becomes available for conception. The ovum remains viable for 24-72 hours. After ovulation this phase is complete .

9. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

10. Phase II – Secretory Phase : (15 to 28 days) Thi s phase begins just after ovulation and lasts for about two weeks. In this phase there is an increase in the secretion of LH by anterio pituitary gland, a temporary endocrine gland called corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle. The ruptured follicle filled with a yellow substance known as luteum. Under the influence of LH, the corpus luteum produced second ovarian hormone especially progesterone hormone.

11. Continue….. This hormone is directly absorbed into the blood stream and causes the further thickening of the endometrium lining, so the endometrium becomes highly vascularized, thick and spongy for the reception of the fertilized ovum. The endometrial glands become enlarged and secrete glycogen and mucin, which is essential for the nourishment of the ovum, if fertilized. However if the ovum is not fertilized the size of the corpus luteum shrinks and the progesterone level in blood is in creased because of this the endometrium ceases to grow further and the menstrual phase begins again.

12. Continue….. In fertilized, there is no menstrual flow and now the endometrium is called decidua where the fertilized ovum embeds. Then it produces the human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone, which keep corpus luteum intact and thus allows it to continue secreting progesterone. If the ovum is not fertilized, then menstrual bleeding begins.

13. Phase III – Menstrual Phase : (1 to 5 days) If the ovum is not fertilized, the progesterone level in blood is decreased which causes shrink and degeneration of the corpus luteum. As a result of decreased oestrogen and progesterone level in blood, the superficial layer of the endometrium is shed and the blood discharge from the vagina follows. This lasts for about 4-6 days. The normal amount of blood flow at each cycle is approximately 60-90ml. When the progesterone level in the blood falls to a certain level the pituitary gland again starts to secrete.

14. INTRODUCTION According to WHO, reproductive and sexual ill-health accounts the global burden of ill-health For women 20% For men 14% It is closely related to other aspects of health. Love, affection and sexual intimacy, all pay a role in healthy relationship. Sexual health is not just limited to absence of disease or dysfunction during the reproductive years

15. CONTINUE….. It impacts on sexual practice and action and must be practice free from sexual abuse, or discrimination and requires integration into the whole life cycle. The word sex denotes whether a person is male or female or sex difference. But sexuality is related to sexual behaviour, gender consciousness, and sexual nature. Sexuality is the sum total of our sexual feelings and behaviour It is shaped from our values, attitudes, behaviours, physical appearance, beliefs, emotions, personality, likes and dislikes as well as the way in which we have been socialized.

16. DEFINITION SEXUALITY: The characteristic quality of the male and female reproductive elements. Sexuality  is a central aspect of being human throughout life and encompasses  sex , gender identities and roles,  sexual  orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction. (WHO)

17. DEFINITION SEXUAL HEALTH: A state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled.” (WHO, 2006a)

18. CONTINUE…. S EXUAL RIGHTS Sexual rights embrace human rights Respect for bodily integrity Choose their partner Decide to be sexually active or not Consensual sexual relations Consensual marriage Decide whether or not, and when, to have children Pursue a satisfying, safe and pleasurable sexual life.

19. IMPORTANCE OF SEXUAL HEALTH Irresponsible sexual behaviour → problems like unwanted pregnancies and STDs. “Promoting responsible sexual behaviour” as one of the 10 leading health indicators for nation. US surgeon general listed in 2001 Fundamental rights for individual including…. “Freedom from diseases that interfere with sexual & reproductive function ” (WHO)

20. COMPONENTS OF HUMAN SEXUALITY

21. DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SEXUALITY Infancy Tactile stimulation Infant respond positively to cuddling, holding and touching Sucking breast provide pleasure and comfortable. Thumb sucking

22. CONTINUE….. Preschool Sex related behaviours are increases Body exploration continues and involves masturbation Curiosity about sexual difference is common. They ask many questions about their body including the sex organs Oedipus complex is developed

23. CONTINUE….. School children Puberty continue to develop Separate into the gender groups They may be curious about sex but reluctant to ask question.

24. CONTINUE….. Adolescence Critical period for awakening the sex feeling They feel sexually mature, they are psychologically immature. 20-30% goes for sexual intercourse Adulthood Establish mature emotional feeling a sexual relationship

25. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY -FREUD 5 stages of psychosexual development Libido - Freud's word for psychic and sexual energy. But in each stage of development there are frustrations and if not successfully dealt with, then the libido will be tied to that stage of development

26. FREUD’S 5 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. ORAL Stage (birth - 1 year) The libido is focused on the mouth. Being fixated at this stage means an excessive use of oral stimulation, such as (sucking)smoking, eating, drinking. 2. ANAL Stage(2-3 year) The libido is focused anally. Being fixated at this stage can result in (training on “holding on” & “letting go”) stubbornness, destructiveness, messiness.

27. CONTINUE… 3.PHALLIC Stage This period from 3- 6 years Focus of energy to genital area Oedipus complex Male child have sexual desires for his mother Sees his father as a rival for her affections. The boy begins to fear that the father will punish him for his desires- Castration anxiety

28. CONTINUE… Electra Complex Girl’s romantic feelings toward her father & anger towards her mother. It is well said “A Father is a Daughter first love ” 4. LATENCY Stage (6-12 yrs ) Period with no developmental events Preference for same sex relations

29. CONTINUE… 5. GENITAL Stage (Begins at puberty ) Maturation of reproductive organs & production of sex hormones Genitals - major source of sexual tension Feelings for the opposite sex are a source of anxiety Preparation for selecting a mate

30. CHARACTERISTIS OF SEXUALLY HEALTHY PERSON:

31. SEXUAL CYCLE Each person experiences sexual desire in a way unique to him or herself many different stimuli can trigger the feeling. Both the male and the female respond to any sexual stimulation by experiencing a cycle and Johnson (1966) were sexologists were the to explain in detail how human beings respond to sexuality. Sexual cycle describes the physical changes that body experience at different level of arousal It includes four stages.

32. - In their theory, after an initial period of desire, men and women go through 4 phases.

33. 1.Excitement Phase

34. 2.Plateau Phase:

35. 3. Orgasmic Phase

36. 4. Resolution phase

37. Define menstrual cycle and enlist phases of menstrual cycle. Define sexuality and sexual Health. Enlist phases of sexual cycle.