MICROBIAL BIOTRANSFORMATION & ITS APPLICATIONS.pptx

The presentation focuses on the method of microbial biotransformation and various reactions involved in the process. It also describes the various applications of microbial biotransformation.

1. MICROBIAL BIOTRANSFORMATION Dr. A. T. Sharma Assist. Professor Nanded Pharmacy College, Nanded

2. Introduction Definition: Process which involves microbial (enzymatic) conversion of a substrate in to a product with limited number (one or few) of enzymatic reactions. Micro-organisms covert organic compounds in to structurally related products. Fermentation – Large number of reactions Maintains the original carbon skeleton in the products. Living cells like bacteria, filamentous fungi, animals, plants, algae, yeast, actinomycetes are used

3. Selection of an Organism From natural sources or from available cultures Cultures like growing cultures, resting cells, immobilized cells, spores, enzymes, immobilized enzymes Growing cultures: A strain is cultivated in an appropriate culture medium and a concentrated substrate solution is added after an appropriate growth (6-24 hours)

4. Advantages: Usage of large inoculum Maintaining microbes in growth phase Use of emulsifiers for dissolution of sparingly soluble substances Monitoring of product formation by spectroscopy/ chromatography Termination of process after optimum product formation

5. Resting cells/ Non-growing cells: Cells in which division does not occur Cells with induced enzymes capable of doing metabolic reactions, but suspended in non-growth medium and so can’t make new proteins or cells. High cell density due to concentrating large culture volume in to a small volume – increased productivity and minimized contamination Immobilized cells: Cells immobilized over a matrix material so that they can be repeatedly used Immobilized enzymes: Enzymes immobilized by various immobilization technologies Advantages: No cellular transport barriers, Easy and simple product recovery and isolation

6. Method of Biotransformation Micro-organisms are grown in medium for 12-72 hours at optimum pH, temperature, aeration, agitation in a stainless steel tank After sufficient growth, substrate is added and incubated – product formation Separation of broth from substrate and product During incubation, product samples subjected for analysis at a regular intervals by TLC, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, or HPLC Extraction of product using solvents like methylene chloride, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone Conversion time depends upon type of reaction, substrate conversion and microbes involved (few hours to days) Proper aeration, agitation and sterility is to be maintained

7. Biotransformation Reactions

8. Applications Transformation of steroids and sterols: Steroids – natural compounds in nature – e.g. bile salts, adrenocortical and sex hormones, sapogenins , alkaloids, antibiotics All steroids have same basic structure – a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene – four fused rings Prednisone from cortisone – increased anti-inflammatory activity Production of testosterone and estrogen from progesterone

9. Transformation of non-steroid compounds: Dihydroxyacetone from glycerol – used in lotions and cosmetics Prostaglandins from unsaturated fatty acids – contraceptives, congenital heart failure etc Production of L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) –Reichstein- Grussner synthesis Transformation of antibiotics: Development of new, modified and improved antibiotics with reduced toxicity, broad antimicrobial spectrum, enhanced oral absorption, less allergic effects etc. Transformation of pesticides: Detoxification of environment by enzymatic conversion and removal of pesticides

10. Transformation of pollutants: Microbial transformation of environmental pollutants like polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceutical substances, radionucleotides, hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls Petroleum biotransformation: Biodegradation of oil spills by breaking down oil contaminants in to nontoxic forms Pharmaceutical research: During research activities, comparison of metabolic pathway of drugs in animal models for pharmacological and toxicological evaluation.

11. Thank You…!!! (Disclaimer: The images and diagrams in this presentation have been downloaded from the google source. I am grateful to all the publishers & the google.)