Metal and it's uses along with examples.

Detail on metal and its uses. The types and categories.

1. Assignment No.: 01 Course Name: Building Technology Topic : Building materials( Metal) Submitted to: Md. Asifur Rahman Submitted by: 2006006,2006007,2006012,2006017,2006031 METAL AS AN ARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL

2. CHINA RESOURCES HEADQUARTERS About the project - Type : Institutional building Architects : KPF Area : 210000 sq m Year : 2018 Location : Shenzhen, C hina Lead architects: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Height : 392 meters (about 1,286 feet)  Stories : 67

3. CONCEPT & DISTINGUISHING FEATURES Distinguished by its innovative structure and geometric purity A cultural message about the company’s history and growth DISTINGUISHING FEATURES The form was inspired from a natural element- winter bamboo shoot.  The 400-meter tower features a light, stable and fast-to-erect tube and diagrid system that is expressed in its tapered, sculptural form Formal expression

4. STRUCTURAL DETAILS P re-fabricated column and steel units ensure the system affords column-free interiors. It allows greater expression of the tower’s radial symmetry and more boutique floorplates as it rises. The 56 vertical columns converge into 28 columns at the lower and upper sections of the tower A series of entry portals at the tower’s base and merging to a singular point at its peak. At these junctures, faceted, triangular glass panels illuminate at night with a jewel-like brilliance across  Shenzhen ’s waterfront business district.

5. UNIQUE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM The building has a sculptured form of 56 external slender columns stemming from the diagrids at the bottom and converging into a crystal cap at the top. To fully reflect the architect’s intent developed a close-column frame and core structure system without strengthened storeys . Compared with traditional mega column and sparse column frames, this system is more efficient in vertical force transmission and better fits the slender form of the building. It’s also more cost-effective and requires a shorter construction period. CREATING COLUMN-FREE SPACE The eccentric column beam connection that creates a column-free interior and the set-back of the core layout along the tower height that not only increases the net floor area, but also improves the core integrity. To maximize open space at the top sky hall, a 68.4m high, lightweight space structure was introduced to fit the building diagrid massing.

6. OPTIMIZING THE PROCESS During the design process, we used advanced structural optimization technologies to understand the cost sensitivity of the structure system components, and optimize its dynamic properties and stiffness. It also helped us to visualize the steelwork fabrication, identify potential problems during construction and resolve them all in advance. Core : Reinforced Concrete Columns : Steel Floor Spanning : Steel STRUCTURAL MATERIALS 

7. SKY HALL A conical, cathedral-like space offering visitors stunning views of the diagrid spire spire axonometry spire partial elevation and section

8. PLAN DETAILS TYPICAL OFFICE PLAN SKY LOBBY PLAN

9. WALL DETAILS Different types of walls used in different facades wall type A wall type C wall type B wall type D

10. VIEW OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS FROM INSIDE

11. Iconic design Geometric purity Structural innovation C ultural message about company’s history and growth Versatility and functionality Appealing elevation and interior CONS High Construction and Maintenance Cost Complexity in Construction Limited Practicality for Some Events PROS

12. SOURCE REFERENCE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Resources_Headquarters https://www.archdaily.com/910029/china-resources-headquarters-kpf https://www.arup.com/projects/china-resources-headquarters https://www.wsp.com/en-cn/projects/shenzhen-china-resources-headquarters-tower https://civilarchitectureconstruction.blogspot.com/2019/01/china-resources-headquarters-kpf.html

13. TAIPEI 101 About the project - Architect : C . Y . Lee & Partners Year completed : 2004 Location : Taipei , Taiwan Structural engineer : Shaw Shieh Height :508 m Width : 410 feet (on the ground) Area :50 m x 50 m Floors : 101 Building use : office complex + mall Parking : 83,000 m2, 1800 cars Retail : T aipei 101 mall (77,033 m2) Offices : T aiwan stock exchange (198,347 m2)

14. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE AND CONCEPT Structure depicts a bamboo stalk Youth and longevity Everlasting strength Pagoda style Eight prominent sections Chinese lucky number “8” In China , 8 is a homonym for prosperity Even number = “rhythm and symmetry”

15. STRUCTURAL DETAILS Materials 60ksi Steel 10,000 psi Concrete Systems Outrigger Trusses Moment Frames Belt Trusses Lateral Load Resistance Braced Moment Frames in the building’s core Outrigger from core to perimeter Perimeter Moment Frames Shear wall Basement and first 8 floors STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Braced core with belt trusses. Outrigger Trusses Moment frames Belt Trusses

16. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS  380 piles with 3 inch concrete slab. Mega columns- 8 cm thick steel & 10,000 psi concrete infill to provide for overturning. Walls – 5 & 7 degree slope. 106,000 tons of steel, grade 60- 25% stronger. 6 cranes on site – steel placement. Electrical & mechanical. Curtain wall placement. FOUNDATION The building is a pile through clay rich soil to bedrock 40 – 60 m below. The plies are topped by a foundation slab which is 3m thick at the edges and up to 5m thick under the largest of columns. There are a total of 380 1.5m dia. Tower piles. Floor slab (structural diaphragms) Slabs are composite in nature and are typically 13.5 cm s thick. Core Within the core, sixteen columns are located at the crossing points of four lines of bracing in each direction. FOUNDATION

17. COLUMN SYSTEM Gravity loads are carried vertically by a variety of columns. Within the core, sixteen columns are located at the crossing points of four lines of bracing in each direction. The columns are box sections constructed of steel plates, filled with concrete for added strength as well as stiffness till the 62nd floor. On the perimeter, up to the 26th floor, each of the four building faces has two ‘super columns,’ two ‘sub-super-columns,’ and two corner columns. Each face of the perimeter above the 26th floor has the two ‘super-columns’ continue upward. The ‘super-columns’ and ‘sub-super-columns’ are steel box sections, filled with 10,000 psi (M70) high performance concrete on lower floors for strength and stiffness up to the 62nd floor. Photos of Site during Construction

18. LATERAL LOADING SYSTEM The most of the lateral loads will be resisted by a combination of braced cores, cantilevers from the core to the perimeter, the super columns and the special moment resisting frame (SMRF). The cantilevers (horizontal trussed from the core to the perimeter) occur at 11 levels in the structure. 5 of them are double storied high and the rest single storey . 16 of these members occur on each of such floors. The balance of perimeter framing is a sloping special moment resisting frame (SMRF), a rigidly-connected grid of stiff beams and h shape columns which follows the tower’s exterior wall slope down each 8 story module. At each setback level, gravity load is transferred to ‘super-columns’ through a story-high diagonalized truss in the plane of the SMRF. Above the 26th floor, only two exterior super-columns continue to rise up to the 91st floor, so the SMRF consists of 600 mm deep steel wide flange beams and columns, with columns sized to be significantly stronger than beams for stability in the event of beam yielding. Each 7-story of SMRF is carried by a story-high truss to transfer gravity and cantilever forces to the super-columns, and to handle the greater story stiffness of the core at cantilever floors. For additional core stiffness, the lowest floors from basement to the 8th floor have concrete shear walls cast between core columns in addition to diagonal braces.

19. CHALLENGES FACED Taipei being a coastal city the problems present are: Weak soil conditions (The structures tend to sink). Typhoon winds (High lateral displacement tends to topple structures). Large potential earthquakes (Generates shear forces). STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS IN OTHER TAIPEI BUIDINGS The structural systems used in Taipei 101 draw a lot from other buildings in the T aipei region. They can generally be classified into 2 types Hysteretic dampers – triangular added stiffness and damping damper (TADAS) – reinforced ADAS damper (RADAS) – buckling restrained braces (BRB) – low yield steel shear panel (LYSSP) B) Velocity dampers – V isco – elastic dampers (VE) – viscous dampers (VD) – viscous damping walls (VDW) Hysteretic dampers Viscous dampers

20. CONS 1. Metal fatigue 2. Welded connections are susceptible 3. Gradual crack growth under cyclic axial stress PROS Unusual tower shape comes from Taiwan's popular cultural beliefs 2. Double decked elevator core gives lateral stiffness and strength Steel building frame- -Reduced cost of tower foundation by keeping the weight low -minimize seismic -benefited from strong, skilled, competitive local industry

21. SOURCE REFERENCE https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/taipei-101-a-case-study/ 1650-structural-design-of-taipei-101-the-worlds-tallest-building.pdf (ctbuh.org) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101

22. AMONG THE CLOUDS ART CENTER  About the project - Architect : Y uan A rchitects Year completed : 2020 Location : Nanjing,  China Lead architect : Wenyuan Peng Area :1400 sq m Floors : 2 Building use : A rt center 

23. CONCEPT & DISTINGUISHING FEATURES The essence of the Among the Clouds Art Center lies in the meticulous orchestration of two foundational elements, each playing a vital role in shaping the narrative of this architectural marvel. Internally, the structure unveils two semi-reflective and translucent glass boxes, thoughtfully staggered and stacked to fulfill functional requirements while embodying the building's static rationality. Externally, a symphony of five horizontal and transparent metal shutter sheets creates a mesmerizing visual spectacle- a "flowing sea of clouds" that moves independently from the glass volume. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these innovative shutters serve a practical purpose by providing shade from the sun, symbolizing the building's dynamic sensibility.

24. STRUCTURAL DETAILS Materials The relationship between the two basic elements is like the codependence between clothing and bodies, creating a richly expressive intermediary space between the intermittent flickers of light reflecting off of the glass cube and the thin metal shutters. The effect is a beguilingly poetic spatial aesthetic that lends to the interior area a multi-layered sense of outward extension and softly natural interactions. Shifting with the changing light, the superimposed facade appears solid yet yielding, aloof yet elegant, and logical yet emotional.

25. LAYERS UPON LAYERS.  The impression of a building is no longer a clear silhouette.  Instead, it is an image of time mapped out across layers upon layers.  It is an expression of floating light and shadow.  It is a fluid exchange between illusion and reality. Like a cloud drifting across a water surface It is both architecture and landscape  It is elegant as well as silent  Finding sensations of life amidst complete purity and sensing the existence of time within ambiguity 

26. PLAN DETAILS First floor plan Ground floor plan

27. CONS PROS Iconic design blending nature and structure Structural innovation Versatility and functionality Appealing elevation and interior High Construction and Maintenance Costs Complexity in Construction Limited Practicality for Some Events Environmental Impact

28. SOURCE REFERENCE https://www.archdaily.com/1011897/among-the-clouds-art-center-yuan-architects/6598335299363f1b2dcefdd0-among-the-clouds-art-center-yuan-architects-image?next_project=no https://www.designtimes.com/articles/3475/20240109/clouds-art-center-yuan-architects-where-nature-design-converge.htm

29. National Institute of Water Sports PANAJI,  INDIA About the project - Architects:  M:OFA Studios Area:  12075  m² Year:  2023 Lead Architect: Manish Gulati Structural Engineer :  DELF Consulting Engineers

30. CONCEPT "Harmonizing with Water: A Sustainable and Functional Hub for Water Sports Excellence" The National Institute of Water Sports in Panaji aims to be a premier facility for water sports training, education, and research. The architectural concept focuses on blending seamlessly with the coastal landscape, promoting sustainability, and providing state-of-the-art facilities that cater to both professional and recreational water sports enthusiasts. The design emphasizes open, fluid spaces that echo the surrounding water bodies, with a commitment to environmental stewardship and community engagement.

31. IDEA

32. STRUCTURAL DETAIllLS

33. PLAN DETAILS

34. PLAN DETAILS

35. CONS PROS Quality Materials : Using high-quality, corrosion-resistant materials suitable for a coastal environment ensures the structure's longevity. Robust Construction : A well-engineered structure can withstand harsh weather conditions, including heavy rains and strong winds common in coastal areas. Seismic Resilience : Modern structural designs can incorporate seismic resilience, ensuring safety during earthquakes. High Initial Investment : Using premium materials and advanced construction techniques increases the initial cost of the project. Maintenance Costs : Regular maintenance of structural components, especially in a corrosive coastal environment, can be expensive. Specialized Labor : Requires skilled labor and advanced technology, which might not be readily available locally.

36. SOURCE REFERENCE https://www.archdaily.com/1016048/national-institute-of-water-sports-m-ofa-studios?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab https://www.mofastudio.com/projects/129/national-institute-of-water-sports

37. About the project - Architect : Frank Gehry Built : 1999-2003 Opened : October,2003 Location : Los Angeles, United States Structural engineer : Cosentini Architects Capacity : 2265 Area : 200000 sqft . WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL

38. CONCEPT : Capturing the motion of Los Angeles, and representing musical movement, Gehry Created an exterior composed of curvilinear forms that seem to dance both on and above the site. The design represents the style of their creator, architect Frank Gehry, could be considered a work of art in itself. The extravagance of its forms seems to defy any rules of harmony and symmetry.

39. Structural Details : The building is essentially a shell which consists of a series of interconnected volumes, some form of orthogonal coated stone and other forms of organic and surfaces covered with a corrugated metal skin of steel. The Interior can be seen in the shape of hull of a boat.

40. Site Plan

41. Orchestra level plan :

42. Gallery level Plan : Garden level plan :

43. Exterior: Mainly used material steel. The coat, that outer surface used was corrugated of 12,500 pieces of the steel together on the outside. The areas outside of the rectangle were made from stone. Glass surface acts as a liaison between the various volumes. The reflecting surface of the hall made rough because of the LA climate.

44. High Construction and Maintenance Costs Complexity in Construction Limited Practicality for Some Events Environmental Impact High Construction and Maintenance Costs Complexity in Construction Limited Practicality for Some Events Environmental Impact PROS : CONS: References : https://www.archdaily.com/441358/ad-classics-walt-disney-concert-hall-frank-gehry/5264b57fe8e44ef4c200021e-ad-classics-walt-disney-concert-ha https://www.unirc.it/documentazione/materiale_didattico/__43_89.pdf https://www.dezeen.com/2022/05/27/frank-gehry-walt-disney-concert-hall-deconstructivism/