MENTAL RETARDATION.pdf

It discuss on what is mental retardation, what is mental retardation, Causes for Mental Retardation, Medical Classification, Educational Classification, Psychological Classification(IQ basis), Causes of MR, PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION, Provisions and Educational Facilities for Persons Suffering from MR, Teaching-Learning Materials (TLM) for Persons with MR

1. Types of Disabilities -MENTAL
RETARDATION
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil(Edn), M.Phil(ZOO),
NET, Ph.D(Edn)
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI -34

2. MENTALRETARDATION
•AccordingtothePersonswithDisabilities(Equal
Opportunities,ProtectionofRightsandFull
Participation)Act,1995,mentalretardationhas
beendefinedas‘conditionofarrestedor
incompletedevelopmentofmindofaperson
whichisspeciallycharacterizedbysub-
normalityofintelligence’.
•Fortunately,todaymentalretardationis
comprehensivelytermedas‘intellectual
disability’
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 2

3. CharacteristicsofMR
•Sub-Averageintelligence
•LessAcademicAchievement
•LackofMotivation
•DelayedLanguageandspeech
•SlowPhysicalDevelopment
•DifficultyinGeneralization
•LimitationsinAdaptiveskills
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 3

4. DifferentmethodsofClassificationofMR
Medical
Psychological
Educational
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 4

5. Causes for Mental Retardation
Genetic
Causes
Metabolic
Cranial
malformations
Prenatal
Intranatal &
Postnatal
Abnormal genes fromparents
(chromosomal abnormalities)
Phenylketonuria,
Wilson’sdisease and
Galactosomia
Microcephaly
andhydrocephaly
Infection Eg.
Rubella
Birth
asphyxia
Environmental And Socio –Cultural Causes:Low socio
economic status, culturaldeprivations.
Infections, Accidents,
Leadpoisoning
5

6. MedicalClassification
Infections andIntoxications
TraumaorPhysicalagent
MetabolismorNutrition
Grossbraindisease (postnatal)
Unknownprenatalinfluence
Chromosomalabnormality
Gestationaldisorder
Psychiatricdisorder
Environmentalinfluence
Otherinfluences
4/14/2022 6DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

7. EducationalClassification
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
Educable
Trainable Custodial
4/14/2022 7

8. PsychologicalClassification(IQbasis)
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
S.NO TYPES IQ RANGE
1 Mild 50-70
2 Moderate35-50
3 Severe 20-35
4 ProfoundLessthan20
IQCalculation(InterlligentQuotient)
IQ=MentalAge(MA)/Chronological
Age(CA)×100
Forexample:If8yearoldchildhas4
yearofmentalage,itwouldbe
consideredas4yearsofmentalage.
Calculateasfollow:IQ=4/8×100=50
(Mentalageiscalculatedby
psychiatristandchronologicalageis
theactualagefrombirth)
4/14/2022 8

9. MildMentalRetardation
ApersonwithmildMRwilldemonstratethefollowingcharacteristics: Will
haveanIQbetween50-70
Suchapersondoesnotappear
(physically)disabledinanyway
Takesaslightlylongertimein
performingalltasks
Startstospeakandcommunicate
laterthananaveragechild
Iscapableofindependentlytaking
careofoneself
Iscapableofacquiringpractical
abilities
Hasalimitedknowledgeofreading
orwriting
Canacquiremathematicalskillsonly
uptoclass6
Canhandlesocialinteractionswell
Isabletocommunicate,andadapts
socially
Iscapableoffunctioninginsociety
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 9

10. ModerateMentalRetardation
May or may not have any unusual physical indications
Is prominently picking up aspects like talking, reading, and writing
Is able to comprehend simple communicative skills
Is able to grasp simple health, self-care, and safety skills
Is able to carry out simple activities and work under supervision
Is able to travel to familiar places without anyone accompanying
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
WillhaveanIQ
between35-49
4/14/2022 10

11. SevereMentalRetardation
Motor
capabilities
are
prominently
impaired is
considerably
delayed in
starting simple
physical
activities like
walking
Has slight or
completely no
communicative
skills, but does
not lack
complete
ability to
comprehend
speech
Is able to
exhibit
limited
responses
Can be
taught daily
with
repetitive
activities
May be
trained to
manage
simple self-
care
activities
Needs
control and
instructions
in social
settings
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
WillhaveanIQbetween20-34
4/14/2022 11

12. ProfoundMentalRetardation
Is ominously sluggish and delayed in all facets
Congenital abnormalities are overtly evident
Needs close supervision
Cannot function without an attendant
May show positive response to bodily and social activities, if made to undergo
regular practice
Is not able to perform self-care activities
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
WillhaveanIQlesserthan
20
4/14/2022 12

13. CausesofMR
Environmental
factors
Genetic and
Chromosomal
factors
Causesof
MR
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 13

14. GeneticandChromosomalFactors
Genetic disorders
are those that are
inherited from
parents
Fragile ‘X’
syndrome:
damaged , mild
facial deformities ,
enlarged ears and
forehead.
Phenylketonuria
(PKU):metabolic
disorder caused due
to defective genes.
Down Syndrome:
chromosomal
abnormality
occurring due to
problems in cell
division.
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 14

15. EnvironmentalFactors
i) Factors during Pregnancy
•Illness or Infection during Pregnancy
•Self medication without Doctor’s Advice
•Attempted Abortion
•Threatened Abortion
•Poor Nutrition
•Alcohol/Smoking
•Radiation
•RhIncompatibility
•Multiple Pregnancy(More than two babies at one
time)
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 15

16. EnvironmentalFactors
ii) Factors
during Birth
Premature
Delivery
Difficult
/Delayed
Labor & other
Birth
Complications
Delayed Birth
Poor Medical
Attention
during Delivery
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 16

17. EnvironmentalFactors
Abnormal
color of the
child
(Blue/Yellow)
Low Birth
Weight
Fits
Very high
Fever,
Infection or
Brain Fever
Accidents
Unknown
causes
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
ii)FactorsAfterBirth
4/14/2022 17

18. CHIEFCAUSESOFMENTALRETARDATION
Genetic
causes
Toxins
Low
birth
weight
Child
abuse
and
neglect
Discriminatio
n and bias
Childhood
illnesses and
injuries
Environmental
factors
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 18

19. PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
FORPREGNANT WOMEN FOR CHILDREN FOR SOCIETY
Obtain early prenatal medical
care
Guaranteeuniversal infant
screening
Eliminate the risk of child
poverty
Seek genetic counsellingEnsure proper nutritionMake early intervention
programme
Maintain good health Place house hold chemicals out
ofreach
Provide parent education and
support
Avoid alcohol, drugs and tobaccoUse automaticsafety belts,
helmets, safety seats
Protect children from abuse and
neglect
Obtain good nutritionProvide immunizationsRemove environmental toxins
Prevent prematurebirths Prevent or treat infectionsProvide family planning service
19

20. PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
FORPREGNANT WOMEN FOR CHILDREN FOR SOCIETY
Take precautions against injuries
and accidents
Have quick and easy access to
health care
Provide prevention techniqueto
public and basic first aid
Prevent or immediately treat
infections
Prevent lead poisoningHave universal access to health
care
Avoidsexually transmitted
diseases
Guarantee propermedical care
for all children
Vaccinate all children
Provide earlyintervention
programme to all children
Eliminate child abuse and neglect
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 20

21. Provisions and Educational Facilities
for Persons SufferingfromMR
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
•TheMontessoriMethod
•TheProjectMethod–JohnDewey(Activity)
•PlayWayMethod–HenryCaldwellCook
•BehaviouralApproach(cooperativelearning,peer
tutoring,computer aided learning(CAL),multi-sensory
teachingandclinical-diagnostic teaching.)
•Procedureof Individualised ProgrammePlan
(IPP)(settinggoalsand objectives)
•BehaviouralTechnology(MDPS,NIMHassessment
schedule)
•Assessment/EvaluationofLearning
4/14/2022 21

22. Teaching-LearningMaterials(TLM)for
PersonswithMR
•Whilepreparingtheteaching-learningmaterialsformentallyretarded
learners,followingpointsmustbekeptinmindthat:
Theteaching-learningmaterialsbeingputintouseshould
beeasilyaccessible,madefromlocallyavailable
material,cost-effective,eye-catchingandvibrant.
Theteachershouldbewellversedwiththeprocessof
conceptdevelopment,e.g.,theconceptofcolouris
taughtinthestagesofmatching,identificationand
naming.Similarly,theconceptofcountingmeaningfully
cannotbetaughtwithoutteachingone-to-one
correspondence.
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI4/14/2022 22

23. Teaching-LearningMaterials(TLM)for
PersonswithMR
Conceptteachingshouldbe
transformedintoaseriesofjoyful
games,e.g.,Ludo,Bingo,Treasure
Hunt,etc.
Muchrepetitionwithvariationsis
required.
Differentwaystousethesameteaching-
learningmaterialintheformof
activitiesandgamesmustbethoughtof.
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
4/14/2022 23

24. 4/14/2022 Dr. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 24
References
“Inclusive Education”
•TNTEU –Study Material
•Ram Publications
•Sri Krishna Publications
•SamyukdhaPublications
•Google Images