Micro Encapsulation Technique in Textile Finishing

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1. MICROENCAPSULATION
TECHNIQUE IN TEXTILE
FINISHING
BY:
P R A J W A L M O H A N T A
S H R E Y A A N A N D
T A N Y A G U P T A

2. Reasons of Eco Friendly
Finishing Coming Up
•Rise in environment concerns and demands for environment friendly
processing of textiles has led to the development of eco friendly
technologies.
[1]

•Science has come up with many technologies like, Enzymatic Finishing,
Plasma Technology, Finishing by Natural Products and
Microencapsulation which are all eco friendly in nature.
[1]


[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE ENGINEERING (IOSR-
JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

3. Microcapsule
•It is a small sphere with a uniform wall around
it.
[1]

•The material inside it is referred to as the Core,
Internal phase or Fill, and the outer wall is
referred to as Shell, Coating or Membrane.
[1]

•Most of them have diameters between a few
micrometres to a few millimetres.
[1]


[1]
B. OCEPEK AND P. FORTE-TAVČER , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," IN XVITH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOENCAPSULATION,
DUBLIN, 2008.

4. Microencapsulation
•Micro-encapsulation is a designation for the encapsulation of finely
dispersed, fluid or solid phases by coating with film-forming polymers. With
the aid of this micro-encapsulation technique, the most diverse substances
can be converted into a dry mass, whose contents become free again as
required using thermal, mechanical, chemical or enzymatic action.
[1]

•Nowadays, this technique is widely used in Textile Finishing.
[1]

[1]
B. OCEPEK AND P. FORTE-TAVČER , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," IN XVITH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOENCAPSULATION,
DUBLIN, 2008.

5. Morphology of Microcapsules
•The Microcapsules are composed of liquid, solid or gas core and a coat,
which protects the core material from external conditions.
[1]

•The morphology of the microcapsules mainly depends on the core
material and the deposition process of the shell.
[1]

•Three non-mixable substances are required for the manufacture of
micro-capsules: a) the substance to be coated; b) a substance, which
forms the coating, and c) a fluid medium, in which the coating takes
place
[1]
.
[1]
B. OCEPEK AND P. FORTE-TAVČER , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," IN XVITH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOENCAPSULATION,
DUBLIN, 2008.

6. Types of microcapsules
Mononuclear
•These microcapsules contain the shell around the core.
[1]

Polynuclear
•These microcapsules has many cores enclosed within the shell.
[1]


Matrix Encapsulation
•In these microcapsules have core material is distributed
homogeneously into the shell material.
[1]

[1]
S. PARASHAR , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED HOME SCIENCE, VOL. 1, PP. 41-48, 2014.

7. Understanding the Core
Material
1.Core material can be liquid or solid in nature.
[1]

2.Composition of core material can be varied as liquid core which can
be include dispersed or dissolved material.
[1]

3.Solid core can be diluents, recipients and release rate accelerators or
retardants.
[1]

4.Shape of the core should be regular and uniform.
[1]

[1]
AZAGHESWARI, B. KURIOKASE AND S. PADMA, "A REVIEW ON MICROCAPSULES," GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY , 2015.

8. Understanding the Coating
Materials
1.Stabilization of the Core Material.
[1]

2.Inert towards the active ingredients.
[1]

3.Controlled release under specific conditions.
[1]

4.Film forming, pliable, tasteless, stable.
[1]

5.Non-hygroscopic, no high viscosity, economical.
[1]

6.Soluble in an aqueous media or solvent.
[1]

7.The coating can be flexible, brittle, hard, thin, etc.
[1]




[1]
AZAGHESWARI, B. KURIOKASE AND S. PADMA, "A REVIEW ON MICROCAPSULES," GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY , 2015.

9. Coating materials in
microcapsules
Gums
Carbohydrates
Celluloses
Lipids
Proteins
[1]

[1]
AZAGHESWARI, B. KURIOKASE AND S. PADMA, "A REVIEW ON MICROCAPSULES," GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY , 2015.

10. Additives to Microcapsules
Solvents
Plasticizers
Surfactants
Anti-tactic agents
Colorants
[1]

[1]
AZAGHESWARI, B. KURIOKASE AND S. PADMA, "A REVIEW ON MICROCAPSULES," GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY , 2015.

11. Constituents of microcapsules
Perfume, Scents.
Odour absorbing product.
Insect repellants.
Dyes or ink.
Phase Change Materials.
Vitamins, Nutrients
Enzymes
Living cells
Cosmetic product
[1]

[1]
AZAGHESWARI, B. KURIOKASE AND S. PADMA, "A REVIEW ON MICROCAPSULES," GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY , 2015.

12. Factors affecting
microcapsules
The impermeable coating of
these capsules can be ruined
by:
Outer Force
High
Temperature
Light Solvent or Water
[1]

[1]
AZAGHESWARI, B. KURIOKASE AND S. PADMA, "A REVIEW ON MICROCAPSULES," GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY , 2015.

13. Objectives of
microencapsulation

This technique has two distinct objectives:
•To block the substance within the microcapsule, when the diffusion of the
product is not desired.
[1]

•Progressive liberation of the active ingredient within the microcapsule.
[1]

[1]
AZAGHESWARI, B. KURIOKASE AND S. PADMA, "A REVIEW ON MICROCAPSULES," GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY , 2015.

14. Use of Microencapsulation
This technique can be used for Textile Finishing in the fields like:
◦General Application
◦Medical Industry
◦Sportswear
◦Home Textiles and Entertainment Industry
The exact application of this technique in the above given field is further
given.
[1]

[1]
B. OCEPEK AND P. FORTE-TAVČER , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," IN XVITH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOENCAPSULATION,
DUBLIN, 2008.

15. Use of Microencapsulation
General Application
•Aromatic Textiles: Textiles giving aroma when rubbed.
•Undergarments with fruity smells, containing moisturizing oils.
•T-shirt with screen printed images gives a chocolatey smell.
Medical Industry
•Antiseptic capsulated products like wound dressings and
bandages.
•Hospital garments made moisture absorbent.
•The vests for infants are infused with moisturizing oils.
Sportswear
•Socks and Sports Clothing to repel odour and fungal infection.
•Used for recording activities, monitor progress, analyse
performance in motorbiking, racing and space suits.
•Swimwear is encapsulated with sunblock to prevent sunburn.
Home Textiles and
Entertainment
Industry
•Bed Linen encapsulated to aid relaxation.
•The clubwears are encapsulated for lighting it up as the wearer
moves fast
[1]

[1]
B. OCEPEK AND P. FORTE-TAVČER , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," IN XVITH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOENCAPSULATION,
DUBLIN, 2008.

16. Reasons for
microencapsulation
Separation of incompatible components.
Conversion of liquids to free flowing solids.
Increased stability.
Masking of odour, taste and activity of encapsulated materials.
Protection of the immediate environment.
Controlled release of active compounds.
Targeted release of encapsulated materials.
[1]

[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE
ENGINEERING (IOSR-JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

17. Factors Affecting
Microencapsulation
•Its functionality in the final product.
[1]

•Stability of the different ingredients.
[1]

•Environment of encapsulation.
[1]

•Type of Release Mechanism: Time, pH, Agitation or Pressure.
[1]

•Optimum concentration of core in the microcapsule.
[1]

•Particle size, density and stability requirements of the ingredients
encapsulated.
[1]

•Cost allowed for the microcapsules during the finishing.
[1]

[1]
AZAGHESWARI, B. KURIOKASE AND S. PADMA, "A REVIEW ON MICROCAPSULES," GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY , 2015.

18. Release Mechanism of
Microcapsules
•The mechanism of microencapsulation depends upon its purpose.
[1]

•The mechanism is that an external pressure is applied which breaks the
microcapsule wall and releases the liquid from core.
[1]

•The liquid is released sometimes due to abrasion and sometimes due to
heat.
[1]

•This mechanism basically has the step of dissolution of the polymer wall
due to friction, biodegradation, change in pressure or change in
temperature, because of which the liquid in the core diffuses through
the wall and gets deposited on the surface.
[1]



[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE
ENGINEERING (IOSR-JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

19. Techniques of
Microencapsulation
Spray-Drying
Air-suspension
coating
In-situ
polymerization
Solvent
Evaporation
[1]

[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE
ENGINEERING (IOSR-JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

20. Spray Drying
•A lot cost commercial process.
[1]

•Mostly used for the encapsulation of
fragrances, oils and flavours.
[1]

•In this procedure, the core particles
are dispersed in a polymer solutions
and the sprayed. Then, the shell
material solidifies onto the core
particles.
[1]

•Very often the encapsulated
particles are aggregated and the use
of large amounts of core materials
can lead to uncoated materials.
[1]

•Water soluble polymers are mainly
used as shell materials.
[1]


[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE
ENGINEERING (IOSR-JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

21. Air Suspension Coating
•Gives a better control and flexibility.

[1]

•Particles are coated when
suspended in an upward-moving air
stream.
[1]

•Sufficient air is permitted to rise
through the outer annular space to
fluidize the settling particles.
[1]

•Has the capability of applying
coatings in the form of solvent
solutions, aqueous solutions,
emulsions, dispersions, or hot melt
in equipment ranging in capacities
from one pound to 990 pounds.
[1]

[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE
ENGINEERING (IOSR-JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

22. Solvent Evaporation
•The process is carried out in a liquid manufacturing vehicle.
[1]

•The microcapsule is dissolved in a volatile solvent, which is immiscible with the liquid
manufacturing phase.
[1]

•A core material which is to be microencapsulated is dissolved or dispersed in the
coating polymer solution.
[1]

•In this process, the microcapsules can be used in suspension form, coated on to
substrates or isolates as powders.
[1]

[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE
ENGINEERING (IOSR-JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

23. In Situ Polymerization
•In a few microcapsulation
processes, the direct
polymerization of a single
monomer is carried out on the
particle surface.
[1]

•Usual deposition rates are about
0.5µm/ mi.
[1]

•Coating thickness ranges from 0.2-
75µm.
[1]

•The coating done by this process is
uniform, even over sharp
projections.
[1]

[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE
ENGINEERING (IOSR-JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

24. Use of Microcapsules in
Textiles Finishing
Phase-change
materials
Fragrance
finishes
Fire retardants
Polychromic
and thermo-
chromic
microcapsules
Liposomes
Antimicrobials
Counterfeiting
[1]

[1]
N. GORDON, "APPLICATION OF MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS, NO. 1, PP. 55-64, 2002.

25. Phase Change Materials
•Perform the function of changing
the aggregation from solid to liquid
within the certain range of
temperature.
[1]

•The microcapsules of these
materials reduce the effect of
extreme variations in temperatures.

[1]

•This facilitates the thermoregulation
of clothing and the constant
temperature is provided.
[1]

•These kinds of microcapsules are
applied to different materials, like,
vests, parkas, snowsuits, blankets,
mattresses, duvets, etc.
[1]



[1]
N. GORDON, "APPLICATION OF MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS, NO. 1, PP. 55-64, 2002.

26. Phase Change Materials
•Aim of managing the thermal barrier properties of garments, in
particular for use in space suits.
[1]

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
•Exploited the technology in textile fibres and fabric coatings and PCM
capsules are now applied to all manner of materials, particularly
outdoor wear and indoor.
[1]

Triangle Research and Development Co. Outlast
[1]
N. GORDON, "APPLICATION OF MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS, NO. 1, PP. 55-64, 2002.

27. Fragrance Finishes
•Fragrance finishes are directly
applied on to the fibres and fabrics
numerous times, but the aroma of
these finishes doesn’t last for long.

[2]

•Microencapsulation of fragrances is
a technique which when used on the
fabric gives a longer effect.
[2]

•This technique is commonly used in
aromatherapy in which
microcapsules may contain essential
oil flavours like lavender, rosemary,
pine, etc.
[1]

•Basically done to treat insomnia and
headache.
[1]

[1]
B. OCEPEK AND P. FORTE-TAVČER , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," IN XVITH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOENCAPSULATION,
DUBLIN, 2008.

[2]
N. GORDON, "APPLICATION OF MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS, NO. 1, PP. 55-64, 2002.

28. Fragrance Finishes
R T Dodge
•Microencapsulated
‘scratch and sniff’ T-
shirts and in women’s
hosiery.
Kanebo Gohsen
•Microencapsulated
fragrances derived
from its perfumery
division to textiles.
Matsui Shikiso
Chemical Co
•Fixing aroma
compounds to fabric
using microcapsules.
Eldorado
International Co
•New fabrics that emit
the natural aroma of
flowers, fruit, herbs
and perfumes.
Hako–Werke
Gmbh
•A microencapsulated,
fragrance-coated floor
cloth
Aero
•Paper-like products
have been produced
containing
microencapsulated
essential oils or odour
control applications.
[1]

[1]
N. GORDON, "APPLICATION OF MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS, NO. 1, PP. 55-64, 2002.

29. Fire Retardants
•The microcapsules with fire
retardant core were developed to
overcome the problem of reduced
softness which is caused by the
direct application of fire retardant
materials.
[1]

•They are mainly applied to the
fabrics used in military
applications like tentage.
[1]


[1]
N. GORDON, "APPLICATION OF MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS, NO. 1, PP. 55-64, 2002.

30. Polychromic and Thermochromic
Microcapsule
•Also known as the Colour Changing
Technology.
[1]

•These colour changing systems
changes colour in response to
temperature (Thermochromatic)
and the change in colour in response
to UV light (Photochromatic).
[1]

•In textiles, these microcapsules can
be found in product labelling,
medical and security applications.
[1]

•There are microencapsulated
thermochromatic dyes that change
colour at specific temperature in
response to the human contact.
[1]

[1]
N. GORDON, "APPLICATION OF MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS, NO. 1, PP. 55-64, 2002.

31. Liposomes
•These are examined as a way of delivering dyes
to textiles in a cost effective and
environmentally sensitive way.
[1]

•No specific equipment or skills in the dyehouse
is required.
[1]

•The results of the use of these liposomes with
pure wool and wool blends gave excellent
results, as the fibre damage during dyeing
reduced.
[1]

•The impact was also seen on the environment
as the COD reduced.
[1]

[1]
N. GORDON, "APPLICATION OF MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS, NO. 1, PP. 55-64, 2002.

32. Antimicrobials
•Bacteria often cause
microbiological decay of fabrics
which in turn causes loss of
various useful fabric properties.
[1]

•This problem can be prevented by
the use of anti – microbial finishes
that can be applied with the help
of microencapsulation.
[1]

•This finish is mainly for the textiles
in medical and technical fields.
[1]


[1]
B. OCEPEK AND P. FORTE-TAVČER , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," IN XVITH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOENCAPSULATION,
DUBLIN, 2008.

33. Antimicrobials
Andrographis paniculata
•When applied on the fabric to
impart mosquito repellency
finish, gave good mosquito
repellent activity up to 30
washes
Anti-microbial activity (Herbal)
•Aloe barbadensis Mill, Bitter Gourd,
Ginger and Cuminum cyminum Linn
[1]

[1]
S. PARASHAR , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED HOME SCIENCE, VOL. 1, PP. 41-48, 2014.

34. Counterfeiting
•It is the imitation of high added value textiles,
branded and designer goods.
[1]

•These imitations can be dealt with the use of
microencapsulation.
[1]

•Microcapsules applied to label contain a colour
former or an activator, and by the use of UV
light or a solvent, microcapsules break open
releasing the content. After the opening, the
colour is developed and in this way detection is
achieved.
[1]



[1]
B. OCEPEK AND P. FORTE-TAVČER , "MICROENCAPSULATION IN TEXTILES," IN XVITH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOENCAPSULATION,
DUBLIN, 2008.

35. Microencapsulation in
Cosmetic Textiles
•Major use of this technique is the application of vitamins, essential oils,
skin moisturizing agents, skin cooling and anti aging agents.
[1]

•This technique has been used in the past too as under:
•Microcapsules have active substances
which improves the physiological
conditions of the skin.
[1]
Yamato
•Microcapsules have many advantageous
properties like, thermoplasticity,
protection from light, oxygen and
harmful environment.
[1]

Nelson
•A cooling effect for fabrics can be
produced with a slow release coolant
with a little odour.
[1]
Questice
[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE
ENGINEERING (IOSR-JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

36. Benefits of
Microencapsulation
•It is a cost effective and long lasting method in storing volatile
substances over a long period of time.
[1]

•This technique is applicable on a wide range of products.
[1]

•These products have different properties related to the nature of the
encapsulated substances.
[1]

•It has a better processability.
[1]

•It provides a controlled, sustained and timed release of the material in
it.
[1]


[1]
K. SHRIMALI AND D. M. DEDHIA, "MICROENCAPSULATION FOR TEXTILE FINISHING," IOSR JOURNAL OF POLYMER AND TEXTILE
ENGINEERING (IOSR-JPTE), VOL. II, NO. 2, 2015.

37. Bibliography
•Azagheswari, Kuriokase, B., & Padma, S. (2015). A Review on Microcapsules.
Global Journal of Pharmacology . Retrieved March 27, 2018
•Gordon, N. (2002). Application of microencapsulation in textiles.
International Journal of Pharmaceutics(1), 55-64. Retrieved March 27, 2018
•Ocepek , B., & Forte-Tavčer , P. (2008). Microencapsulation in textiles. XVIth
International Conference on Bioencapsulation. Dublin. Retrieved March 26,
2018
•PARASHAR , S. (2014). Microencapsulation in textiles. International Journal
of Applied Home Science, 1, 41-48. Retrieved March 27, 2018
•Shrimali, K., & Dedhia, D. M. (2015). Microencapsulation for Textile
Finishing. IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE), II(2).
Retrieved March 26, 2018

38. Thank You!