Metho of Data Collection in reserach (1).ppt

informative presentation

1. Methods of Data CollectionMethods of Data Collection
Presented byPresented by
Santosh BorkakatiSantosh Borkakati
Asst. ProfessorAsst. Professor
Department of EconomicsDepartment of Economics
Mangaldai CollegeMangaldai College

2. What is Data?What is Data?

Data is a existing   information Data is a existing   information
/knowledge  /knowledge  represented represented or   or  coded coded in in
some form suitable for better some form suitable for better
usage or processing.usage or processing.

Data is a set of values of qualitative Data is a set of values of qualitative
or quantitative variables. or quantitative variables.

3. Quantitative Vs Qualitative DataQuantitative Vs Qualitative Data

Quantitative data are anything that can be Quantitative data are anything that can be
expressed as a number, or quantified. These expressed as a number, or quantified. These
data may be represented by ordinal, interval or data may be represented by ordinal, interval or
ratio scales and lend themselves to most ratio scales and lend themselves to most
statistical manipulation. statistical manipulation.

Qualitative data is a categorical measurement Qualitative data is a categorical measurement
expressed not in terms of numbers, but rather expressed not in terms of numbers, but rather
by means of a natural language description. In by means of a natural language description. In
statistics, it is often used interchangeably with statistics, it is often used interchangeably with
"categorical" data. "categorical" data.
For example: favorite color = "blue"For example: favorite color = "blue"

4. Quantitative Vs Qualitative DataQuantitative Vs Qualitative Data

Quantitative and Qualitative data can be Quantitative and Qualitative data can be
gathered from the same data unit depending on gathered from the same data unit depending on
whether the variable of interest is numerical or whether the variable of interest is numerical or
categorical. For example: categorical. For example: 
Data unit Numeric
variable
= Quantitative
data
Categorical
variable
= Qualitative data
A person "How
many 
children do
you have?"
2 
children
"In
 
which
country 
were your
children born?"
India
"How much 
do
you earn?"
Rs.60,000 
p.m.
"What 
is your
occupation?"
Teacher
"How many hours
do you work?"
40 
hours per
week
"Do you work
 
full-
time or part-
time?"
Full-time

5. Primary and Secondary DataPrimary and Secondary Data

The task of data collection begins after a The task of data collection begins after a
research problem has been defined and research problem has been defined and
research design/plan chalked out.research design/plan chalked out.

While deciding about the method of data While deciding about the method of data
collection to be used for the study, the collection to be used for the study, the
researcher should keep in mind two types researcher should keep in mind two types
of data viz., primary and secondary.of data viz., primary and secondary.

6. Primary and Secondary DataPrimary and Secondary Data

Primary Data are collected by the researcher.Primary Data are collected by the researcher.

Secondary data collected by someone else and Secondary data collected by someone else and
have already been passed through the statistical have already been passed through the statistical
process.process.

A researcher as per requirement of study may A researcher as per requirement of study may
decide on use of primary data or secondary decide on use of primary data or secondary
data or both.data or both.

Both primary and secondary data have their own Both primary and secondary data have their own
pros and cons.pros and cons.

7. Methods of Collecting DataMethods of Collecting Data

The methods of collecting data The methods of collecting data
mainly refers to collecting primary mainly refers to collecting primary
data.data.

As secondary data are already As secondary data are already
available, we have to carefully choose available, we have to carefully choose
the sources , relevancy of data and the sources , relevancy of data and
reliability. reliability.

8. Collecting Secondary DataCollecting Secondary Data

Sources of secondary data are existing Sources of secondary data are existing
literature, Reports of professional literature, Reports of professional
agencies, Departments, Archives, agencies, Departments, Archives,
Internet, etc.Internet, etc.

While collecting secondary data one has While collecting secondary data one has
to follow legal procedures required and to follow legal procedures required and
maintain the academic ethics.maintain the academic ethics.

9. Methods of Collecting Methods of Collecting
Primary DataPrimary Data
There are several methods of collecting There are several methods of collecting
primary data, particularly in surveys and primary data, particularly in surveys and
descriptive research. Important ones are-descriptive research. Important ones are-

ObservationObservation

InterviewInterview

QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

ScheduleSchedule

Other MethodsOther Methods

10. ObservationObservation
See what is happeningSee what is happening
–traffic patternstraffic patterns
–land use patternsland use patterns
–layout of city and rural areaslayout of city and rural areas
–quality of housingquality of housing
–condition of roadscondition of roads
–conditions of buildings conditions of buildings
–who goes to a health clinicwho goes to a health clinic

11. Filtering ObservationsFiltering Observations

12. Observation is Helpful Observation is Helpful
when:when:

Need direct informationNeed direct information

Trying to understand ongoing Trying to understand ongoing
behaviorbehavior

There is physical evidence, products, There is physical evidence, products,
or outputs than can be observedor outputs than can be observed

Need to provide alternative when Need to provide alternative when
other data collection is infeasible or other data collection is infeasible or
inappropriateinappropriate

13. Types of ObservationTypes of Observation

Participatory and Non ParticipatoryParticipatory and Non Participatory

Candid and CovertCandid and Covert

Structured, Semi-structured and Structured, Semi-structured and
Unstructured.Unstructured.

Controlled and UncontrolledControlled and Uncontrolled

14. Advantages/Disadvantages of Advantages/Disadvantages of
ObservationObservation
Advantages:Advantages:

Subjective bias eliminatedSubjective bias eliminated

Researcher gets current informationResearcher gets current information

Independent of RespondentsIndependent of Respondents

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

Expensive, Time consumingExpensive, Time consuming

Limited informationLimited information

Unforeseen factors may influence observation Unforeseen factors may influence observation

15. InterviewInterview

The interview method of collecting data The interview method of collecting data
involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli
and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses.and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses.


This method can be used through personal This method can be used through personal
interviews or telephone interviews.interviews or telephone interviews.

Structured, Semi-Structured or Structured, Semi-Structured or
Unstructured Interview.Unstructured Interview.

16. Interview TypesInterview Types

Personal InterviewsPersonal Interviews: Interviewer asking questions : Interviewer asking questions
generally in a face-to-face contact to the other generally in a face-to-face contact to the other
person or persons. Direct personal investigation person or persons. Direct personal investigation
or Indirect oral investigation.or Indirect oral investigation.

Focused InterviewFocused Interview is meant to focus attention on is meant to focus attention on
the given experience of the respondent and its the given experience of the respondent and its
effects.effects.

Clinical InterviewClinical Interview is concerned with broad is concerned with broad
underlying feelings or motivations or with the underlying feelings or motivations or with the
course of individual’s life experience.course of individual’s life experience.

Non-directive InterviewNon-directive Interview is that where the is that where the
interviewer’s function is simply to encourage the interviewer’s function is simply to encourage the
respondent to talk about the given topic with a respondent to talk about the given topic with a
bare minimum of direct questioning.bare minimum of direct questioning.

17. SkillSkill of Interviewer of Interviewer
The main game in interviewing is to The main game in interviewing is to
facilitate an interviewee’s ability to facilitate an interviewee’s ability to
answer. This involves:answer. This involves:
–easing respondents into the interview easing respondents into the interview
–asking strategic questionsasking strategic questions
–prompting and probing appropriatelyprompting and probing appropriately
–keeping it movingkeeping it moving
–winding it down when the time is rightwinding it down when the time is right

18. Merits/Demerits of InterviewMerits/Demerits of Interview
Merits:Merits:

More and in depth information obtainedMore and in depth information obtained

Personal InformationPersonal Information

Greater FlexibilityGreater Flexibility

Adaptation as per the respondentAdaptation as per the respondent
Demerits:Demerits:

Bias of InterviewerBias of Interviewer

Expensive/Time ConsumingExpensive/Time Consuming

Need expertise Need expertise

19. Questionnaire MethodQuestionnaire Method

A questionnaire is sent (usually by post) to A questionnaire is sent (usually by post) to
persons concerned with a request to answer persons concerned with a request to answer
the questions and return the questionnaire.the questions and return the questionnaire.


A questionnaire consists of a number of A questionnaire consists of a number of
questions printed in a definite order.questions printed in a definite order.

The respondents have to answer the The respondents have to answer the
questions on their own.questions on their own.

20. Steps in questionnaire Steps in questionnaire
constructionconstruction

PreparationPreparation

Constructing the first draftConstructing the first draft

Self-evaluationSelf-evaluation

External evaluationExternal evaluation

RevisionRevision

Pre-test or Pilot studyPre-test or Pilot study

RevisionRevision

Second pre-testingSecond pre-testing

Preparing final draftPreparing final draft

21. Essentials of a Good Essentials of a Good
QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

Questionnaire should be short and simpleQuestionnaire should be short and simple

Question arranged in from simple to difficult.Question arranged in from simple to difficult.

Personal and intimate questions should be Personal and intimate questions should be
left to the end. left to the end.

Technical term and vague expression should Technical term and vague expression should
be avoided.be avoided.

Questions should be answered in yes or no ; Questions should be answered in yes or no ;
multiple choice.multiple choice.

Control question to cross check the Control question to cross check the
information of the responded. information of the responded.

22. Advantages of QuestionnaireAdvantages of Questionnaire

Lower costLower cost

Time savingTime saving

Accessibility to widespread respondentsAccessibility to widespread respondents

No interviewer’s biasNo interviewer’s bias

Greater anonymityGreater anonymity

Respondent’s convenienceRespondent’s convenience

Standard wordingsStandard wordings

No VariationNo Variation

23. Disadvantages of questionnaireDisadvantages of questionnaire

Questionnaires can be used only for educated people.Questionnaires can be used only for educated people.

Sometimes different respondent’s interpreted questions Sometimes different respondent’s interpreted questions
differentlydifferently

Questionnaires do not provide an opportunity to collect Questionnaires do not provide an opportunity to collect
additional information additional information

Researchers are not sure whether the person to whom the Researchers are not sure whether the person to whom the
questionnaire was mailed has himself answered the questionnaire was mailed has himself answered the
questions.questions.

Many questions remain unansweredMany questions remain unanswered

The respondent can consult other persons before filling The respondent can consult other persons before filling
in the questionnaire.in the questionnaire.

24. Collection of Data Through ScheduleCollection of Data Through Schedule

Schedules like questionnaires Schedules like questionnaires
contain a set of questions.contain a set of questions.

Researcher /Enumerators appointed Researcher /Enumerators appointed
collect data through schedules.collect data through schedules.

Enumerators go to the field, put Enumerators go to the field, put
questions to the respondents and questions to the respondents and
fill the schedules.fill the schedules.

Enumerators need to be trained.Enumerators need to be trained.

25. Questionnaire Vs. ScheduleQuestionnaire Vs. Schedule
QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

Mailed, filled by Mailed, filled by
RespondentRespondent

EconomicalEconomical

Non-Response highNon-Response high

Time ConsumingTime Consuming

Literate, co-operative Literate, co-operative
respondents respondents

Success depends on Success depends on
quality of quality of
questionnairequestionnaire
ScheduleSchedule

Direct contact , filled by Direct contact , filled by
Researcher or Researcher or
EnumeratorEnumerator

ExpensiveExpensive

Non-Response lowNon-Response low

Time boundTime bound

No such pre conditionNo such pre condition

Success depends on Success depends on
quality of enumeratorquality of enumerator

26. Some Other MethodsSome Other Methods

Warranty Cards Warranty Cards Post card size cards sent to Post card size cards sent to
customers and feedback collected through customers and feedback collected through
asking questions.asking questions.

Distributor or Store AuditsDistributor or Store Audits are performed by are performed by
manufacturer/distributor through salesmen. manufacturer/distributor through salesmen.
Information so obtained are used to estimate Information so obtained are used to estimate
market size, market share, seasonal sales market size, market share, seasonal sales
pattern, etc.pattern, etc.

Pantry AuditsPantry Audits From the observation of pantry of From the observation of pantry of
customer to know purchase habit of people ( of customer to know purchase habit of people ( of
which product, what brand, etc.). Questions may which product, what brand, etc.). Questions may
be asked at the time of audit.be asked at the time of audit.

27. Some Other MethodsSome Other Methods

Consumer PanelsConsumer Panels Pantry audit approach on a Pantry audit approach on a
regular basis is known as ‘consumer panel’, regular basis is known as ‘consumer panel’,
where a set of consumers are arranged to come where a set of consumers are arranged to come
to an understanding to maintain detailed daily to an understanding to maintain detailed daily
records of their consumption and the same is records of their consumption and the same is
made available to investigator on demands.made available to investigator on demands.

Projective techniquesProjective techniques developed by developed by
psychologists to use projections of respondents psychologists to use projections of respondents
for inferring about underlying motives, urges, or for inferring about underlying motives, urges, or
intentions which are such that the respondent intentions which are such that the respondent
either resists to reveal them or is unable to either resists to reveal them or is unable to
figure out himself.figure out himself.

28. Some Other MethodsSome Other Methods

Use of Mechanical DevicesUse of Mechanical Devices Eye Camera is used to Eye Camera is used to
record the focus of eyes of a respondent on a record the focus of eyes of a respondent on a
specific portion of a sketch or diagram or written specific portion of a sketch or diagram or written
material. Psychogalvanometer is used for material. Psychogalvanometer is used for
measuring the extent of body excitement as a measuring the extent of body excitement as a
result of the visual stimulus. Motion picture result of the visual stimulus. Motion picture
camera is used to record movement of camera is used to record movement of
consumer at time of purchase. Audiometer is consumer at time of purchase. Audiometer is
used to know the preferences to TV channels, used to know the preferences to TV channels,
programmes.programmes.

29. Some Other MethodsSome Other Methods

Depth interviewsDepth interviews are those interviews that are are those interviews that are
designed to discover underlying motives and designed to discover underlying motives and
desires and are often used in motivational desires and are often used in motivational
research. Indirect question or projective research. Indirect question or projective
technique are used to know the behaviour of technique are used to know the behaviour of
respondents.respondents.

Content AnalysisContent Analysis Analyzing the contents of Analyzing the contents of
documentary materials such as books, documentary materials such as books,
magazines, newspapers and the contents of all magazines, newspapers and the contents of all
other verbal materials which can be either other verbal materials which can be either
spoken or printed.spoken or printed.

30. Selection of Appropriate Method Selection of Appropriate Method
of Data Collectionof Data Collection

Nature, Scope and Object of enquiryNature, Scope and Object of enquiry

Availability of FundAvailability of Fund

Availability of TimeAvailability of Time

Degree of Precision RequiredDegree of Precision Required

31. Precautions in Data CollectionPrecautions in Data Collection

The data must be relevant to the research The data must be relevant to the research
problem.problem.

It should be collected through formal or It should be collected through formal or
standardized research tools.standardized research tools.

The data should be such as these can be The data should be such as these can be
subjected to statistical treatment easily.subjected to statistical treatment easily.

The data should have minimum The data should have minimum
measurement error.measurement error.

32. Precautions in Data CollectionPrecautions in Data Collection

The data must be tenable for the The data must be tenable for the
verification of the hypotheses.verification of the hypotheses.

The data should be collected through The data should be collected through
objective procedure.objective procedure.

The data should be accurate and precise.The data should be accurate and precise.

The data should be reliable and validThe data should be reliable and valid

The data should be complete in itself and The data should be complete in itself and
also comprehensive in nature.also comprehensive in nature.

33. THANK YOUTHANK YOU